{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T06:01:13Z","timestamp":1769061673248,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,30]],"date-time":"2009-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["User Model User-Adap Inter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-009-9062-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,29]],"date-time":"2009-01-29T14:46:45Z","timestamp":1233240405000},"page":"267-303","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":215,"title":["Empirically building and evaluating a probabilistic model of user affect"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Conati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Maclaren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"9062_CR1","unstructured":"Alessi, S.M., Trollip, S.R.: Multimedia for Learning: Methods and Development. 3rd edn. Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights (2001)"},{"key":"9062_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, R.S., Corbett, A.T., Koedinger, K.R., Wagner, A.Z.: Off-task behavior in the cognitive tutor classroom: when students \u201cgame the system\u201d. In: CHI\u201904: Conference on Human Factors in Computing systems, pp. 383\u2013390. Vienna, Austria (2004)","DOI":"10.1145\/985692.985741"},{"key":"9062_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosma, W., Andr\u00e9, E.: Exploiting emotions to disambiguate dialogue acts. In: IUI\u201904, International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 85\u201392. Madeira, Portugal (2004)","DOI":"10.1145\/964442.964459"},{"key":"9062_CR4","unstructured":"Chalfoun, P., Haffar, S., Frasson, C.: Predicting the emotional reaction of the learner with a machine learning technique. In: Workshop on Motivational and Affective Issues in ITS, ITS\u201906, International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Jhongli, Taiwan (2006)"},{"key":"9062_CR5","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd edn","author":"J. Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J.: Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd edn. Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, Hillsdale (1988)"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"9062_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/08839510290030390","volume":"16","author":"C. Conati","year":"2002","unstructured":"Conati C.: Probabilistic assessment of users\u2019 emotions in educational games. Special issue on \u201cMerging Cognition and Affect in HCI\u201d. J. Appl. Artifi. Intell. 16(7\u20138), 555\u2013575 (2002)","journal-title":"J. Appl. Artifi. Intell."},{"key":"9062_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conati, C.: How to evaluate models of user affect? In: ADS\u201904, Tutorial and Research Workshop on Affective Dialog Systems, pp. 288\u2013300. Kloster Irsee, Germany (2004)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24842-2_30"},{"key":"9062_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47373-9_26","volume-title":"Socially Intelligent Agents\u2014Creating Relationships with Computers and Robots","author":"C. Conati","year":"2002","unstructured":"Conati C., Klawe M.: Socially intelligent agents in educational games. In: Dautenhahn, K., Bond, A., Canamero, D., Edmonds, B. (eds) Socially Intelligent Agents\u2014Creating Relationships with Computers and Robots, pp. 213\u2013220. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2002)"},{"key":"9062_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conati, C., Maclaren, H.: Evaluating a probabilistic model of student affect. In: ITS\u201904, International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 55\u201366. Maceio, Brazil (2004)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30139-4_6"},{"key":"9062_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conati, C., Zhao, X.: Building and evaluating an intelligent pedagogical agent to improve the effectivenesss of an education game. In: IUI\u201904, International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 6\u201313. Funchal, Madeira, Portugal (2004)","DOI":"10.1145\/964445.964446"},{"key":"9062_CR11","unstructured":"Conati, C., Chabbal, R., Maclaren, H.: A study on using biometric sensors for detecting user emotions in educational games. In: Workshop on \u201cAssessing and Adapting to User Attitude and Affects: Why, When, and How?\u201d in conjunction with UM\u201903, 9th International Conference on User Modeling, Pittsburgh, USA (2003)"},{"key":"9062_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.88.4.715","volume":"88","author":"D. Cordova","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cordova D., Lepper M.: Intrinsic motivation and the process of learning: beneficial effects of contextualization, personalization, and choice. J. Educ. Psychol. 88, 715\u2013730 (1996)","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"9062_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(92)90236-I","volume":"13","author":"P.T. Costa","year":"1992","unstructured":"Costa P.T., McCrae R.R.: Four ways five factors are basic. Personal. Individ. Differ. 13, 653\u2013665 (1992)","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"9062_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/1358165042000283101","volume":"29","author":"S.D. Craig","year":"2004","unstructured":"Craig S.D., Graesser A.C., Sullins J., Gholson B.: Affect and learning: an exploratory look into the role of affect in learning with auto tutor. J. Educ. Media 29, 241\u2013250 (2004)","journal-title":"J. Educ. Media"},{"issue":"3","key":"9062_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00324.x","volume":"5","author":"T. Dean","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dean T., Kanazawa K.: A model for reasoning about persistance and causation. Comput. Intell. 