{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T13:28:40Z","timestamp":1780406920722,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,27]],"date-time":"2015-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["User Model User-Adap Inter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-015-9167-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,27]],"date-time":"2015-09-27T06:27:32Z","timestamp":1443335252000},"page":"33-68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Automatic gaze-based user-independent detection of mind wandering during computerized reading"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Bixler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidney","family":"D\u2019Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"9167_CR1","unstructured":"Baayen, R., Harald, P., Richard, G.: The CELEX Lexical Database (Release 2) (1995)"},{"issue":"2","key":"9167_CR2","first-page":"125","volume":"10","author":"RA Baer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baer, R.A.: Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review. Clin. Psychol. 10(2), 125\u2013143 (2003)","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"9167_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbuceanu, F., Antonya, C., Duguleana, M., et al.: Attentive User Interface for Interaction Within Virtual Reality Environments Based on Gaze Analysis. Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 204\u2013213. Springer, Interaction Techniques and Environments, New York (2011)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21605-3_23"},{"key":"9167_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ba, Sileye O., Odobez, J-M.: A Study on Visual Focus of Attention Recognition from Head Pose in a Meeting Room, pp. 75\u201387. Springer, In Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction, New York (2006)","DOI":"10.1007\/11965152_7"},{"issue":"1","key":"9167_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2006.869598","volume":"7","author":"LM Bergasa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bergasa, L.M., Nuevo, J., Sotelo, M.A., et al.: Real-time system for monitoring driver vigilance. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Sys. 7(1), 63\u201377 (2006)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Sys."},{"key":"9167_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bixler, R., D\u2019Mello, S.: Toward fully automated person-independent detection of mind wandering. In: User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization, pp. 37\u201348. Springer, New York (2014)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08786-3_4"},{"key":"9167_CR7","unstructured":"Bixler, R., Kopp, K., D\u2019Mello, S.: Evaluation of a Personalized Method for Proactive Mind Wandering Reduction. In: Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Personalization Approaches for Learning Environments (PALE 2014), pp. 33, (2014)"},{"key":"9167_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanchard, N., Bixler, R., Joyce, T., et al.: Automated physiological-based detection of mind wandering during learning. In: Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 55\u201360. Springer, New York (2014)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07221-0_7"},{"key":"9167_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.04.017","volume":"78","author":"D B\u00f6rner","year":"2014","unstructured":"B\u00f6rner, D., Kalz, M., Specht, M.: Lead me gently: facilitating knowledge gain through attention-aware ambient learning displays. Comput. & Educ. 78, 10\u201319 (2014)","journal-title":"Comput. & Educ."},{"key":"9167_CR10","unstructured":"Chawla, N.V., Bowyer, K. W., Hall, L.O., et al.: SMOTE: Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique.\u2019 J. Artif. Intell. Res. 16(1), 321\u2013357 (2011)"},{"issue":"21","key":"9167_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8719","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900234106","volume":"106","author":"K Christoff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Christoff, K., Gordon, A.M., Smallwood, J., et al.: experience Sampling during fMRI reveals default network and executive system contributions to mind wandering. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106(21), 8719\u20138724 (2009)","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"9167_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","volume":"20","author":"J Cohen","year":"1960","unstructured":"Cohen, J.: A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 20(1), 37\u201346 (1960)","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"issue":"1","key":"9167_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018480","volume":"10","author":"RJ Davidson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Davidson, R.J.: Empirical explorations of mindfulness: conceptual and methodological conundrums. Emotion 10(1), 8\u201311 (2010)","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"9167_CR14","unstructured":"D\u2019Mello, S., Cobian, J., Hunter, M.: Automatic gaze-based detection of mind wandering during reading. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, International Educational Data Mining Society, pp. 364\u2013365 (2013)"},{"key":"9167_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, L., Di, H., Tao, L., et al.: Visual Focus of Attention Recognition in the Ambient Kitchen. In: Computer Vision\u2013ACCV 2009, pp. 548\u2013559. Springer, New York (2010)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12297-2_53"},{"issue":"2","key":"9167_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2010.2092770","volume":"12","author":"Y Dong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dong, Y., Hu, Z., Uchimura, K., et al.: Driver inattention monitoring system for intelligent vehicles: a review. