{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:21:57Z","timestamp":1762521717918},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,4]],"date-time":"2014-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415059200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Comput Vis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-014-0775-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,3]],"date-time":"2014-11-03T08:00:58Z","timestamp":1415001658000},"page":"37-53","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Discriminative Deep Face Shape Model for Facial Point Detection"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"775_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000011205.11775.fd","volume":"56","author":"S Baker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baker, S., Gross, R., & Matthews, I. (2002). Lucas-kanade 20 years on: A unifying framework: Part 3. International Journal of Computer Vision, 56, 221\u2013255.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"issue":"12","key":"775_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2930","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2013.23","volume":"35","author":"P Belhumeur","year":"2013","unstructured":"Belhumeur, P., Jacobs, D., Kriegman, D., & Kumar, N. (2013). Localizing parts of faces using a consensus of exemplars. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 35(12), 2930\u20132940.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"775_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belhumeur, P. N., Jacobs, D. W., Kriegman, D. J., & Kumar, N. (2011). Localizing parts of faces using a consensus of exemplars. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995602"},{"issue":"1","key":"775_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1995.1004","volume":"61","author":"TF Cootes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cootes, T. F., Taylor, C. J., Cooper, D. H., & Graham, J. (1995). Active shape models their training and application. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 61(1), 38\u201359.","journal-title":"Computer Vision and Image Understanding"},{"issue":"6","key":"775_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1109\/34.927467","volume":"23","author":"TF Cootes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cootes, T. F., Edwards, G. J., & Taylor, C. J. (2001). Active appearance models. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 23(6), 681\u2013685.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"10","key":"775_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2008.01.024","volume":"41","author":"D Cristinacce","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cristinacce, D., & Cootes, T. (2008). Automatic feature localisation with constrained local models. Pattern Recognition, 41(10), 3054\u20133067.","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"775_CR7","first-page":"886","volume":"2","author":"N Dalal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dalal, N., & Triggs, B. (2005). Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2, 886\u2013893.","journal-title":"International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"775_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eslami, S., Heess, N., & Winn, J. (2012). The shape boltzmann machine: A strong model of object shape. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 406\u2013413).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2012.6247702"},{"key":"775_CR9","first-page":"1871","volume":"9","author":"RE Fan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fan, R. E., Chang, K. W., Hsieh, C. J., Wang, X. R., & Lin, C. J. (2008). LIBLINEAR: A library for large linear classification. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 9, 1871\u20131874.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"775_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2009.08.002","volume":"28","author":"R Gross","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gross, R., Matthews, I., Cohn, J., Kanade, T., & Baker, S. (2010). Multi-pie. Image and Vision Computing, 28(5), 807\u2013813.","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"issue":"8","key":"775_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1162\/089976602760128018","volume":"14","author":"GE Hinton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hinton, G. E. (2002). Training products of experts by minimizing contrastive divergence. Neural Computation, 14(8), 1771\u20131800.","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"issue":"5786","key":"775_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127647","volume":"313","author":"GE Hinton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hinton, G. E., & Salakhutdinov, R. R. (2006). Reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks. Science, 313(5786), 504\u2013507.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"775_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kae, A., Sohn, K., Lee, H., & Learned-Miller, E. G. (2013). Augmenting crfs with boltzmann machine shape priors for image labeling. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 2019\u20132026).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2013.263"},{"key":"775_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, V., Brandt, J., Lin, Z., Bourdev, L., & Huang, T. S. (2012). Interactive facial feature localization. In European Conference on Computer Vision, Part III (ECCV\u201912, pp. 679\u2013692).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33712-3_49"},{"issue":"2","key":"775_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","volume":"60","author":"DG Lowe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lowe, D. G. (2004). Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. International Journal on Computer Vision, 60(2), 91\u2013110.","journal-title":"International Journal on Computer Vision"},{"issue":"5","key":"775_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.205","volume":"35","author":"B Martinez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martinez, B., Valstar, M. F., Binefa, X., & Pantic, M. (2013). Local evidence aggregation for regression-based facial point detection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 35(5), 1149\u20131163.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"775_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029666.37597.d3","volume":"60","author":"I Matthews","year":"2004","unstructured":"Matthews, I., & Baker, S. (2004). Active appearance models revisited. International Journal of Computer Vision, 60(2), 135\u2013164.