{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:33:35Z","timestamp":1772120015488,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]],"date-time":"2017-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492560000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Comput Vis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-017-1012-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]],"date-time":"2017-04-19T07:58:40Z","timestamp":1492588720000},"page":"187-203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Pose-Invariant Face Alignment via CNN-Based Dense 3D Model Fitting"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Amin","family":"Jourabloo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1012_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amberg, B., Knothe, R., & Vetter, T. (2008). Expression invariant 3D face recognition with a morphable model. In FG (pp. 1\u20136).","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2008.4813376"},{"key":"1012_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belhumeur, P.N., Jacobs, D.W., Kriegman, D., & Kumar, N. (2011). Localizing parts of faces using a consensus of exemplars. In CVPR (pp. 545\u2013552).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995602"},{"issue":"4","key":"1012_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1145\/2766959","volume":"34","author":"S Bell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bell, S., & Bala, K. (2015). Learning visual similarity for product design with convolutional neural networks. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 34(4), 98.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics"},{"key":"1012_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bromley, J., Bentz, J.W., Bottou, L., Guyon, I., LeCun, Y., Moore, C., et al. (1993). Signature verification using a siamese time delay neural network. International Journal Pattern Recognition, 7(04), 669\u2013688.","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001493000339"},{"key":"1012_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgos-Artizzu, X.P., Perona, P., & Doll\u00e1r, P. (2013). Robust face landmark estimation under occlusion. In ICCV (pp. 1513\u20131520).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.191"},{"issue":"4","key":"1012_CR6","first-page":"43","volume":"33","author":"C Cao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cao, C., Hou, Q., & Zhou, K. (2014). Displaced dynamic expression regression for real-time facial tracking and animation. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 33(4), 43.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1012_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-013-0667-3","volume":"107","author":"X Cao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cao, X., Wei, Y., Wen, F., & Sun, J. (2014). Face alignment by explicit shape regression. International Journal of Computer Vision, 107(2), 177\u2013190.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"issue":"3","key":"1012_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.249","volume":"20","author":"C Cao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cao, C., Weng, Y., Zhou, S., Tong, Y., & Zhou, K. (2014). Facewarehouse: A 3D facial expression database for visual computing. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 20(3), 413\u2013425.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"1012_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cootes, T., Taylor, C., & Lanitis, A. (1994) Active shape models: Evaluation of a multi-resolution method for improving image search. In BMVC vol.\u00a01, (pp. 327\u2013336).","DOI":"10.5244\/C.8.32"},{"key":"1012_CR10","unstructured":"Glorot, X., Bordes, A., & Bengio, Y. (2011). Deep sparse rectifier neural networks. In Proceedings artificial intelligence and statistics (AISTATS) (pp. 315\u2013323)."},{"key":"1012_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, G.S., Chang, K.H., & Huang, S.C. (2015). Regressive tree structured model for facial landmark localization. In ICCV (pp. 3855\u20133861)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.439"},{"key":"1012_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeni, L.A., Cohn, J.F., & Kanade, T. (2015). Dense 3D face alignment from 2d videos in real-time. In FG (vol.\u00a01, pp. 1\u20138)","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2015.7163142"},{"key":"1012_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeni, L.A., Tulyakov, S., Yin, L., Sebe, N., & Cohn, J.F. (2016). The first 3D face alignment in the wild (3DFAW) challenge. In ECCV (pp. 511\u2013520).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-48881-3_35"},{"key":"1012_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, Y., Shelhamer, E., Donahue, J., Karayev, S., Long, J., Girshick, R., Guadarrama, S. & Darrell, T. (2014). Caffe: Convolutional architecture for fast feature embedding. In ACM MM, (2014) (pp. 675\u2013678).","DOI":"10.1145\/2647868.2654889"},{"key":"1012_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jourabloo, A., & Liu, X. (2015). Pose-invariant 3D face alignment. In ICCV (pp. 3694\u20133702).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.421"},{"key":"1012_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jourabloo, A., & Liu, X. (2016). Large-pose face alignment via cnn-based dense 3D model fitting. In CVPR (pp. 4188\u20134196).