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 12(2), 596\u2013614 (2011)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"8","key":"9167_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2007.01.018","volume":"40","author":"T D\u2019Orazio","year":"2007","unstructured":"D\u2019Orazio, T., Leo, M., Guaragnella, C., et al.: A visual approach for driver inattention detection. Pattern Recognit. 40(8), 2341\u20132355 (2007)","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"9167_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drummond, J., Litman, D.: In the Zone: towards Detecting Student Zoning Out Using Supervised Machine Learning, pp. 306\u2013308. Springer, New York, In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (2010)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13437-1_53"},{"issue":"3","key":"9167_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-012-0367-y","volume":"20","author":"S Feng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Feng, S., D\u2019Mello, S., Graesser, A.C.: Mind wandering while reading easy and difficult texts. Psychon. Bull. & Rev. 20(3), 586\u2013592 (2013)","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. & Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"9167_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364908099459","volume":"28","author":"L Fletcher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fletcher, L., Zelinsky, A.: Driver inattention detection based on eye gaze-road event correlation. Int. J. Robot. Res. 28(6), 774\u2013801 (2009)","journal-title":"Int. J. Robot. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"9167_CR21","first-page":"251","volume":"40","author":"S Forster","year":"2014","unstructured":"Forster, S., Lavie, N.: Distracted by your mind? Individual differences in distractibility predict mind wandering. J. Exp. Psychol. 40(1), 251\u2013260 (2014)","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"9167_CR22","first-page":"51","volume":"67","author":"T Foulsham","year":"2013","unstructured":"Foulsham, T., Farley, J., Kingstone, A.: Mind wandering in sentence reading: decoupling the link between mind and eye. Can. J. Exp. Psychol.\/Rev. Can de Psychol Exp 67(1), 51\u201359 (2013)","journal-title":"Can. J. Exp. Psychol.\/Rev. Can de Psychol Exp"},{"issue":"2","key":"9167_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000031","volume":"30","author":"DJ Frank","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frank, D.J., Nara, B., Zavagnin, M., et al.: Validating older adults\u2019 reports of less mind-wandering: an examination of eye movements and dispositional influences. Psychol. Aging 30(2), 266\u2013278 (2015)","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"issue":"12","key":"9167_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2013.858170","volume":"66","author":"MS Franklin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Franklin, M.S., Broadway, J.M., Mrazek, M.D., et al.: Window to the wandering mind: pupillometry of spontaneous thought while reading. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 66(12), 2289\u20132294 (2013)","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"9167_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-011-0109-6","volume":"18","author":"MS Franklin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Franklin, M.S., Smallwood, J., Schooler, J.W.: Catching the mind in flight: using behavioral indices to detect mindless reading in real time. Psychon. Bull. & Rev. 18(5), 992\u2013997 (2011)","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. & Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"9167_CR26","first-page":"053","volume":"26","author":"S Furugori","year":"2005","unstructured":"Furugori, S., Yoshizawa, N., Iname, C., et al.: Estimation of driver fatigue by pressure distribution on seat in long term driving. Rev. Automot. Eng. 26(1), 053\u2013058 (2005)","journal-title":"Rev. Automot. Eng."},{"key":"9167_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00031","volume":"5","author":"R Grandchamp","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grandchamp, R., Braboszcz, C., Delorme, A.: Oculometric variations during mind wandering. Front. Psychol. 5, 1000\u20131078 (2014)","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"9167_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00056","volume":"5","author":"M Gruberger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gruberger, M., Ben-Simon, E., Levkovitz, Y., et al.: Towards a neuroscience of mind-wandering. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 5, 56\u201360 (2011)","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"9167_CR29","unstructured":"Hall, M.A.: Correlation-based feature selection for machine learning. PhD Thesis, department of Computer Science, University of Waikato, New Zealand. (1999)"},{"issue":"1","key":"9167_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1145\/1656274.1656278","volume":"11","author":"M Hall","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hall, M., Frank, E., Holmes, G., et al.: The WEKA data mining software: an update. ACM SIGKDD Explor. Newsl. 11(1), 10\u201318 (2009)","journal-title":"ACM SIGKDD Explor. Newsl."