{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T16:20:26Z","timestamp":1783614026362,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687305600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 42271093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 42271093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 62002208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 62002208"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. ZR2019MA028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2019MA028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. ZR2020MA082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2020MA082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Sign Process Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11265-023-01861-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T17:03:17Z","timestamp":1687366997000},"page":"1297-1310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Accurate 77-GHz Millimeter-Wave Radar Noncontact Vital Sign Detection Using the Optimized Variational Mode Decomposition Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Yuefeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7079-0392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1861_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maurya, L., Kaur, P., Chawla, D., & Mahapatra, P. (2021). Non-contact breathing rate monitoring in newborns: A review. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 132, 104321.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104321"},{"key":"1861_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elagan, S. K., Abdelwahab, S. F., Zanaty, E. A., Alkinani, M. H., Alotaibi, H., & Zanaty, M. E. (2021). Remote diagnostic and detection of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) system based on intelligent healthcare and internet of things. Results in Physics, 22, 103910.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2021.103910"},{"key":"1861_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Liu, X., Peng, S., Jiang, X., Xu, K., Chen, C., ... & Chen, W. (2021). A review of wearable and unobtrusive sensing technologies for chronic disease management. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 129, 104163.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104163"},{"issue":"6","key":"1861_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2019.2948581","volume":"13","author":"JE Johnson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johnson, J. E., Shay, O., Kim, C., & Liao, C. (2019). Wearable Millimeter-Wave device for contactless measurement of arterial pulses. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, 13(6), 1525\u20131534.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems"},{"key":"1861_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2016.12.008","volume":"33","author":"M He","year":"2017","unstructured":"He, M., Nian, Y. J., & Gong, Y. S. (2017). Novel signal processing method for vital sign monitoring using FMCW radar. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 33, 335\u2013345.","journal-title":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"1861_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2018.2871638","volume":"66","author":"IC Jeong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jeong, I. C., Bychkov, D., & Searson, P. C. (2019). Wearable devices for precision medicine and health state monitoring. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 66(5), 1242\u20131258.","journal-title":"Ieee Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"1861_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54958","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2912956","volume":"7","author":"M Alizadeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alizadeh, M., Shaker, G., De Almeida, J. C. M., & Morita, P. P. (2019). Safavi-Naeini, remote monitoring of human vital signs using mm-wave FMCW radar. IEEE Access, 7, 54958\u201354968.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1861_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antolinos, E., Garc\u00eda-Rial, F., Hern\u00e1ndez, C., Montesano, D., Godino-Llorente, J. I., & Grajal, J. (2020). Cardiopulmonary activity monitoring using millimeter wave radars. Remote Sensing, 12(14), 2265.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142265"},{"key":"1861_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.029","volume":"114","author":"A Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Tomar, H., Mehla, V. K., Komaragiri, R., & Kumar, M. (2021). Stationary wavelet transform based ECG signal denoising method. ISA Transactions, 114, 251\u2013262.","journal-title":"ISA Transactions"},{"key":"1861_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.12.009","volume":"121","author":"T Veerakumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Veerakumar, T., Subudhi, B. N., & Esakkirajan, S. (2019). Empirical mode decomposition and adaptive bilateral filter approach for impulse noise removal. Expert Systems with Applications, 121, 18\u201327.","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"3","key":"1861_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2017.2686436","volume":"22","author":"U Satija","year":"2018","unstructured":"Satija, U., Ramkumar, B., & Manikandan, M. S. (2018). Automated ECG noise detection and classification system for unsupervised healthcare monitoring. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 22(3), 722\u2013732.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics"},{"issue":"23","key":"1861_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6039","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2019.2951223","volume":"67","author":"NU Rehman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rehman, N. U., & Aftab, H. (2019). Multivariate variational mode decomposition. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 67(23), 6039\u20136052.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing"},{"key":"1861_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Zhang, X., Ding, Y., & Zhang, L. (2021). Indoor activity and vital sign monitoring for moving people with multiple radar data fusion. Remote Sensing, 13(18), 3791.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183791"},{"issue":"2","key":"1861_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2018.01.005","volume":"38","author":"S Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Panigrahy, D., & Sahu, P. K. (2018). Denoising of Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal by using empirical mode decomposition (EMD) with non-local mean (NLM) technique. Biocybernetics Biomedical Engineering, 38(2), 297\u2013312.","journal-title":"Biocybernetics Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"1861_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2019.01.038","volume":"91","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Wang, Z. W., Chen, B. Y., Zhang, W. H., & Huang, G. H. (2019). An improved complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise and its application to rolling element bearing fault diagnosis. ISA Transactions, 91, 218\u2013234.","journal-title":"ISA Transactions"},{"issue":"6","key":"1861_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5815","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3148003","volume":"22","author":"P Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng, P., Zheng, C., Li, X., Chen, H., Wang, A., & Luo, Y. (2022). Second harmonic weighted reconstruction for non-contact monitoring heart rate. IEEE Sensors Journal, 22(6), 5815\u20135823.","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors Journal"},{"key":"1861_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chamaani, S., Akbarpour, A., Helbig, M., & Sachs, J. (2021). Matrix pencil method for vital sign detection from signals acquired by microwave sensors. Sensors, 21(17), 5735.