{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T10:15:02Z","timestamp":1784024102221,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]],"date-time":"2024-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]],"date-time":"2024-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wireless Netw"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-023-03641-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]],"date-time":"2024-02-04T09:01:52Z","timestamp":1707037312000},"page":"2285-2296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Multi-agent based optimal UAV deployment for throughput maximization in 5\u00a0G communications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Farjam Mohammadi","family":"Baghnoi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9567-7262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasem","family":"Jamali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Taghizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammah Hossein","family":"Fatehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3641_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2948888","volume":"7","author":"L Chettri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chettri, L., & Bera, R. (2019). A comprehensive survey on internet of things (iot) toward 5g wireless systems. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7(1), 16\u201332.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"20","key":"3641_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15049","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3007017","volume":"8","author":"X Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, X., Ding, H., & Hu, S. (2020). Uplink resource allocation for noma-based hybrid spectrum access in 6g-enabled cognitive internet of things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8(20), 15049\u201315058.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"3641_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2019.2891727","volume":"8","author":"M Hua","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hua, M., Wang, Y., Li, C., Huang, Y., & Yang, L. (2019). Energy-efficient optimization for uav-aided cellular offloading. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 8(3), 769\u2013772.","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters"},{"issue":"5","key":"3641_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900493","volume":"27","author":"X Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, X., Sun, Q., Lu, W., Wu, C., & Ding, H. (2020). Big-data-based intelligent spectrum sensing for heterogeneous spectrum communications in 5g. IEEE Wireless Communications, 27(5), 67\u201373.","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"3641_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2887086","volume":"6","author":"B Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, B., Fei, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Uav communications for 5g and beyond: Recent advances and future trends. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 6(2), 2241\u20132263.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"3641_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2020.2968311","volume":"6","author":"Z Ullah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ullah, Z., Al-Turjman, F., & Mostarda, L. (2020). Cognition in uav-aided 5g and beyond communications: A survey. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, 6(3), 872\u2013891.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking"},{"key":"3641_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, N., Agarwal, S., & Mishra, D. (2021). UAV deployment for throughput maximization in a UAV-Assisted cellular communications. Paper presented at the 32nd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), 1055\u20131060, September 2021","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC50174.2021.9569533"},{"issue":"4","key":"3641_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3049387","volume":"69","author":"C Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Zhang, L., Zhu, L., Zhang, T., Xiao, Z., & Xia, X.-G. (2021). 3d deployment of multiple uav-mounted base stations for uav communications. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 69(4), 2473\u20132488.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"3641_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2016.7389838","volume":"30","author":"ZM Fadlullah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fadlullah, Z. M., Takaishi, D., Nishiyama, H., Kato, N., & Miura, R. (2016). A dynamic trajectory control algorithm for improving the communication throughput and delay in uav-aided networks. IEEE Network, 30(1), 100\u2013105.","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"issue":"1","key":"3641_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2020.2988556","volume":"7","author":"H Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, H., & Zhao, X. (2020). Throughput maximization with energy harvesting in uav-assisted cognitive mobile relay networks. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, 7(1), 197\u2013209.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking"},{"issue":"5","key":"3641_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7470934","volume":"54","author":"B Van der Bergh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van der Bergh, B., Chiumento, A., & Pollin, S. (2016). Lte in the sky: Trading off propagation benefits with interference costs for aerial nodes. IEEE Communications Magazine, 54(5), 44\u201350.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"key":"3641_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Hourani, A., Kandeepan, S., & Jamalipour, A. (2014). Modeling air-to-ground path loss for low altitude platforms in urban environments. Paper presented at the IEEE global communications conference, 2898\u20132904, December","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2014.7037248"},{"issue":"2","key":"3641_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2892131","volume":"18","author":"S Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Zhang, H., Di, B., & Song, L. (2019). Cellular uav-to-x communications: Design and optimization for multi-uav networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 18(2), 1346\u20131359.