},{"issue":"2","key":"9167_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2012.03.006","volume":"7","author":"DF Halpern","year":"2012","unstructured":"Halpern, D.F., Millis, K., Graesser, A.C., et al.: Operation ARA: a computerized learning game that teaches critical thinking and scientific reasoning. Think. Skills Creat. 7(2), 93\u2013100 (2012)","journal-title":"Think. Skills Creat."},{"key":"9167_CR32","volume-title":"Eye Tracking: a Comprehensive Guide to Methods and Measures","author":"K Holmqvist","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holmqvist, K., Nystr\u00f6m, M., Andersson, R., et al.: Eye Tracking: a Comprehensive Guide to Methods and Measures. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2011)"},{"key":"9167_CR33","unstructured":"Horvitz, E., Jacobs, A., Hovel D.: Attention-sensitive alerting\u2019. In: Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 305\u2013313. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc. (1999)"},{"issue":"3","key":"9167_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1145\/636772.636798","volume":"46","author":"E Horvitz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Horvitz, E., Kadie, C., Paek, T., et al.: Models of attention in computing and communication: from principles to applications. Commun. ACM 46(3), 52\u201359 (2003)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"issue":"2","key":"9167_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.7.2.109","volume":"7","author":"AP Jha","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jha, A.P., Krompinger, J., Baime, M.J.: Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cogn. Affect. & Behav. Neurosci. 7(2), 109\u2013119 (2007)","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. & Behav. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"9167_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.4.329","volume":"87","author":"MA Just","year":"1980","unstructured":"Just, M.A., Carpenter, P.A.: A theory of reading: from eye fixations to comprehension. Psychol. Rev. 87(4), 329 (1980)","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"9167_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01948.x","volume":"18","author":"MJ Kane","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kane, M.J., Brown, L.H., McVay, J.C., et al.: For whom the mind wanders, and when an experience-sampling study of working memory and executive control in daily life. Psychol. Sci. 18(7), 614\u2013621 (2007)","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"6006","key":"9167_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192439","volume":"330","author":"MA Killingsworth","year":"2010","unstructured":"Killingsworth, M.A., Gilbert, D.T.: A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Science 330(6006), 932\u2013932 (2010)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9167_CR39","unstructured":"Knipling, R.F., Wierwille, W.W.: America, IVHS: Vehicle-Based Drowsy Driver Detection: Current Status and Future Prospects. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,Office of Crash Avoidance Research (1994)"},{"key":"9167_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kopp, K., Bixler, R., D\u2019Mello, S.: Identifying Learning Conditions that Minimize Mind Wandering by Modeling Individual Attributes, pp. 94\u2013103. Springer, New York, In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (2014)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07221-0_12"},{"issue":"42","key":"9167_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13418","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1614-09.2009","volume":"29","author":"A Lutz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lutz, A., Slagter, H.A., Rawlings, N.B., et al.: Mental training enhances attentional stability: neural and behavioral evidence. J. Neurosci. 29(42), 13418\u201313427 (2009)","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5810","key":"9167_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1131295","volume":"315","author":"MF Mason","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mason, M.F., Norton, M.I., Van Horn, J.D., et al.: Wandering minds: the default network and stimulus-independent thought. Science 315(5810), 393\u2013395 (2007)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9167_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsumoto, Y., Ogasawara, T., Zelinsky, A.: Behavior recognition based on head pose and gaze direction measurement. In: Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2000. (IROS 2000). Proceedings. 2000 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on, IEEE pp. 2127\u20132132 (2000)","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2000.895285"},{"key":"9167_CR44","unstructured":"Mills, C., D\u2019Mello, S.: In Press. Toward a real-time (Day) dreamcatcher: detecting mind wandering episodes during online reading. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, International Educational Data Mining Society pp. XX\u2013XX"},{"issue":"1","key":"9167_CR45","first-page":"11","volume":"67","author":"BW Mooneyham","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mooneyham, B.W., Schooler, J.W.: The costs and benefits of mind-wandering: a review. Can. J. Exp. Psychol.\/Rev. Can. de Psychol. Exp. 67(1), 11\u201318 (2013)","journal-title":"Can. J. Exp. Psychol.\/Rev. Can. de Psychol. Exp."