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"issue":"6","key":"775_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2010.01-09-953","volume":"22","author":"R Memisevic","year":"2010","unstructured":"Memisevic, R., & Hinton, G. E. (2010). Learning to represent spatial transformations with factored higher-order boltzmann machines. Neural Computation, 22(6), 1473\u20131492.","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"issue":"99","key":"775_CR19","first-page":"1","volume":"PP","author":"A Mohamed","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mohamed, A., Dahl, G., & Hinton, G. (2011). Acoustic modeling using deep belief networks. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, PP(99), 1.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing"},{"key":"775_CR20","unstructured":"Ranzato, M., Krizhevsky, A., & Hinton, G. E. (2010). Factored 3-way restricted boltzmann machines for modeling natural images. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (pp. 621\u2013628)."},{"key":"775_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagonas, C., Tzimiropoulos, G., Zafeiriou, S., Pantic, M. (2013). 300 faces in-the-wild challenge: The first facial landmark localization challenge. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV-W 2013), Sydney.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2013.59"},{"key":"775_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagonas, C., Tzimiropoulos, G., Zafeiriou, S., & Pantic, M. (2013). A semi-automatic methodology for facial landmark annotation. In Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW, pp. 896\u2013903).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2013.132"},{"key":"775_CR23","first-page":"448","volume":"5","author":"R Salakhutdinov","year":"2009","unstructured":"Salakhutdinov, R., & Hinton, G. (2009). Deep boltzmann machines. Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, 5, 448\u2013455.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"775_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-010-0380-4","volume":"91","author":"JM Saragih","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saragih, J. M., Lucey, S., & Cohn, J. F. (2011). Deformable model fitting by regularized landmark mean-shift. International Journal of Computer Vision, 91(2), 200\u2013215.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"issue":"3","key":"775_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1023\/B:STCO.0000035301.49549.88","volume":"14","author":"AJ Smola","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smola, A. J., & Sch\u00f6lkopf, B. (2004). A tutorial on support vector regression. Statistics and Computing, 14(3), 199\u2013222.","journal-title":"Statistics and Computing"},{"key":"775_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Wang, X., & Tang, X. (2013a). Deep convolutional network cascade for facial point detection. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 3476\u20133483).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2013.446"},{"key":"775_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Wang, X., & Tang, X. (2013b). Hybrid deep learning for face verification. In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp. 1489\u20131496.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.188"},{"key":"775_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taigman, Y., Yang, M., Ranzato, M., & Wolf, L. (2014). DeepFace: Closing the gap to human-level performance in face verification. In 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 1701\u20131708.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.220"},{"key":"775_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, G., Sigal, L., Fleet, D., & Hinton, G. (2010). Dynamical binary latent variable models for 3d human pose tracking. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR, pp. 631\u2013638).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2010.5540157"},{"key":"775_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tieleman, T. (2008). Training restricted boltzmann machines using approximations to the likelihood gradient. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Machine Learning (pp. 1064\u20131071).","DOI":"10.1145\/1390156.1390290"},{"key":"775_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzimiropoulos, G., & Pantic, M. (2013). Optimization problems for fast aam fitting in-the-wild. In International conference on Computer Vision (pp. 593\u2013600).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.79"},{"key":"775_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valstar, M., Martinez, B., Binefa, V., & Pantic, M. (2010). Facial point detection using boosted regression and graph models. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 13\u201318).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2010.5539996"},{"key":"775_CR33","unstructured":"Welling, M., & Hinton, G. E. (2002). A new learning algorithm for mean field boltzmann machines. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN \u201902, pp 351\u2013357). London: Springer."},{"key":"775_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Wang, Z., & Ji, Q. (2013). Facial feature tracking under varying facial expressions and face poses based on restricted boltzmann machines. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 3452\u20133459).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2013.443"},{"key":"775_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, X., & De la Torre Frade, F. (2013). Supervised descent method and its applications to face alignment. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2013.75"},{"key":"775_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, E., Fan, H., Cao, Z., Jiang, Y., & Yin, Q. (2013). Extensive facial landmark localization with coarse-to-fine convolutional network cascade. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (pp. 386\u2013391).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2013.58"},{"key":"775_CR37","unstructured":"Zhu, X., & Ramanan, D. (2012). Face detection, pose estimation, and landmark localization in the wild. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 2879\u20132886)."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11263-014-0775-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11263-014-0775-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11263-014-0775-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T12:19:16Z","timestamp":1559391556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11263-014-0775-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,4]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11263-014-0775-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-5691","1573-1405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-5691","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-1405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,4]]}}}