{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T13:21:15Z","timestamp":1782307275099,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768089600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Telecommun Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-025-01395-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T04:14:19Z","timestamp":1768104859000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["AI-Powered security classification of generator-matrix s-box for post-quantum lightweight cryptography"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Summiya","family":"Mumtaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazli","family":"Sanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Mumtaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1395_CR1","unstructured":"Wojciechowska, J., Sypniewski, M., \u015amigielska, M., Kami\u0144ski, I., Wi\u015bnios, E., Schreiber, H., & Pieli\u0144ski, B. (2023). \u201cDeep dive into the Language of International Relations: NLP-based Analysis of UNESCO\u2019s Summary Records,\u201d arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.16573."},{"issue":"5","key":"1395_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.3934\/era.2023137","volume":"31","author":"A Razzaque","year":"2023","unstructured":"Razzaque, A., Razaq, A., Farooq, S. M., Masmali, I., & Faraz, M. I. (2023). An efficient S-box design scheme for image encryption based on the combination of a coset graph and a matrix transformer. Electronic Research Archive,31(5), 2708\u20132732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3934\/era.2023137","journal-title":"Electronic Research Archive"},{"issue":"1","key":"1395_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-024-01251-1","volume":"88","author":"A Shafique","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shafique, A., Mehmood, A., Alawida, M., Khan, A. N., & Shuja, J. (2025). Lightweight image encryption scheme for iot environment and machine learning-driven robust s-box selection. Telecommunication Systems,88(1), 17\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11235-024-01251-1","journal-title":"Telecommunication Systems"},{"key":"1395_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Unknown, A. (2023) \u201cEfficient S-box construction based on quantum-inspired quantum walks, H\u00e9non map, and PSO optimization,\u201d Soft Computing, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40747-023-00988-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-023-00988-7"},{"key":"1395_CR5","unstructured":"Saarinen, M.-J.\u00a0O. (2016). \u201cRing-LWE Ciphertext Compression and Error Correction: Tools for Lightweight Post-quantum Cryptography,\u201d IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, no. 2016\/1058, https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2016\/1058."},{"key":"1395_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anonymous, \u201cSecuring IoT communication: A Module-LWE key Exchange Protocol with Efficient Error Reconciliation Technique,\u201d Discover Internet of Things, (2025), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43926-025-00176-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s43926-025-00176-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"1395_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5152\/electrica.2020.19082","volume":"20","author":"S Toprak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Toprak, S., Akbulut, A., Aydn, M. A., & Zaim, A. H. (2020). LWE: An Energy-Efficient Lightweight Encryption Algorithm for Medical Sensors and IoT Devices. Electrica,20(1), 71\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/electrica.2020.19082","journal-title":"Electrica"},{"key":"1395_CR8","unstructured":"de\u00a0Clercq, R., Roy, S.\u00a0S., Vercauteren, F., & Verbauwhede, I. (2014) \u201cEfficient Software Implementation of Ring-LWE Encryption,\u201d in IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, no. 2014\/725, https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2014\/725."},{"key":"1395_CR9","unstructured":"Lyubashevsky, V., Peikert, C., & Regev, O. (2013). \u201cA Toolkit for Ring-LWE Cryptography,\u201d IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, no. 2013\/293, https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2013\/293."},{"issue":"1","key":"1395_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-024-01251-1","volume":"88","author":"A Shafique","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shafique, A., Mehmood, A., Alawida, M., Khan, A. N., & Shuja, J. (2025). Lightweight image encryption scheme for IoT environment and machine learning-driven robust s-box selection. Telecommunication Systems,88(1), 17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11235-024-01251-1","journal-title":"Telecommunication Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"1395_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2019.2961818","volume":"17","author":"DC Le","year":"2020","unstructured":"Le, D. C., Zincir-Heywood, N., & Heywood, M. I. (2020). Analyzing Data Granularity Levels for Insider Threat Detection Using Machine Learning. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management,17(1), 30\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNSM.2019.2961818","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"1395_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.12917","volume":"39","author":"RV Mendonca","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mendonca, R. V., Silva, J. C., Rosa, R. L., Saadi, M., Rodriguez, D. Z., & Farouk, A. (2022). A Lightweight Intelligent Intrusion Detection System for Industrial Internet of Things Using Deep Learning Algorithms. Expert Systems,39(5), Article e12917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/exsy.12917","journal-title":"Expert Systems"},{"key":"1395_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Masum, M., Faruk, M. J. H., Shahriar, H., Qian, K., Lo, D., & Adnan, M. I. (2022) Ransomware Classification and Detection with Machine Learning Algorithms, In: IEEE 12th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC). IEEE,2022, 316\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CCWC54503.2022.9720943","DOI":"10.1109\/CCWC54503.2022.9720943"},{"key":"1395_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9383","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3050794","volume":"9","author":"A Shafique","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shafique, A., Ahmed, J., Boulila, W., Ghandorh, H., Ahmad, J., & Rehman, M. U. (2020). Detecting the Security Level of Various Cryptosystems Using Machine Learning Models. IEEE Access,9, 9383\u20139393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3050794","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1395_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dushyant, K., Muskan, G., Annu, A.