{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T13:32:51Z","timestamp":1780407171991,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]],"date-time":"2015-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Comput Vis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-015-0863-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]],"date-time":"2015-11-13T08:58:56Z","timestamp":1447405136000},"page":"194-216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Gaze Estimation in the 3D Space Using RGB-D Sensors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Funes-Mora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Odobez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"863_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amberg, B., Romdhani, S., & Vetter T (2007). Optimal Step Nonrigid ICP Algorithms for Surface Registration. In: IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp 1\u20138. doi: 10.1109\/CVPR.2007.383165 .","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2007.383165"},{"key":"863_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amberg, B., Knothe, R., & Vetter, T. (2008). Expression invariant 3D face recognition with a Morphable Model. In: Int. Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, IEEE, (pp. 1\u20136)","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2008.4813376"},{"key":"863_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baltrusaitis, T., Robinson, P., & Morency, L. P. (2012). 3D Constrained local model for rigid and non-rigid facial tracking. In Computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR). Providence, RI.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2012.6247980"},{"key":"863_CR4","unstructured":"Baluja, S., & Pomerleau, D. (1994). Non-Intrusive Gaze Tracking Using Artificial Neural Networks. Tech. rep., CMU."},{"key":"863_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barron, J., & Malik, J. (2013). Shape, Illumination, and Reflectance from Shading. Tech. Rep. UCB\/EECS-2013-117, University of California, Berkeley.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA586648"},{"issue":"2","key":"863_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-013-0667-3","volume":"107","author":"X Cao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cao, X., Wei, Y., Wen, F., & Sun, J. (2013). Face alignment by explicit shape regression. International Journal of Computer Vision, 107(2), 177\u2013190.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"863_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, D. H., Jang, I. H., Kim, M. H., & Kim, N. C. (2007). Color image enhancement based on single-scale retinex with a JND-based nonlinear filter. In ISCAS (pp. 3948\u20133951). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2007.378664"},{"key":"863_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalal, N., & Triggs, B. (2005). Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. In Computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), vol. 2 (pp. 886\u2013893).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.177"},{"key":"863_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dantone, M., Gall, J., Fanelli, G., & Gool, L.V. (2012). Real-time Facial Feature Detection using Conditional Regression Forests. In: CVPR.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2012.6247976"},{"key":"863_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egger, B., Schonborn, S., Forster, A., & Vetter, T. (2014). Pose Normalization for Eye Gaze Estimation and Facial Attribute Description from Still Images. In: German Conference on Pattern Recognition.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11752-2_25"},{"key":"863_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fanelli, G., Weise, T., Gall, J., & Gool, L.V. (2011). Real Time Head Pose Estimation from Consumer Depth Cameras. In: Symposium of the German Association for Pattern Recognition (DAGM).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23123-0_11"},{"key":"863_CR12","unstructured":"Funes Mora, K.A., & Odobez, J.M. (2012). Gaze Estimation From Multimodal Kinect Data. In: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Workshop on Gesture Recognition, pp 25\u201330."},{"key":"863_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Funes Mora, K.A., & Odobez, J.M. (2013). Person Independent 3D Gaze Estimation From Remote RGB-D Cameras. In: IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2013.6738574"},{"key":"863_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Funes Mora, K. A., Nguyen, L. S., Gatica-Perez, D., & Odobez, J. M. (2013). A Semi-Automated System for Accurate Gaze Coding in Natural Dyadic Interactions. In: Int. Conf. on Multimodal Interaction.","DOI":"10.1145\/2522848.2522884"},{"key":"863_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Funes Mora, K. A., Monay, F., & Odobez, J. M. (2014). EYEDIAP: A Database for the Development and Evaluation of Gaze Estimation Algorithms from RGB and RGB-D Cameras. In: Symposium on Eye tracking Research & Applications.","DOI":"10.1145\/2578153.2578190"},{"issue":"6","key":"863_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2005.863952","volume":"53","author":"ED Guestrin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guestrin, E. D., & Eizenman, M. (2006). General theory of remote gaze estimation using the pupil center and corneal reflections. Transactions on Bio-medical Engineering, 53(6), 1124\u20131133.","journal-title":"Transactions on Bio-medical Engineering"},{"issue":"10","key":"863_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1109\/34.722606","volume":"20","author":"GD Hager","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hager, G. D., & Belhumeur, P. N. (1998). Efficient region tracking with parametric models of geometry and illumination. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 20(10), 1025\u20131039.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"3","key":"863_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.30","volume":"32","author":"DW Hansen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hansen, D. W., & Ji, Q. (2010). In the eye of the beholder: A survey of models for eyes and gaze. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 32(3), 478\u2013500.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"10","key":"863_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.125","volume":"34","author":"CD Herrera","year":"2012","unstructured":"Herrera, C. D., Kannala, J., & Heikkil\u00e4, J. (2012). Joint depth and color camera calibration with distortion correction. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 34(10), 2058\u20132064.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"863_CR20","unstructured":"Ishikawa, T., Baker, S., Matthews, I., & Kanade, T. (2004). Passive Driver Gaze Tracking with Active Appearance Models. In: Proc. World Congress on Intelligent Transportation Systems, pp 1\u201312."},{"key":"863_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jianfeng, L., & Shigang, L. (2014). Eye-Model-Based Gaze Estimation by RGB-D Camera. In: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, pp 606\u2013610.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2014.93"},{"key":"863_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazemi, V., & Sullivan, J. (2014). One Millisecond Face Alignment with an Ensemble of Regression Trees. In: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.241"},{"key":"863_CR23","unstructured":"Li, D., Winfield, D., & Parkhurst, D.J. (2005). Starburst: A hybrid algorithm for video-based eye tracking combining feature-based and model-based approaches. In Computer vision and pattern recognition workshops, Vol. 3 (p. 79). IEEE."},{"key":"863_CR24","unstructured":"Low, K. (2004). Linear Least-Squares Optimization for Point-to-Plane ICP Surface Registration. Tech. Rep. February, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill."},{"key":"863_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, F., Sugano, Y., Takahiro, O., Sato, Y., & Okabe, T. (2011). Inferring human gaze from appearance via adaptive linear regression. In International conference on computer vision (ICCV).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2011.6126237"},{"key":"863_CR26","unstructured":"Lu, F., Sugano, Y., Okabe, T., & Sato, Y. (2012). Head pose-free appearance-based gaze sensing via eye image synthesis. In: IEEE International Conference on Pattern Recognition."},{"issue":"3","key":"863_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2014.01.005","volume":"32","author":"F Lu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lu, F., Okabe, T., Sugano, Y., & Sato, Y. (2014a). Learning gaze biases with head motion for head pose-free gaze estimation. Image and Vision Computing, 32(3), 169\u2013179.","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"issue":"10","key":"863_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2014.2313123","volume":"36","author":"F Lu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lu, F., Sugano, Y., Okabe, T., & Sato, Y. (2014b). Adaptive linear regression for appearance-based gaze estimation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 36(10), 2033\u20132046.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"863_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez, F., Carbone, A., & Pissaloux, E. (2012). Gaze estimation using local features and non-linear regression. In: Int. Conf. on Image Processing, pp 1961\u20131964.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2012.6467271"},{"key":"863_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moriyama, T., & Cohn, J. (2004). Meticulously detailed eye model and its application to analysis of facial image. In International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, vol. 1 (pp. 629\u2013634).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.2004.1398370"},{"key":"863_CR31","unstructured":"Murphy-Chutorian, E., & Trivedi, M. (2008). Head pose estimation in computer vision: A survey. In IEEE transaction on pattern analysis and machine intelligence."},{"key":"863_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, L. S., Frauendorfer, D., Schmid Mast, M., & Gatica-Perez, D. (2014). Hire Me: Computational inference of hirability in employment interviews based on nonverbal behavior. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2014.2307169"},{"key":"863_CR33","unstructured":"Noris, B., Benmachiche, K., & Billard, A. (2008). Calibration-Free Eye Gaze Direction Detection with Gaussian Processes. In: International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications, pp 611\u2013616."},{"issue":"4","key":"863_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2010.11.013","volume":"115","author":"B Noris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Noris, B., Keller, J. B., & Billard, A. (2011). A wearable gaze tracking system for children in unconstrained environments. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 115(4), 476\u2013486.","journal-title":"Computer Vision and Image Understanding"},{"key":"863_CR35","unstructured":"Oertel, C., Funes Mora, K. A., Sheikhi, S., Odobez, J.M., & Gustafson, J. (2014). Who Will Get the Grant? A Multimodal Corpus for the Analysis of Conversational Behaviours in Group Interviews. In: International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, Understanding and Modeling Multiparty, Multimodal Interactions Workshop."