5(3), 142\u2013150 (1989)","journal-title":"Comput. Intell."},{"key":"9062_CR16","first-page":"3","volume":"16","author":"S.K. D\u2019Mello","year":"2006","unstructured":"D\u2019Mello S.K., Craig S.D., Sullins J., Graesser A.C.: Predicting affective states expressed through an Emote\u2013Aloud procedure from autotutor\u2019s mixed-initiative dialogue. Int. J. Artifi. Intell. Educ. 16, 3\u201328 (2006)","journal-title":"Int. J. Artifi. Intell. Educ."},{"key":"9062_CR17","unstructured":"D\u2019Mello, S.K., Chipman, P., Graesser, A.C.: Posture as a predictor of learner\u2019s affective engagement. In: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Cognitive Science Society, pp. 571\u2013576. Stresa, Italy (2006)"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9062_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-007-9037-6","volume":"18","author":"S.K. D\u2019Mello","year":"2008","unstructured":"D\u2019Mello S.K., Craig S.D., Witherspoon A.W., McDaniel B.T., Graesser A.C.: Automatic detection of learner\u2019s affect from conversational cues. User Model. User-Adapt. Interact. 18(1\u20132), 45\u201380 (2008)","journal-title":"User Model. User-Adapt. Interact."},{"key":"9062_CR19","unstructured":"de Vincente, A., Pain, H.: Motivation self-report in ITS. In: AIED\u201999, 9th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 651\u2013659. Le Mans, France (1999)"},{"key":"9062_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, J., Paiva, A.: Feeling and reasoning: a computational model for emotional characters. In: Progress in Artificial Intelligence, 12th Portuguese Conference on Artificial Intelligence, EPIA 2005, pp. 127\u2013140. Covilh\u00e3, Portugal (2005)","DOI":"10.1007\/11595014_13"},{"key":"9062_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48317-9_8","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence Today","author":"C. Elliot","year":"1999","unstructured":"Elliot C., Rickel J., Lester J.C.: Lifelike pedagogical agents and affective computing: an exploratory synthesis. In: Wooldridge, M., Veloso, M. (eds) Artificial Intelligence Today, pp. 195\u2013211. Springer, Berlin (1999)"},{"key":"9062_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esuli, A., Fagni, T., Sebastiani, F., Aizerman, M.: MP-Boost: A multiple-pivot boosting algorithm and its application to text categorization. In: 13th International Symposium on String Processing and Information Retrieval (SPIRE\u201906), pp. 1\u201312. Glasgow, UK (2006)","DOI":"10.1007\/11880561_1"},{"key":"9062_CR23","volume-title":"The Design of Experiment","author":"R.A. Fisher","year":"1935","unstructured":"Fisher R.A.: The Design of Experiment. Hafner, New York (1935)"},{"key":"9062_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebhard, P.: ALMA\u2014a layered model of affect. In: 4th International Joint Conference of Autonomous Agents & Multi-Agent Systems (AAMAS\u201905), pp. 29\u201336. Utrecht, The Netherlands (2005)","DOI":"10.1145\/1082473.1082478"},{"key":"9062_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gratch, J.: Emile: marshalling passions in training and education. In: 4th International Conference on Autonomous Agents, pp. 325\u2013332. Barcelona, Spain (2000)","DOI":"10.1145\/336595.337516"},{"issue":"4","key":"9062_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2004.02.002","volume":"5","author":"J. Gratch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gratch J., Marsella S.: A domain independent framework for modeling emotion. J. Cogn. Syst. Res. 5(4), 269\u2013306 (2004)","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Syst. Res."},{"key":"9062_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.73.2.392","volume":"73","author":"W.G. Graziano","year":"1997","unstructured":"Graziano W.G., Jensen-Campbell L.A., Finch J.F.: The self as a mediator between personality and adjustment. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 73, 392\u2013404 (1997)","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"9062_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2005.848368","volume":"6","author":"J.A. Healey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Healey J.A., Picard R.W.: Detecting stress during real-world driving tasks using physiological sensors. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 6(2), 156\u2013166 (2005)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"9062_CR29","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Learning in Graphical Models","author":"D. Heckerman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Heckerman D.: A tutorial on learning with Bayesian networks. In: Jordan, M. (eds) Learning in Graphical Models, pp. 301\u2013354. MIT Press, Cambridge (1999)"},{"issue":"1","key":"9062_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013337427135","volume":"12","author":"E. Hudlicka","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hudlicka E., McNeese M.: Assessment of user affective and belief states for interface adaptation: application to an air force pilot. User Model. User Adapt. Interact. 12(1), 1\u201347 (2002)","journal-title":"User Model. User Adapt. Interact."