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.454"},{"key":"1012_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jourabloo, A., Yin, X., & Liu, X. (2015). Attribute preserved face de-identification. In ICB (pp. 278\u2013285).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB.2015.7139096"},{"key":"1012_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6stinger, M., Wohlhart, P., Roth, P.M., & Bischof, H. (2011). Annotated facial landmarks in the wild: A large-scale, real-world database for facial landmark localization. In ICCVW (pp. 2144\u20132151).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2011.6130513"},{"key":"1012_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Lin, Z., Shen, X., Brandt, J., & Hua, G. (2015) A convolutional neural network cascade for face detection. In CVPR (pp. 5325\u20135334).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7299170"},{"issue":"11","key":"1012_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.238","volume":"31","author":"X Liu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu, X. (2009). Discriminative face alignment. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 31(11), 1941\u20131954.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"7","key":"1012_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2009.09.016","volume":"28","author":"X Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu, X. (2010). Video-based face model fitting using adaptive active appearance model. Journal of Image Vision Computing, 28(7), 1162\u20131172.","journal-title":"Journal of Image Vision Computing"},{"issue":"2","key":"1012_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029666.37597.d3","volume":"60","author":"I Matthews","year":"2004","unstructured":"Matthews, I., & Baker, S. (2004). Active appearance models revisited. International Journal of Computer Vision, 60(2), 135\u2013164.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"1012_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paysan, P., Knothe, R., Amberg, B., Romdhani, S., & Vetter, T. (2009). A 3D face model for pose and illumination invariant face recognition. In AVSS (pp. 296\u2013301).","DOI":"10.1109\/AVSS.2009.58"},{"key":"1012_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfister, T., Simonyan, K., Charles, J., & Zisserman, A. (2015). Deep convolutional neural networks for efficient pose estimation in gesture videos. In ACCV (pp. 538\u2013552).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16865-4_35"},{"key":"1012_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, P.J., Moon, H., Rizvi, S., Rauss, P.J., et al. (2000). The FERET evaluation methodology for face-recognition algorithms. IEEE Transactions Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 22(10), 1090\u20131104.","DOI":"10.1109\/34.879790"},{"key":"1012_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, C., Monari, E., Schuchert, T., & Beyerer, J. (2015) Adaptive contour fitting for pose-invariant 3D face shape reconstruction. In BMVC (pp. 1\u201312).","DOI":"10.5244\/C.29.87"},{"key":"1012_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roth, J., Tong, Y., & Liu, X. (2015). Unconstrained 3D face reconstruction. In CVPR (pp. 2606\u20132615).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298876"},{"key":"1012_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roth, J., Tong, Y., & Liu, X. (2016). Adaptive 3D face reconstruction from unconstrained photo collections. In CVPR (pp. 4197\u20134206).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.455"},{"key":"1012_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saragih, J.M., Lucey, S., & Cohn, J. (2009). Face alignment through subspace constrained mean-shifts. In ICCV (pp. 1034\u20131041).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2009.5459377"},{"key":"1012_CR30","unstructured":"Shan, S., Chang, Y., Gao, W., Cao, B., & Yang, P. (2004). Curse of mis-alignment in face recognition: Problem and a novel mis-alignment learning solution. In FG (pp. 314\u2013320)."},{"key":"1012_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Wang, X., & Tang, X. (2013). Deep convolutional network cascade for facial point detection. In CVPR (pp. 3476\u20133483).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2013.446"},{"key":"1012_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taigman, Y., Yang, M., Ranzato, M., & Wolf, L. (2014). Deepface: Closing the gap to human-level performance in face verification. In CVPR (pp. 1701\u20131708).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.220"},{"key":"1012_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tulyakov, S., & Sebe, N. (2015) Regressing a 3D face shape from a single image. In ICCV (pp. 3748\u20133755).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.427"},{"key":"1012_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzimiropoulos, G. (2015) Project-out cascaded regression with an application to face alignment. In CVPR (pp. 3659\u20133667).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298989"},{"key":"1012_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valstar, M., Martinez, B., Binefa, X., & Pantic, M. (2010) Facial point detection using boosted regression and graph models. In CVPR pp. 2729\u20132736.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2010.5539996"},{"key":"1012_CR36","first-page":"2579","volume":"9","author":"L Maaten Van der","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van der Maaten, L., & Hinton, G. (2008). Visualizing data using t-SNE. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 9, 2579\u20132605.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"1012_CR37","unstructured":"Vedaldi, A., & Lenc, K. (2015). MatConvNet\u2014convolutional neural networks for matlab. In ACM MM, (2015) (pp. 689\u2013692)."},{"issue":"2","key":"1012_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2011.112","volume":"34","author":"A Wagner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wagner, A., Wright, J., Ganesh, A., Zhou, Z., Mobahi, H., & Ma, Y. (2012). Toward a practical face recognition system: Robust alignment and illumination by sparse representation. IEEE Transactions Pattern Analysis Machine Intelligence, 34(2), 372\u2013386.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions Pattern Analysis Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"1012_CR39","unstructured":"Wang, N., Gao, X., Tao, D., & Li, X. (2014). Facial feature point detection: A comprehensive survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:1410.1037 ."},{"key":"1012_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., & Ji, Q. (2015) Robust facial landmark detection under significant head poses and occlusion. In ICCV (pp. 3658\u20133666).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.417"},{"key":"1012_CR41","unstructured":"Xiao, J., Baker, S., Matthews, I., & Kanade, T. (2004). Real-time combined 2D+3D active appearance models. In CVPR (vol.\u00a02, pp. 535\u2013542)."},{"key":"1012_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., & Patras, I. (2015). Mirror, mirror on the wall, tell me, is the error small? In CVPR (pp. 4685\u20134693).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7299100"},{"key":"1012_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, B., Yan, J., Lei, Z., & Li, S.Z. (2015). Convolutional channel features. In ICCV (pp. 82\u201390).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.18"},{"key":"1012_CR44","unstructured":"Yosinski, J., Clune, J., Bengio, Y., & Lipson, H. (2014). How transferable are features in deep neural networks? In NIPS (pp. 3320\u20133328)."},{"key":"1012_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Huang, J., Zhang, S., Yan, W., & Metaxas, D.N. (2013). Pose-free facial landmark fitting via optimized part mixtures and cascaded deformable shape model. In ICCV (pp. 1944\u20131951).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.244"},{"key":"1012_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Lin, Z., Brandt, J., & Metaxas, D.N. (2014). Consensus of regression for occlusion-robust facial feature localization. In ECCV (pp. 105\u2013118).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10593-2_8"},{"key":"1012_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zagoruyko, S., & Komodakis, N. (2015). Learning to compare image patches via convolutional neural networks. In CVPR (pp. 4353\u20134361).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7299064"},{"key":"1012_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Luo, P., Loy, C.C., & Tang, X. (2014). Facial landmark detection by deep multi-task learning. In ECCV (pp. 94\u2013108).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10599-4_7"},{"key":"1012_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Shan, S., Kan, M., & Chen, X. (2014). Coarse-to-fine auto-encoder networks (CFAN) for real-time face alignment. In ECCV (pp. 1\u201316).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10605-2_1"},{"key":"1012_CR50","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Zhou, S.K., Comaniciu, D., & McMillan, L. (2008). Conditional density learning via regression with application to deformable shape segmentation. In CVPR (pp. 1\u20138)."},{"key":"1012_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, E., Fan, H., Cao, Z., Jiang, Y., & Yin, Q. (2013). Extensive facial landmark localization with coarse-to-fine convolutional network cascade. In ICCVW (pp. 386\u2013391).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2013.58"},{"key":"1012_CR52","unstructured":"Zhu, X., & Ramanan, D. (2012). Face detection, pose estimation, and landmark localization in the wild. In CVPR (pp. 2879\u20132886)."},{"key":"1012_CR53","unstructured":"Zhu, X., Lei, Z., Yan, J., Yi, D., & Li, S.Z. (2015). High-fidelity pose and expression normalization for face recognition in the wild. In CVPR (pp. 787\u2013796)."},{"key":"1012_CR54","unstructured":"Zhu, S., Li, C., Change\u00a0Loy, C., & Tang, X. (2015). Face alignment by coarse-to-fine shape searching. In CVPR (pp. 4998\u20135006)."},{"key":"1012_CR55","unstructured":"Zhu, X., Yan, J., Yi, D., Lei, Z., & Li, S.Z. (2015). Discriminative 3D morphable model fitting. In FG (pp. 1\u20138)."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer Vision"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11263-017-1012-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11263-017-1012-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11263-017-1012-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,21]],"date-time":"2019-09-21T07:36:09Z","timestamp":1569051369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11263-017-1012-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11263-017-1012-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-5691","1573-1405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-5691","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-1405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]]}}}