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175735"},{"key":"1861_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Jin, T., Dai, Y., & Song, Y. (2021). Through-wall multi-subject localization and vital signs monitoring using UWB MIMO imaging radar. Remote Sensing, 13(15), 2905.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13152905"},{"issue":"4","key":"1861_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2017.2734074","volume":"22","author":"M Nazari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nazari, M., & Sakhaei, S. M. (2018). Variational mode extraction: A new efficient method to derive respiratory signals from ECG. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 22(4), 1059\u20131067.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics"},{"key":"1861_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Liu, Z., Kong, Y., & Li, C. (2021). Mutual interference suppression using signal separation and adaptive mode decomposition in noncontact vital sign measurements. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 71, 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3132924"},{"issue":"8","key":"1861_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5073","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2889595","volume":"67","author":"A Prat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prat, A., Blanch, S., Aguasca, A., Romeu, J., & Broquetas, A. (2019). Collimated beam FMCW radar for vital sign patient monitoring. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 67(8), 5073\u20135080.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"issue":"11","key":"1861_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9160","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2021.3054961","volume":"59","author":"ZH Cao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao, Z. H., Li, J. J., Song, C. Y., Xu, Z. W., & Wang, X. P. (2021). Compressed sensing-based multitarget CFAR detection algorithm for FMCW radar. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 59(11), 9160\u20139172.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"1861_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2021.3121626","volume":"29","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wang, F., & Li, H. (2022). An efficient method for cooperative multi-target localization in automotive radar. IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 29, 16\u201320.","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters"},{"issue":"14","key":"1861_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11065","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3051580","volume":"8","author":"M Mercuri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mercuri, M., Sacco, G., Hornung, R., Zhang, P., Visser, H. J., Hijdra, M., Liu, Y. H., Pisa, S., van Liempd, B., & Torfs, T. (2021). 2-D localization, angular separation and vital signs monitoring using a SISO FMCW radar for smart long-term health monitoring environments. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8(14), 11065\u201311077.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"1861_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2017.11.029","volume":"108","author":"X Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Miao, Q., Zhang, H., & Wang, L. (2018). A parameter-adaptive VMD method based on grasshopper optimization algorithm to analyze vibration signals from rotating machinery. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 108, 58\u201372.","journal-title":"Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing"},{"key":"1861_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Chang, J., Xu, F., Liu, Z., Yang, Z., Zhang, L., ... & Liu, B. (2019). Efficient lidar signal denoising algorithm using variational mode decomposition combined with a whale optimization algorithm. Remote Sensing, 11(2), 126.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020126"},{"issue":"22","key":"1861_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16623","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3075167","volume":"8","author":"F Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, F., Zeng, X., Wu, C., Wang, B., & Liu, K. J. R. (2021). mmHRV: Contactless heart rate variability monitoring using millimeter-wave radio. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8(22), 16623\u201316636.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"1861_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2014.11.007","volume":"56","author":"K Kalpakis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kalpakis, K., Yang, S., Hu, P. F., Mackenzie, C. F., Stansbury, L. G., Stein, D. M., & Scalea, T. M. (2015). Permutation entropy analysis of vital signs data for outcome prediction of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 56, 167\u2013174.","journal-title":"Computers in Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"1861_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Q., & Lin, H. (2019). Daily urban air quality index forecasting based on variational mode decomposition, sample entropy and LSTM neural network. Sustainable Cities and Society, 50, 101657.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101657"},{"issue":"3","key":"1861_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2018.2852713","volume":"66","author":"A Porta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Porta, A., Bari, V., De Maria, B., Cairo, B., Vaini, E., Malacarne, M., Pagani, M., & Lucini, D. (2019). On the relevance of computing a local version of sample entropy in cardiovascular control analysis. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 66(3), 623\u2013631.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"23","key":"1861_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E215","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.23.e215","volume":"101","author":"AL Goldberger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Goldberger, A. L., Amaral, L. A. N., Glass, L., Hausdorff, J. M., Ivanov, P. C., Mark, R. G., Mietus, J. E., Moody, G. B., Peng, C. K., & Stanley, H. E. (2000). PhysioBank, PhysioToolkit, and PhysioNet - Components of a new research resource for complex physiologic signals. Circulation, 101(23), E215\u2013E220.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"1861_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2884446","volume":"57","author":"X Xiong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiong, X., Deng, Z., Qi, W., Ou, H., & Cui, Z. (2019). A novel high-precision range estimation method based on phase of wideband radar echo. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 57(6), 3392\u20133403.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"9","key":"1861_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7108","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2020.2978347","volume":"69","author":"Y Xiong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiong, Y., Peng, Z., Gu, C., Li, S., Wang, D., & Zhang, W. (2020). Differential enhancement method for robust and accurate heart rate monitoring via microwave vital sign sensing. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 69(9), 7108\u20137118.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement"}],"container-title":["Journal of Signal Processing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11265-023-01861-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11265-023-01861-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11265-023-01861-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T05:15:42Z","timestamp":1704690942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11265-023-01861-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11265-023-01861-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-8018","1939-8115"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-8018","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-8115","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 June 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}