{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T04:49:09Z","timestamp":1782103749139,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Telecommun Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-026-01416-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T09:06:13Z","timestamp":1772615173000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel hybrid acoustic-optical communication system: innovations in real-time adaptability and performance in marine environments"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Murad A. A.","family":"Almekhlafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadwa","family":"Alrowais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saied","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Maray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"AlAqil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohannad A.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulsamad Ebrahim","family":"Yahya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radwa","family":"Marzouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1416_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/48.832649","volume":"25","author":"DB Kilfoyle","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kilfoyle, D. B., & Baggeroer, A. B. (2000). The state of the art in underwater acoustic telemetry. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 25(1), 4\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/48.832649","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"1416_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4031\/002533208787157827","volume":"42","author":"M Chitre","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chitre, M., Shahabudeen, S., & Stojanovic, M. (2008). Underwater acoustic communications and networking: Recent advances and future challenges. Marine Technology Society Journal, 42(1), 103\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4031\/002533208787157827","journal-title":"Marine Technology Society Journal"},{"key":"1416_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91165","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2927643","volume":"7","author":"S Jiang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiang, S., Liu, Y., Wang, L., & Chen, Y. (2019). A comprehensive survey on underwater acoustic communication channels. IEEE Access, 7, 91165\u201391175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2927643","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"1416_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2613308","volume":"19","author":"L Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, L., Zhou, S., Cui, J.-H., & Shi, Z. (2017). Energy-efficient underwater acoustic networks. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 19(1), 96\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2016.2613308","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials"},{"issue":"2","key":"1416_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2020.3015432","volume":"46","author":"H Cox","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cox, H., & Jaffe, J. S. (2021). Underwater optical communication systems: A review. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 46(2), 123\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JOE.2020.3015432","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering"},{"key":"1416_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113245","volume":"178","author":"X Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, X., Wang, Y., & Zhang, L. (2023). Piezoelectric energy harvesting from ocean waves: Recent advances. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 178, 113245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113245","journal-title":"Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"1416_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3089876","volume":"32","author":"F Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, F., & Liu, X. (2021). Machine learning techniques for underwater wireless communication systems. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 32(5), 1825\u20131836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3089876","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"1416_CR8","first-page":"91","volume":"13","author":"DP Devi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Devi, D. P., Allur, N. S., Dondapati, K., Chetlapalli, H., Kodadi, S., & Perumal, T. (2025). Collaborative edge\u2013fog system for real-time anomaly detection and communication efficiency in underwater IoT. The International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 13(1), 91.","journal-title":"The International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"1416_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.4031\/MTSJ.2023.57.4.12","volume":"57","author":"D Smith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smith, D., & Johnson, K. (2023). Underwater sensor networks for real-time marine monitoring. Marine Technology Society Journal, 57(4), 112\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4031\/MTSJ.2023.57.4.12","journal-title":"Marine Technology Society Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"1416_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2009.2032005","volume":"34","author":"AJ Waite","year":"2009","unstructured":"Waite, A. J., Preisig, J. C., & Stojanovic, M. (2009). MIMO-OFDM for high-rate underwater acoustic communications. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 34(4), 634\u2013644.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering"},{"key":"1416_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2009.2032005","volume":"34","author":"AJ Waite","year":"2009","unstructured":"Waite, A. J., Preisig, J. C., & Stojanovic, M. (2009). MIMO-OFDM for high-rate underwater acoustic communications. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 34, 634\u2013644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JOE.2009.2032437","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering"},{"key":"1416_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2019.8937127","volume":"57","author":"M Stojanovic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stojanovic, M. (2019). Underwater acoustic communications: Current trends and future directions. IEEE Communications Magazine, 57, 98\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCOM.2019.8937127","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"key":"1416_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2022.04.123","volume":"192","author":"L Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Zhang, Q., & Wang, H. (2022). Energy harvesting technologies for sustainable underwater networks. Renewable Energy, 192, 356\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2022.04.123","journal-title":"Renewable Energy"},{"key":"1416_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3186782","volume":"24","author":"S Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan, S., Ahmed, S., & Alouini, M.