},{"issue":"5","key":"9167_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612459659","volume":"24","author":"MD Mrazek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mrazek, M.D., Franklin, M.S., Phillips, D.T., et al.: Mindfulness training improves working memory capacity and gre performance while reducing mind wandering. Psychol. Sci. 24(5), 776\u2013781 (2013)","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"9167_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026678","volume":"12","author":"MD Mrazek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mrazek, M.D., Smallwood, J., Schooler, J.W.: Mindfulness and mind-wandering: finding convergence through opposing constructs. Emotion 12(3), 442\u2013448 (2012)","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"9167_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30950-2_15","volume-title":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"M Muir","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muir, M., Conati, C.: An analysis of attention to student\u2014adaptive hints in an educational game. In: Cerri, S.A., Clancey, W.J., Papadourakis, G., et al. (eds.) Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 112\u2013122. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)"},{"key":"9167_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31454-4_17","volume-title":"User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization, Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"V Navalpakkam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Navalpakkam, V., Kumar, R., Li, L., et al.: Attention and selection in online choice tasks. In: Masthoff, J., Mobasher, B., Desmarais, M.C., et al. (eds.) User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 200\u2013211. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)"},{"key":"9167_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19773-9_37","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","author":"P Pham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pham, P., Wang, J.: Attentive learner: improving mobile MOOC learning via implicit heart rate tracking. In: Conati, C., Heffernan, N., Mitrovic, A., et al. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 367\u2013376. Springer International Publishing, New York (2015)"},{"issue":"6","key":"9167_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037428","volume":"140","author":"JG Randall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Randall, J.G., Oswald, F.L., Beier, M.E.: Mind-wandering, cognition, and performance: a theory-driven meta-analysis of attention regulation. Psychol. Bull. 140(6), 1411\u20131431 (2014)","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"9167_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.3.372","volume":"124","author":"K Rayner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rayner, K.: Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychol. Bull. 124(3), 372 (1998)","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"9167_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.105.1.125","volume":"105","author":"ED Reichle","year":"1998","unstructured":"Reichle, E.D., Pollatsek, A., Fisher, D.L., et al.: Toward a model of eye movement control in reading. Psychol. Rev. 105(1), 125 (1998)","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"9167_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610378686","volume":"21","author":"ED Reichle","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reichle, E.D., Reineberg, A.E., Schooler, J.W.: Eye movements during mindless reading. Psychol. Sci. 21(9), 1300\u20131310 (2010)","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"9167_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(97)00015-8","volume":"35","author":"LH Robertson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Robertson, L.H., Manly, T., Andrade, J., et al.: Oops!: performance correlates of everyday attentional failures in traumatic brain injured and normal subjects. Neuropsychologia 35(6), 747\u2013758 (1997)","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"9167_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roda, C., Nabeth, T.: Supporting attention in learning environments: attention support services, and information management. In: Creating New Learning Experiences on a Global Scale, pp. 277\u2013291. Springer, New York (2007)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-75195-3_20"},{"key":"9167_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-562-7.ch007","volume":"58","author":"C Roda","year":"2006","unstructured":"Roda, C., Thomas, J.: Attention aware systems. Encycl. Hum. Comput. Interact. 58, 38 (2006)","journal-title":"Encycl. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"issue":"2","key":"9167_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2012.07.004","volume":"125","author":"DJ Schad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schad, D.J., Nuthmann, A., Engbert, R.: Your mind wanders weakly, your mind wanders deeply: objective measures reveal mindless reading at different levels. Cognition 125(2), 179\u2013194 (2012)","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"9167_CR59","unstructured":"Schooler, J.W., Reichle, E.D., Halpern D.V.: Zoning out while reading: evidence for dissociations between experience and metaconsciousness. In: Daniel T.L. (ed.) Thinking and Seeing: Visual Metacognition in Adults and Children, pp. 203\u2013226. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press (2004)"},{"issue":"7","key":"9167_CR60","first-page":"319","volume":"15","author":"JW Schooler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schooler, J.W., Smallwood, J., Christoff, K., et al.: Meta-awareness, perceptual decoupling and the wandering mind. Trends Cognit. Sci. 15(7), 319\u2013326 (2011)","journal-title":"Trends Cognit. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"9167_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03199574","volume":"19","author":"PS Seibert","year":"1991","unstructured":"Seibert, P.S., Ellis, H.C.: Irrelevant thoughts, emotional mood states, and cognitive task performance. Mem. & Cognit. 19(5), 507\u2013513 (1991)","journal-title":"Mem. & Cognit."},{"issue":"4","key":"9167_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BTTJ.0000047593.70147.df","volume":"22","author":"T Selker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Selker, T.: Visual attentive interfaces. BT Technol. J. 22(4), 146\u2013150 (2004)","journal-title":"BT Technol. J."},{"key":"9167_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sewell, W., Komogortsev, O.: Real-time eye gaze tracking with an unmodified commodity webcam employing a neural network. In: CHI\u201910 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM pp. 3739\u20133744, (2010)","DOI":"10.1145\/1753846.1754048"},{"issue":"2","key":"9167_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-818X.2010.00263.x","volume":"5","author":"J Smallwood","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smallwood, J.: Mind-wandering while reading: attentional decoupling, mindless reading and the cascade model of inattention. Lang. Linguist. Compass 5(2), 63\u201377 (2011)","journal-title":"Lang. Linguist. Compass"},{"issue":"3","key":"9167_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20037","volume":"20","author":"J Smallwood","year":"2008","unstructured":"Smallwood, J., Beach, E., Schooler, J.W., et al.: Going AWOL in the brain: mind wandering reduces cortical analysis of external events. J. Cognit. Neurosci. 20(3), 458\u2013469 (2008)","journal-title":"J. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"9167_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18298","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018298","volume":"6","author":"J Smallwood","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smallwood, J., Brown, K.S., Tipper, C., et al.: Pupillometric evidence for the decoupling of attention from perceptual input during offline thought \u2019ed. Sam Gilbert. PLoS ONE 6(3), e18298 (2011)","journal-title":"Sam Gilbert. PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"9167_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2004.06.003","volume":"13","author":"J Smallwood","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smallwood, J., Davies, J.B., Heim, D., et al.: Subjective experience and the attentional lapse: task engagement and disengagement during sustained attention. Consci. Cognit. 13(4), 657\u2013690 (2004)","journal-title":"Consci. Cognit."},{"issue":"2","key":"9167_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194057","volume":"14","author":"J Smallwood","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smallwood, J., Fishman, D.J., Schooler, J.W.: Counting the cost of an absent mind: mind wandering as an underrecognized influence on educational performance. Psychon. Bull. & Rev. 14(2), 230\u2013236 (2007)","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. & Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"9167_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.3758\/MC.36.6.1144","volume":"36","author":"J Smallwood","year":"2008","unstructured":"Smallwood, J., McSpadden, M., Schooler, J.W.: When attention matters: the curious incident of the wandering mind. Mem. & Cognit. 36(6), 1144\u20131150 (2008)","journal-title":"Mem. & Cognit."},{"issue":"6","key":"9167_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.6.946","volume":"132","author":"J Smallwood","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smallwood, J., Schooler, J.W.: The restless mind. Psychol. Bull. 132(6), 946\u2013958 (2006)","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"6","key":"9167_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610368063","volume":"21","author":"D Smilek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smilek, D., Carriere, J.S.A., Cheyne, J.A.: Out of mind, out of sight: eye blinking as indicator and embodiment of mind wandering. Psychol. Sci. 21(6), 786\u2013789 (2010)","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"9167_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stiefelhagen, R.: Tracking focus of attention in meetings. In: Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces, IEEE Computer Society pp. 273, (2002)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMI.2002.1167006"},{"key":"9167_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stiefelhagen, R., Yang, J., Waibel, A.: Estimating focus of attention based on gaze and sound. In: Proceedings of the 2001 workshop on Perceptive user interfaces, ACM pp. 1\u20139 (2001)","DOI":"10.1145\/971478.971505"},{"key":"9167_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stiefelhagen, R., Zhu, J.: Head orientation and gaze direction in meetings. In: CHI\u201902 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM pp. 858\u2013859 (2002)","DOI":"10.1145\/506443.506634"},{"key":"9167_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Mu-Chun, Hsiung, Chao-Yueh, Huang De-Yuan (2006) \u2019A Simple Approach to Implementing a System for Monitoring Driver Inattention\u2019. In Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2006. SMC\u201906. IEEE International Conference on, IEEE pp. 429\u2013433","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.2006.384420"},{"key":"9167_CR76","first-page":"40","volume":"1047","author":"E Sussman","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sussman, E., Bishop, H., Madnick, B., et al.: Driver inattention and highway safety. Transp. Res. Rec. 1047, 40\u201348 (1985)","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"9167_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tawari, A., Sivaraman, S., Trivedi, M.M. et al.: Looking-in and looking-out vision for urban intelligent assistance: estimation of driver attentive state and dynamic surround for safe merging and braking. In: Intelligent Vehicles Symposium Proceedings, 2014 IEEE, IEEE pp. 115\u2013120 (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2014.6856600"},{"issue":"4","key":"9167_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2005.12.010","volume":"22","author":"A Toet","year":"2006","unstructured":"Toet, A.: Gaze directed displays as an enabling technology for attention aware systems. Comput. Hum. Behav. 