{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T10:50:17Z","timestamp":1737111017431,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"N\/A"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Sign Process Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>To enable the low-cost design of 5\u00a0G IoT Standard reduced capability (NR-REDCAP) devices, hardware-software trade-offs must be made for various signal processing baseband kernels. Dedicated hardware for a kernel provides higher speed and power efficiency but limits the device\u2019s programmability. With the varying range of user equipment (UE) deployment scenarios and dynamic wireless channel conditions, flexible solutions like digital signal processors (DSPs) are favorable for implementing channel estimation, channel equalization, and waveform modulation\/demodulation algorithms. Due to stringent requirements on latency for algorithms like decimation, synchronization, and decoding, designers might favor dedicated hardware over DSP-based solutions. Such dedicated hardware increases the device cost as it needs to be added to the modem design solely to implement such specific algorithms. In this work, we study the most critical operation mode of synchronization for the NR-REDCAP standard,i.e., during the Handover between cells. Whereas for the enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) 5\u00a0G NR standard, dedicated hardware might be the best implementation choice for decimation and synchronization; in contrast, for NR-REDCAP, a cost saving can be achieved by implementing and optimizing the kernels onto the vector DSP. We propose an architecture-aware methodology for implementing the most compute-intensive sub-kernels on our vector DSP. Furthermore, we perform structural optimizations to find the most effective sub-kernel variant in performance optimization. After algorithmic and structural optimizations, our results show that the synchronization procedure can be accommodated on a vector DSP with a clock frequency of 500 MHz.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11265-024-01928-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T09:01:57Z","timestamp":1721293317000},"page":"527-539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficient Handover Mode Synchronization for NR-REDCAP on a Vector DSP"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3661-2963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheikh Faizan","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Damjancevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emil","family":"Matus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"van der Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Utyansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Fettweis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1928_CR1","unstructured":"3GPP. (2020). Study on support of reduced capability NR devices. Technical Specification (TS) 38.875, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . Version 17.0.0. http:\/\/bitly.ws\/tLEE"},{"key":"1928_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razilov, V., Mat\u00fa\u0161, E., & Fettweis, G. (2022). Communications signal processing using risc-v vector extension. In International wireless communications and mobile computing conference (IWCMC) (pp. 690\u2013695 ). Dubrovnik: Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC55113.2022.9824961"},{"key":"1928_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCAS.2020.3047007","volume":"2","author":"SA Damjancevic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Damjancevic, S. A., Matus, E., Utyansky, D., Van der Wolf, P., & Fettweis, G. P. (2021). Channel estimation for advanced 5G\/6G use cases on a vector digital signal processor. IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems, 2, 265\u2013277.","journal-title":"IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems"},{"key":"1928_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damjancevic, S. A., Dasgupta, S. A., Matus, E., Utyanksy, D., Van der Wolf, P., & Fettweis, G. P. (2021). Flexible channel estimation for 3GPP 5G IoT on a vector digital signal processor. In 2021 IEEE Workshop on signal processing systems (SiPS) (pp. 12\u201317). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/SiPS52927.2021.00011"},{"key":"1928_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qureshi, S. F., Damjancevic, S. A., Matus, E., Utyansky, D., Van der Wolf, P., & Fettweis, G. P. (2022). Efficient synchronization for NR-REDCAP implemented on a vector DSP. In 2022 IEEE 33rd International conference on application-specific systems, architectures and processors (ASAP) (pp. 34\u201342). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ASAP54787.2022.00016","DOI":"10.1109\/ASAP54787.2022.00016"},{"key":"1928_CR6","unstructured":"3GPP. (2022). Requirements for support of radio resource management. Technical Specification (TS) 38.133, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Version 17.5.0."},{"key":"1928_CR7","unstructured":"T3GPP. (2022). NR and NG-RAN Overall description. Technical Specification (TS) 38.300, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Version 17.1.0. https:\/\/bit.ly\/3DX9KEY"},{"key":"1928_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damjancevic, S. A., Matus, E., Utyansky, D., Van der Wolf, P., & Fettweis, G. (2019). Towards GFDM for handsets-efficient and scalable implementation on a vector DSP. In 2019 IEEE 90th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Fall) (pp. 1\u20137). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2019.8891093"},{"issue":"8","key":"1928_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.61841\/turcomat.v12i8.14422","volume":"12","author":"AR Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar, A. R., Kishore, K. L., & Fatima, A. (2021). Implementation of 5G NR primary and secondary synchronization. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(8), 3153\u20133161.","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT)"},{"key":"1928_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A. R., Kishore, K. L., & Sravanthi, P. (2023). Realization of 5G NR primary synchronization signal detector using systolic FIR Filter. In Machine learning, image processing, network security and data sciences: select proceedings of 3rd international conference on mind 2021 (pp. 863\u2013875). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-5868-7_65"},{"key":"1928_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milyutin, V. S., Rogozhnikov, E. V., Petrovskiy, K. V., Pokamestov, D. A., Dmitriyev, E. M., & Novichkov, S. A. (2021). Methods for improving the accuracy of frequency shift estimation in 5G NR. In 2021 International conference engineering and telecommunication (En &T) (pp. 1\u20135). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/EnT50460.2021.9681725"},{"issue":"5","key":"1928_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2020.05.005","volume":"17","author":"F Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, F., Li, X., Zhang, Y., & Jiang, Y. (2020). Design and implementation of initial cell search in 5G NR systems. China Communications, 17(5), 38\u201349.","journal-title":"China Communications"},{"key":"1928_CR13","unstructured":"The\u00a0MathWorks, I. (2021). NR HDL Cell Search, Matlab Wireless HDL Toolbox. Natick, Massachusetts, United States. https:\/\/de.mathworks.com\/help\/wireless-hdl\/ug\/nr-hdl-cell-search.html"},{"key":"1928_CR14","unstructured":"Proakis, J. G., & Manolakis, D. G. (2007). Digital Signal Processing, fourth international edition. 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