},{"key":"9062_CR31","first-page":"305","volume-title":"Human\u2013Computer Interface Handbook","author":"A. Jameson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jameson A.: \u201cAdaptive Interfaces and Agents\u201d. In: Jacko, J.A., Sears, A. (eds) Human\u2013Computer Interface Handbook, pp. 305\u2013330. Erlbaum, Mahwah (2003)"},{"key":"9062_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapoor, A., Picard, R.W.: Multimodal Affect Recognition in Learning Environments. In: 13th Annual ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp. 677\u2013682. Singapore (2005)","DOI":"10.1145\/1101149.1101300"},{"key":"9062_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Andr\u00e9, E.: Emotion recognition using physiological and speech signal in short-term observation. In: PIT\u201906, Perception and Interactive Techologies, pp. 53\u201364. Kloster Irsee, Germany (2006)","DOI":"10.1007\/11768029_6"},{"key":"9062_CR34","unstructured":"Klawe, M.: When does the use of computer games and other interactive multimedia software help students learn mathematics? In: Technology and NCTM Standards 2000 Conference, Arlington, VA (1998)"},{"key":"9062_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x","volume":"30","author":"P.J. Lang","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lang P.J., Greenwald M.K., Bradley M.M., Hamm A.O.: Look at pictures: affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology 30, 261\u2013273 (1993)","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"9062_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Luchini, K., Michael, B., Norris, C., Solloway, E.: More than just fun and games: assessing the value of educational video games in the classroom. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGCHI 2004, pp. 1375\u20131378. Vienna, Austria (2004)","DOI":"10.1145\/985921.986068"},{"key":"9062_CR37","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Computers as Cognitive Tools","author":"M. Lepper","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lepper M., Woolverton M., Mumme D., Gurtner J.L.: Motivational techniques of expert human tutors: lessons for the design of computer-based tutors. In: Lajoie, S.P., Derry, S.J. (eds) Computers as Cognitive Tools, pp. 75\u2013105. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey (1993)"},{"key":"9062_CR38","unstructured":"Li, X., Ji, Q.: Active affective state detection and user assistance. In: Workshop on \u201cAssessing and Adapting to User Attitude and Affects: Why, When, and How?\u201d in conjunction with UM\u201903, 9th International Conference on User Modeling. Pittsburgh, PA (2003)"},{"key":"9062_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47637-1_6","volume-title":"Reconsidering Conceptual Change: Issues in Theory and Practice","author":"E.A. Linnenbrink","year":"2002","unstructured":"Linnenbrink E.A., Pintrich P.R.: The Role of Motivational Beliefs in Conceptual Change. In: Limon, M., Mason, L. (eds) Reconsidering Conceptual Change: Issues in Theory and Practice, pp. 115\u2013135. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2002)"},{"key":"9062_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Litman, D.J., Forbes-Riley, K.: Predicting Student Emotions in Computer\u2013Human Tutoring Dialogues. In: 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), pp. 352\u2013359. Barcelona, Spain (2004)","DOI":"10.3115\/1218955.1219000"},{"key":"9062_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/01449290500331156","volume":"25","author":"R.L. Mandryk","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mandryk R.L., Inkpen K.M., Calvert T.W.: Using psychophysiological techniques to measure user experience with entertainment technologes. Special issue on User Experience. J. Behav. Inf. Technol. 25, 141\u2013158 (2006)","journal-title":"J. Behav. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"9062_CR42","unstructured":"Manske, M., Conati, C.: Modeling learning in educational games. In: AIED\u201905, 12th International Conference on AI in Education, pp. 411\u2013418. Amsterdam (2005)"},{"key":"9062_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McQuiggan, S., Lee, S., Lester, J.: Early prediction of student frustration. In: Second Int. Conf. on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interactions, pp. 698\u2013709. Lisbona, Portugal (2007)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74889-2_61"},{"key":"9062_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02686918","volume":"14","author":"A. Mehrabian","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mehrabian A.: Pleasure-arousal-dominance: A general framework for describing and measuring individual differences in temperament. Curr. Psychol. 14, 261\u2013292 (1996)","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"9062_CR45","volume-title":"Machine Learning","author":"T. Mitchell","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mitchell T.: Machine Learning. McGraw Hill, New York (1997)"},{"key":"9062_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511571299","volume-title":"The Cognitive Stucture of Emotions","author":"A. Ortony","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ortony A., Clore G.L., Collins A.: The Cognitive Stucture of Emotions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1988)"},{"issue":"2","key":"9062_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2005.10.006","volume":"18","author":"C. Peter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Peter C., Herbon A.: Emotion representation and physiology assignments in digital systems. Interact. Comput. 18(2), 139\u2013170 (2006)","journal-title":"Interact. Comput."},{"issue":"10","key":"9062_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1109\/34.954607","volume":"23","author":"R.W. Picard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Picard R.W., Vyzas E., Healey J.A.: Toward machine emotional intelligence: analysis of affective physiological state. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 23(10), 1175\u20131191 (2001)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"9062_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prendinger, H., Ishizuka, M.: SCREAM: scripting emotion-based agent minds, pp. 350\u2013351. AAMAS, Bologna, Italy (2002)","DOI":"10.1145\/544741.544823"},{"key":"9062_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prendinger, H., Mori, J., Ishizuka, M.: Recognizing, modeling, and responding to users\u2019 affective states. In: UM\u201905 10th International Conference on User Modeling, pp. 60\u201369. Edinburgh, UK (2005)","DOI":"10.1007\/11527886_9"},{"key":"9062_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigo, M.T., Baker, R., D\u2019Mello, S.T., Gonzales, et~al.: Comparing learners\u2019 affect while using an intelligent tutoring system and a simulation problem solving game. In: Intelligent Tutoring Systems 2008, pp. 40\u201349. Montreal, Canada (2008)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69132-7_9"},{"issue":"2","key":"9062_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0953-5438(01)00059-5","volume":"14","author":"J. Scheirer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Scheirer J., Fernandez R., Klein J., Picard R.W.: Frustrating the user on purpose: a step toward building an affective computer. Interact. Comput. 14(2), 93\u2013118 (2002)","journal-title":"Interact. Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"9062_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/505282.505283","volume":"34","author":"F. Sebastiani","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sebastiani F.: Machine learning in automated text categorization. ACM Comput. Surv. 34(1), 1\u201347 (2002)","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"9062_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seif El-Nasr, M., Yen, J., Ioerger T.R.: FLAME\u2014fuzzy logic adaptive model of emotions, pp. 219\u2013257. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, Barcelona, Spain (2000)","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010030809960"},{"key":"9062_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Streit, M., Batliner, A., Portele, T.: Cognitive-model-based interpretation of emotions in a multi-model dialog system. In: ADS\u201904 Tutorial and Research Workshop on Affective Dialogue Systems, pp. 65\u201376. Kloster Irsee, Germany (2004)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24842-2_7"},{"key":"9062_CR56","volume-title":"The Biopsychology of Mood and Arousal","author":"Robert E. Thayer","year":"1989","unstructured":"Thayer Robert E.: The Biopsychology of Mood and Arousal. Oxford University Press, New York (1989)"},{"key":"9062_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59904-304-3.ch014","volume-title":"Games and Simulations in Online Learning: Research and Development Frameworks","author":"R. Eck Van","year":"2007","unstructured":"Van Eck R.: Building artificially intelligent learning games. In: Gibson, D., Aldrich, C., Prensky, M. (eds) Games and Simulations in Online Learning: Research and Development Frameworks, pp. 271\u2013307. Information Science Pub, Hershey, PA (2007)"},{"issue":"2","key":"9062_CR58","first-page":"154","volume":"12","author":"K. Lehn Van","year":"2001","unstructured":"Van Lehn K., Niu Z.: Bayesian student modeling, user interfaces and feedback: a sensitivity analysis. Int. J. Artifi. Intell. Educ. 12(2), 154\u2013184 (2001)","journal-title":"Int. J. Artifi. Intell. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"9062_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2006.10782475","volume":"39","author":"J.J. Vogel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vogel J.J., Greenwood-Ericksen A., Cannon-Bowers J., Bowers C.A.: Using virtual reality with and without gaming attributes for academic achievement. J. Res. Technol. Educ. 39(1), 105\u2013118 (2006)","journal-title":"J. Res. Technol. Educ."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9062_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-007-9036-7","volume":"18","author":"G.N. Yannakakis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yannakakis G.N., Hallam J., Lund H.H.: Entertainment capture through heart rate activity in physical interactive playgrounds. User Model. User-Adapt. Interact. 18(1\u20132), 207\u2013243 (2008)","journal-title":"User Model. User-Adapt. Interact."},{"key":"9062_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakharov, K., Mitrovic, A., Johnston, L.: Towards emotionally-intelligent pedagogical agents. In: Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 9th Int. Conf., ITS 2008, pp. 19\u201328. Montreal, Canada (2008)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69132-7_7"},{"key":"9062_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Conati, C.: Inferring user goals from personality and behavior in a causal model of user affect. In: IUI\u201903, International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 211\u2013218. Miami, FL (2003)","DOI":"10.1145\/604045.604078"}],"container-title":["User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11257-009-9062-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11257-009-9062-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11257-009-9062-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T12:02:23Z","timestamp":1559390543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11257-009-9062-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,30]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}},"alternative-id":["9062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11257-009-9062-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-1868","1573-1391"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-1868","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-1391","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,30]]}}}