},{"key":"863_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paysan, P., Knothe, R., Amberg, B., Romdhani, S., & Vetter, T. (2009). A 3D Face model for pose and illumination invariant face recognition. In Proceedings of advanced video and signal based surveillance. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/AVSS.2009.58"},{"key":"863_CR37","first-page":"2825","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedregosa, F., Varoquaux, G., Gramfort, A., Michel, V., Thirion, B., Grisel, O., et al. (2011). Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 12, 2825\u20132830.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"863_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, T., Schauerte, B., & Stiefelhagen, R. (2014). Manifold Alignment for Person Independent Appearance-based Gaze Estimation. In: International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2014.210"},{"key":"863_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shotton, J., Fitzgibbon, A., Cook, M., Sharp, T., Finocchio, M., Moore, R., Kipman, A., & Blake, A. (2011). Real-time human pose recognition in parts from single depth images. In Computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR) (pp. 1297\u20131304).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995316"},{"issue":"3","key":"863_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1023\/B:STCO.0000035301.49549.88","volume":"14","author":"AJ Smola","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smola, A. J., & Sch\u00f6lkopf, B. (2004). A tutorial on support vector regression. Statistics and Computing, 14(3), 199\u2013222.","journal-title":"Statistics and Computing"},{"key":"863_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugano, Y., Matsushita, Y., Sato, Y., & Koike, H. (2008). An incremental learning method for unconstrained gaze estimation. In: ECCV, Springer, pp 656\u2013667.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-88690-7_49"},{"key":"863_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugano, Y., Matsushita, Y., & Sato, Y. (2014). Learning-by-Synthesis for Appearance-based 3D Gaze Estimation. In: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.235"},{"key":"863_CR43","unstructured":"Tan, K. H., Kriegman, D. J., & Ahuja, N. (2002). Appearance-based Eye Gaze Estimation. In: IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision, pp 191\u2014-"},{"key":"863_CR44","unstructured":"Timm, F., & Barth, E. (2011). Accurate Eye Centre Localisation by Means of Gradients. In: Int. Conf. on Computer Vision Theory and Applications, pp 125\u2013130."},{"issue":"9","key":"863_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2011.251","volume":"34","author":"R Valenti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Valenti, R., & Gevers, T. (2012). Accurate eye center location through invariant isocentric patterns. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 34(9), 1785\u20131798.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"863_CR46","unstructured":"Viola, P., & Jones, M. (2001). Robust Real-time object detection. International Journal of Computer Vision, 4, 51\u201352."},{"issue":"4","key":"863_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2010324.1964972","volume":"30","author":"T Weise","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weise, T., Bouaziz, S., Li, H., & Pauly, M. (2011). Realtime performance-based facial animation. ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH), 30(4), 1.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH)"},{"key":"863_CR48","unstructured":"Williams, O., Blake, A., & Cipolla, R. (2006). Sparse and semi-supervised visual mapping with the S3GP. In: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp 230\u2013237."},{"key":"863_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, X., Liu, Z., Cai, Q., & Zhang, Z. (2014). Eye Gaze Tracking Using an RGBD Camera: A Comparison with a RGB Solution. In: International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct Publication, pp 1113\u20131121.","DOI":"10.1145\/2638728.2641694"},{"key":"863_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamazoe, H., Utsumi, A., Yonezawa, T., & Abe, S. (2008). Remote gaze estimation with a single camera based on facial-feature tracking without special calibration actions. Symposium on eye tracking research & applications, ACM, vol. 1, 245\u2013250.","DOI":"10.1145\/1344471.1344527"},{"issue":"2","key":"863_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00127169","volume":"8","author":"AL Yuille","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yuille, A. L., Hallinan, P. W., & Cohen, D. S. (1992). Feature extraction from faces using deformable templates. International Journal of Computer Vision, 8(2), 99\u2013111.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11263-015-0863-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11263-015-0863-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11263-015-0863-4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T10:21:02Z","timestamp":1567333262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11263-015-0863-4"}},"subtitle":["Towards Head-Pose and User Invariance"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11263-015-0863-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-5691","1573-1405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-5691","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-1405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]]}}}