-S. (2022). Hybrid acoustic-optical communication systems for underwater networks: A comprehensive review. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 24, 1500\u20131525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2022.3186782","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials"},{"key":"1416_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2011.06.009","volume":"34","author":"P Casari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Casari, P., & Zorzi, M. (2011). Protocol design issues in underwater acoustic networks. Computer Communications, 34, 2013\u20132025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comcom.2011.06.009","journal-title":"Computer Communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"1416_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4031\/MTSJ.2023.57.2.5","volume":"57","author":"S Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, S., Park, J., & Kim, H. (2023). Blue-green laser communication for deep-sea applications. Marine Technology Society Journal, 57(2), 45\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4031\/MTSJ.2023.57.2.5","journal-title":"Marine Technology Society Journal"},{"key":"1416_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.115432","volume":"285","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wang, H., & Chen, Z. (2023). Energy-efficient hybrid communication for deep-sea exploration: Design and field trials. Ocean Engineering, 285, 115432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.115432","journal-title":"Ocean Engineering"},{"key":"1416_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2023.01.007","volume":"19","author":"J Rodriguez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodriguez, J., & Silva, M. (2023). Secure communication protocols for naval applications. Defence Technology, 19, 245\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dt.2023.01.007","journal-title":"Defence Technology"},{"key":"1416_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3030854","volume":"23","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wang, L., & Liu, Z. (2021). Advancements in underwater acoustic sensor networks: A survey. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 23, 112\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2020.3030854","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials"},{"key":"1416_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","volume":"41","author":"F Faul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"1416_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.07.017","author":"J Mirza","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mirza, J., Atieh, A., Kanwal, B., Ghafoor, S., Almogren, A., Kanwal, F., & Aziz, I. (2025). Relay aided UWOC-SMF-FSO based hybrid link for underwater wireless sensor networks. Underwater Wireless Optical Communications. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.07.017","journal-title":"Underwater Wireless Optical Communications"},{"issue":"4","key":"1416_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-024-01157-y","volume":"86","author":"R Govindasamy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Govindasamy, R., et al. (2024). Deep optimized hybrid beamforming intelligent reflecting surface assisted UM-MIMO THz communication for 6G broadband connectivity. Telecommunication Systems, 86(4), 645\u2013660.","journal-title":"Telecommunication Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"1416_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11802-026-6062-9","volume":"26","author":"Z Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, Z., Li, G., Song, X., & Wang, X. (2025). An efficient and dynamic framework for multi-scale target detection of underwater organisms. Journal of Ocean University of China, 26(4), 645\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11802-026-6062-9","journal-title":"Journal of Ocean University of China"},{"issue":"4","key":"1416_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2025.3553202","volume":"9","author":"S Feng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feng, S., Li, N., Liu, K., Li, B., Dong, C., & Wu, Q. (2025). A cross Q-learning assisted resource allocation for user-centric optical wireless communication networks. IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking, 9(4), 2264\u20132278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TGCN.2025.3553202","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking"},{"key":"1416_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2025.3639691","volume":"1","author":"M Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, M., Ma, W., Wang, C., Wang, P., & Yang, M. (2025). Machine learning-enhanced rapid design of hydrodynamic shape for underwater vehicles pedigrees. IEEE\/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 1, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMECH.2025.3639691","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics"},{"issue":"4","key":"1416_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6779","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3519540","volume":"74","author":"X Ding","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ding, X., Xu, Y., Li, G., Yang, K., Yuan, J., & An, J. (2025). Design and performance evaluation for BILCM-ID system with improved stopping criterion. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 74(4), 6779\u20136784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2024.3519540","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1416_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2021.3067309","volume":"5","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Shojafar, M., Alazab, M., Abawajy, J., & Li, F. (2021). AFED-EF: An energy-efficient VM allocation algorithm for IoT applications in a cloud data center. IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking, 5(2), 658\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TGCN.2021.3067309","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking"}],"container-title":["Telecommunication Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11235-026-01416-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11235-026-01416-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11235-026-01416-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T04:28:12Z","timestamp":1782102492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11235-026-01416-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11235-026-01416-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1018-4864","1572-9451"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1018-4864","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9451","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"48"}}