{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T20:34:22Z","timestamp":1770842062981,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Asuntos Econ\u00f3micos y Transformaci\u00f3n Digital, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001872","name":"Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico Industrial","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001872","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015528","name":"Universidad de la Laguna","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015528","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wireless Netw"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper presents a proposal to improve the software implementation of SNOW-V, a candidate for encrypting 5G communications. In particular, we focus on the proposal for 32-bit architectures with limited resources, such as wireless sensor networks. SNOW-V is a pseudorandom number generator, this type of structures are traditionally implemented in hardware. The advent of 5G means that this implementation must be purely software, losing the advantages and speed of a purely hardware or even hybrid implementation. Due to the wide variety of interconnected devices in the IoT, we cannot assume or associate security with a given architecture or unlimited resource devices. For this reason, we have focused our efforts on analyzing and improving the speed of the proposed 5G encryption on lightweight architectures. Specifically, we analyze its software implementation and propose improvements to speed up the encryption process while protecting confidentiality and integrity for 32-bit devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-023-03348-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T15:02:06Z","timestamp":1683903726000},"page":"5823-5835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Improving the lightweight implementation of SNOW-V"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7702-9264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jezabel Molina","family":"Gil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00d3scar Cigala","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanira Gonz\u00e1lez","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene M\u00e1rquez","family":"Corbella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3348_CR1","unstructured":"Saqlain, J. (2018). IoT and 5G: History evolution and its architecture their compatibility and future."},{"issue":"1","key":"3348_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s13389-020-00251-6","volume":"12","author":"A Caforio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caforio, A., Balli, F., & Banik, S. (2022). Melting SNOW-V: Improved lightweight architectures. Journal of Cryptographic Engineering, 12(1), 53\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13389-020-00251-6","journal-title":"Journal of Cryptographic Engineering"},{"key":"3348_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ekdahl, P., Johansson, T., Maximov, A., & Yang, J. (2019). A new snow stream cipher called snow-v. 2019, 1\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13154\/tosc.v2019.i3.1-42","DOI":"10.13154\/tosc.v2019.i3.1-42"},{"key":"3348_CR4","unstructured":"Ericsson: Encryption in Virtualized 5G Environments. (2020). https:\/\/www.ericsson.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/6\/encryption-in-virtualized-5g-environments"},{"key":"3348_CR5","unstructured":"Ekdahl, P., & Johansson, T. (2000). Snow - a new stream cipher."},{"issue":"6","key":"3348_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2011.04.002","volume":"37","author":"O Delgado-Mohatar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Delgado-Mohatar, O., F\u00faster-Sabater, A., & Sierra, J. M. (2011). Performance evaluation of highly efficient techniques for software implementation of LFSR. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 37(6), 1222\u20131231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2011.04.002","journal-title":"Computers & Electrical Engineering"},{"key":"3348_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Molina-Gil, J., Caballero-Gil, P., Caballero-Gil, C., F\u00faster-Sabater, A. (2014). Analysis and implementation of the snow 3G generator used in 4G\/LTE systems. In: International Joint Conference SOCO\u201913-CISIS\u201913-ICEUTE\u201913 (pp. 499\u2013508). Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-01854-6_51","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-01854-6_51"},{"key":"3348_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekdahl, P., & Johansson, T. (2002). A new version of the stream cipher snow. In: Nyberg, K., & Heys, H. M. (eds.) Selected areas in cryptography. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (vol. 2595, pp. 47\u201361). Springer. http:\/\/dblp.uni-trier.de\/db\/conf\/sacrypt\/sacrypt2002.html#EkdahlJ02","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36492-7_5"},{"key":"3348_CR9","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC: ISO\/IEC 18033-4:2011. (2011). www.iso.org\/standard\/54532.html"},{"key":"3348_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berbain, C., Billet, O., Canteaut, A., Courtois, N., Gilbert, H., Goubin, L., Gouget, A., Granboulan, L., Lauradoux, C., Minier, M., Pornin, T., & Sibert, H. (2008). In: Robshaw, M., & Billet, O. (eds.) Sosemanuk, a fast software-oriented stream cipher (pp. 98\u2013118). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-68351-3_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68351-3_9"},{"key":"3348_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billet, O., & Gilbert, H. (2005). Resistance of snow 2.0 against algebraic attacks. In: Menezes, A. (ed.) Topics in Cryptology \u2013 CT-RSA 2005 (pp. 19\u201328). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30574-3_3"},{"key":"3348_CR12","unstructured":"(2015). 3gpp.org: Specification of the 3GPP confidentiality and integrity algorithms UEA2 & UIA2; Document 2: SNOW 3G specification. https:\/\/www.gsma.com\/security\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/snow3gspec.pdf"},{"key":"3348_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17650-0_13","volume-title":"Information and communications security","author":"BB Brumley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brumley, B. B., Hakala, R. M., Nyberg, K., & Sovio, S. (2010). Consecutive s-box lookups: A timing attack on snow 3G. In M. Soriano, S. Qing, & J. L\u00f3pez (Eds.), Information and communications security (pp. 171\u2013185). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer."},{"key":"3348_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-45146-4_10","volume-title":"Advances in cryptology - CRYPTO 2003","author":"F Armknecht","year":"2003","unstructured":"Armknecht, F., & Krause, M. (2003). Algebraic attacks on combiners with memory. In D. Boneh (Ed.), Advances in cryptology - CRYPTO 2003 (pp. 162\u2013175). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer."},{"key":"3348_CR15","unstructured":"Codeanywhere: Cloud IDE. (2022). https:\/\/codeanywhere.com\/"},{"key":"3348_CR16","unstructured":"Cplusplus: Ctime. (2022). https:\/\/cplusplus.com\/reference\/ctime\/"},{"key":"3348_CR17","unstructured":"Cplusplus: Chrono. 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