\u00a0Gupta, & Pramanik, S. (2022). \u201cUtilizing Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Cybersecurity: An Innovative Approach,\u201d in Cyber Security and Digital Forensics. Springer, pp. 271\u2013293, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-16-7385-0_7.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-7385-0_7"},{"key":"1395_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9377","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3050794","volume":"9","author":"A Shafique","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shafique, A., Khan, R., & Ullah, F. (2021). Detecting the Security Level of Various Cryptosystems Using Machine Learning Models. IEEE Access,9, 9377\u20139392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3050794","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1395_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alamsyah, A., Setiawan, A. T., Putra, K., Budiman, M. A., Muslim, S. N., & Salahudin, and B. Prasetiyo,. (2025). AES S-box modification uses affine matrices exploration for increased s-box strength. Nonlinear Dynamics,113(4), 3869\u20133890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11071-024-10463-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-024-10463-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"1395_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-024-09611-2","volume":"50","author":"Y Aydin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aydin, Y., Garipcan, A. M., & \u00d6zkaynak, F. (2025). A novel secure s-box design methodology based on FPGA and SHA-256 hash algorithm for block cipher algorithms. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering,50(2), 1247\u20131260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13369-024-09611-2","journal-title":"Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering"},{"key":"1395_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ullah, S., Liu, X., Waheed, A., & Zhang, S. (2025). \u201cS-boxes on the combined dynamics of fractional-order chaotic systems and their application to provably secure image encryption,\u201d Multimedia Tools and Applications, pp. 1\u201337, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-024-20562-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-024-20562-6"},{"key":"1395_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sajjad, M., Shah, T., & Serna, R. J. (2023). Designing Pair of Nonlinear Components of a Block Cipher over Gaussian Integers. Computers, Materials & Continua,75(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/cmc.2023.035347","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2023.035347"},{"issue":"24","key":"1395_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64\u00a0717","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-17906-1","volume":"83","author":"M Aveem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aveem, M., & Shah, T. (2024). Construction of S-boxes from cyclic group of residue class of noncommutative quaternion integers. Multimedia Tools and Applications,83(24), 64\u00a0717-64\u00a0739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-023-17906-1","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"key":"1395_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mumtaz, S., Sanam, N., & T. ul Haq,. (2023). An LA-group based design of the non-linear component of block cipher. Integration,93, Article 102050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vlsi.2023.06.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2023.06.004"},{"key":"1395_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.integr.2024.102279","volume":"100","author":"N Sanam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sanam, N., Mumtaz, S., & Khalid, S. (2025). LA-ring based non-linear components: Application to image security. Integration,100, Article 102279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.integr.2024.102279","journal-title":"Integration"},{"key":"1395_CR24","unstructured":"Callibrity, \u201cCoding Theory,\u201d https:\/\/www.callibrity.com\/articles\/articles\/coding-theory-3-of-3, (2020), accessed: 2025-08-17."},{"issue":"13","key":"1395_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2009.03.004","volume":"179","author":"E Rashedi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rashedi, E., Nezamabadi-Pour, H., & Saryazdi, S. (2009). GSA: a Gravitational Search Algorithm. Information sciences,179(13), 2232\u20132248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ins.2009.03.004","journal-title":"Information sciences"},{"key":"1395_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gentry, C. (2009). \u201cFully Homomorphic Encryption Using Ideal Lattices,\u201d in Proceedings of the 41st Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing. ACM, pp. 169\u2013178, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1536414.1536440.","DOI":"10.1145\/1536414.1536440"},{"key":"1395_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brakerski, Z., & Vaikuntanathan, V. (2011) Efficient Fully Homomorphic Encryption from (Standard) LWE, In: IEEE 52nd Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science. IEEE,2011, 97\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FOCS.2011.12","DOI":"10.1109\/FOCS.2011.12"},{"issue":"3","key":"1395_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2633600","volume":"6","author":"Z Brakerski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brakerski, Z., Gentry, C., & Vaikuntanathan, V. (2014). (leveled) Fully Homomorphic Encryption without Bootstrapping. ACM Transactions on Computation Theory (TOCT),6(3), 1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2633600","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computation Theory (TOCT)"},{"key":"1395_CR29","unstructured":"Fan, J., & Vercauteren, F. (2012). \u201cSomewhat Practical Fully Homomorphic Encryption,\u201d in Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2012\/144, [Online]. Available: https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2012\/144"},{"key":"1395_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Dijk, M., Gentry, C., Halevi, S., & Vaikuntanathan, V. (2010). \u201cFully homomorphic encryption over the integers,\u201d in Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques. Springer, pp. 24\u201343, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-13190-5_2.