22(4), 615\u2013647 (2006)","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"9167_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torkkola, K., Massey, N., Wood. C.: Driver inattention detection through intelligent analysis of readily available sensors. In: Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2004. Proceedings. The 7th International IEEE Conference on, IEEE pp. 326\u2013331 (2004)","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2004.1398919"},{"key":"9167_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ugurlu, Y.: User attention analysis for e-learning systems using gaze and speech information. In: Information Science, Electronics and Electrical Engineering (ISEEE), 2014 International Conference on, IEEE pp. 1\u20135 (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/InfoSEEE.2014.6948154"},{"issue":"4","key":"9167_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2011.09.010","volume":"20","author":"S Uzzaman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Uzzaman, S., Steve, J.: The eyes know what you are thinking: eye movements as an objective measure of mind wandering. Consci. Cognit. 20(4), 1882\u20131886 (2011)","journal-title":"Consci. Cognit."},{"issue":"4","key":"9167_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2005.12.012","volume":"22","author":"R Vertegaal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vertegaal, R., Shell, J.S., Chen, D., et al.: Designing for augmented attention: towards a framework for attentive user interfaces. Comput. Hum. Behav. 22(4), 771\u2013789 (2006)","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"9167_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voit, M., Stiefelhagen, R.: Deducing the visual focus of attention from head pose estimation in dynamic multi-view meeting scenarios. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces, ACM pp. 173\u2013180 (2008)","DOI":"10.1145\/1452392.1452425"},{"issue":"4","key":"9167_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.4.1150","volume":"40","author":"A Vo\u00dfk\u00fchler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vo\u00dfk\u00fchler, A., Nordmeier, V., Kuchinke, L., et al.: open gaze and mouse analyzer): open-source software designed to analyze eye and mouse movements in slideshow study design. Behav. Res. Methods 40(4), 1150\u20131162 (2008)","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"9167_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2008.12.011","volume":"111","author":"T Warren","year":"2009","unstructured":"Warren, T., White, S.J., Reichle, E.D.: Investigating the causes of wrap-up effects: evidence from eye movements and e-z reader. Cognition 111(1), 132\u2013137 (2009)","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"9167_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2008.01.007","volume":"47","author":"MVM Yeo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yeo, M.V.M., Li, X., Shen, K., et al.: \u2019Can SVM be used for automatic EEG detection of drowsiness during car driving? Saf. Sci. 47(1), 115\u2013124 (2009)","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"9167_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1145\/2168556.2168574","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, ETRA \u201912, New York, NY","author":"R Yonetani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yonetani, R., Kawashima, H., Matsuyama, T.: Multi-mode saliency dynamics model for analyzing gaze and attention. Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, ETRA \u201912, New York, NY, pp. 115\u2013122. ACM, New York (2012)"},{"issue":"2","key":"9167_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2010.03.014","volume":"19","author":"F Zeidan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zeidan, F., Johnson, S.K., Diamond, B.J., et al.: Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: evidence of brief mental training. Consci. Cognit. 19(2), 597\u2013605 (2010)","journal-title":"Consci. Cognit."}],"container-title":["User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11257-015-9167-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11257-015-9167-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11257-015-9167-1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T20:40:35Z","timestamp":1748637635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11257-015-9167-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,27]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11257-015-9167-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-1868","1573-1391"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-1868","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-1391","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,27]]}}}