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13190-5_2"},{"key":"1395_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bos, J., Ducas, L., Kiltz, E., Lepoint, T., Lyubashevsky, V., Schanck, J. M., Schwabe, P., Seiler, G., & Stehl\u00e9, D. (2018) CRYSTALS-Kyber: A CCA-secure module-lattice-based KEM, In: IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P). IEEE,2018, 353\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EuroSP.2018.00032","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP.2018.00032"},{"key":"1395_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ducas, L., Kiltz, E., Lepoint, T., Lyubashevsky, V., Schwabe, P., Seiler, G., & Stehl\u00e9, D. (2018). \u201cCRYSTALS-Dilithium: A Lattice-Based Digital Signature Scheme,\u201d IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, pp. 238\u2013268, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13154\/tches.v2018.i1.238-268.","DOI":"10.13154\/tches.v2018.i1.238-268"},{"key":"1395_CR33","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, \u201cPost-Quantum Cryptography Standardization,\u201d https:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/projects\/post-quantum-cryptography, (2022), accessed: 2024-12-13."},{"key":"1395_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Regev, O. (2005). \u201cOn lattices, learning with errors, random linear codes, and cryptography,\u201d in Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC). ACM, pp. 84\u201393, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1060590.1060603.","DOI":"10.1145\/1060590.1060603"},{"issue":"4","key":"1395_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1561\/0400000074","volume":"10","author":"C Peikert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peikert, C. (2016). A decade of lattice cryptography. Foundations and Trends \u00ae in Theoretical Computer Science,10(4), 283\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1561\/0400000074","journal-title":"Foundations and Trends \u00ae in Theoretical Computer Science"},{"key":"1395_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, \u201cModule-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism Standard (FIPS 203),\u201d https:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/publications\/fips\/203, (2024), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6028\/NIST.FIPS.203.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.FIPS.203"},{"key":"1395_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abdurazzokov, J. (2024). S-Box Generation Algorithm by Constructing the Non-Singular Adjacency Matrix using the Genetic Algorithm. American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology,9(1), 14\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/j.ajset.20240901.12","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajset.20240901.12"},{"key":"1395_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sanam, N., Ali, A., Shah, T., & Farooq, G. (2021). Non-associative algebra redesigning block cipher with color image encryption. Computers, Materials & Continua,67(1), 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/cmc.2021.014442","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2021.014442"},{"key":"1395_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahboob, A., Asif, M., Siddique, I., Saleem, A., Nadeem, M., Grzelczyk, D., & Awrejcewicz, J. (2022). A novel construction of substitution box based on polynomial mapped and finite field with image encryption application. IEEE Access,10, 119 2224-119 258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3224682","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3224682"},{"key":"1395_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3233495","volume":"11","author":"M Irfan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Irfan, M., Shah, T., Siddiqui, G. F., Rehman, A., Saba, T., & Bahaj, S. A. (2022). Design of Non-linear Component of Block Cipher using Gravesian Octonion Integers. IEEE Access,11, 2138\u20132147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3233495","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1395_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lindner, R., & Peikert, C. (2011). \u201cBetter key sizes (and attacks) for LWE-based encryption,\u201d in Cryptographers\u2019 track at the RSA conference. Springer, pp. 319\u2013339, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-19074-2_21.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19074-2_21"},{"key":"1395_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Albrecht, M.\u00a0R., Curtis, B.\u00a0R., Deo, A., Davidson, A., Player, R., Postlethwaite, E.\u00a0W., Virdia, F., & Wunderer, T. (2018) \u201cEstimate all the LWE, NTRU schemes!\u201d in International Conference on Security and Cryptography for Networks. Springer, pp. 351\u2013367, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98113-0_19.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98113-0_19"}],"container-title":["Telecommunication Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11235-025-01395-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11235-025-01395-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11235-025-01395-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T11:27:59Z","timestamp":1773228479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11235-025-01395-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11235-025-01395-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-4864","1572-9451"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-4864","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9451","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}}],"article-number":"20"}}