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"3641_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2954620","volume":"7","author":"Z Xiao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiao, Z., Dong, H., Bai, L., Wu, D. O., & Xia, X.-G. (2019). Unmanned aerial vehicle base station (uav-bs) deployment with millimeter-wave beamforming. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7(2), 1336\u20131349.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"3641_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2020.3004592","volume":"6","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Wu, Y., Min, G., Hao, F., & Cui, L. (2020). Balancing energy consumption and reputation gain of uav scheduling in edge computing. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, 6(4), 1204\u20131217.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking"},{"issue":"6","key":"3641_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2014.2342736","volume":"3","author":"A Al-Hourani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al-Hourani, A., Kandeepan, S., & Lardner, S. (2014). Optimal lap altitude for maximum coverage. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 3(6), 569\u2013572.","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"3641_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2752161","volume":"7","author":"M Alzenad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alzenad, M., El-Keyi, A., & Yanikomeroglu, H. (2017). 3-d placement of an unmanned aerial vehicle base station for maximum coverage of users with different qos requirements. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 7(1), 38\u201341.","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters"},{"issue":"4","key":"3641_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2700840","volume":"6","author":"M Alzenad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alzenad, M., El-Keyi, A., Lagum, F., & Yanikomeroglu, H. (2017). 3-d placement of an unmanned aerial vehicle base station (uav-bs) for energy-efficient maximal coverage. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 6(4), 434\u2013437.","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters"},{"key":"3641_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko\u0161merl, J., & Vilhar, A. (2014). Base stations placement optimization in wireless networks for emergency communications. Paper presented at IEEE international conference on communications workshops (ICC), 200\u2013205 , Jun","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2014.6881196"},{"issue":"8","key":"3641_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2016.2578312","volume":"20","author":"M Mozaffari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mozaffari, M., Saad, W., Bennis, M., & Debbah, M. (2016). Efficient deployment of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles for optimal wireless coverage. IEEE Communications Letters, 20(8), 1647\u20131650.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Letters"},{"issue":"12","key":"3641_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8052","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2756644","volume":"16","author":"M Mozaffari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mozaffari, M., Saad, W., Bennis, M., & Debbah, M. (2017). Wireless communication using unmanned aerial vehicles (uavs): Optimal transport theory for hover time optimization. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 16(12), 8052\u20138066.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"3","key":"3641_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2016.2633248","volume":"21","author":"J Lyu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lyu, J., Zeng, Y., Zhang, R., & Lim, T. J. (2016). Placement optimization of uav-mounted mobile base stations. IEEE Communications Letters, 21(3), 604\u2013607.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Letters"},{"issue":"9","key":"3641_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2864376","volume":"36","author":"H Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Wang, H., Wu, W., & Wei, J. (2018). Deployment algorithms for uav airborne networks toward on-demand coverage. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 36(9), 2015\u20132031.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"key":"3641_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120492","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3221935","volume":"10","author":"M Rahmani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rahmani, M., Dehghani, M. J., Xiao, P., Bashar, M., & Debbah, M. (2022). Multi-agent reinforcement learning-based pilot assignment for cell-free massive mimo systems. IEEE Access, 10, 120492\u2013120502.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"5","key":"3641_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2987421","volume":"17","author":"X Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, X., Sun, C., Zhou, M., Wu, C., Peng, B., & Li, P. (2020). Reinforcement learning-based multislot double-threshold spectrum sensing with bayesian fusion for industrial big spectrum data. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 17(5), 3391\u20133400.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics"},{"issue":"9","key":"3641_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2864373","volume":"36","author":"CH Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, C. H., Chen, Z., Tang, J., Xu, J., & Piao, C. (2018). Energy-efficient uav control for effective and fair communication coverage: A deep reinforcement learning approach. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 36(9), 2059\u20132070.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"key":"3641_CR27","unstructured":"Challita, U., Saad, W., & Bettstetter, C. (2018). Cellular-connected UAVs over 5G: Deep reinforcement learning for interference management. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1801.05500.pdf"},{"issue":"8","key":"3641_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8036","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2922849","volume":"68","author":"X Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, X., Liu, Y., & Chen, Y. (2019). Reinforcement learning in multiple-uav networks: Deployment and movement design. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 68(8), 8036\u20138049.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"3641_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Ma, X., Hu, S., Zhou, D., Cheng, N., & Lu, N. (2021). Qoe-driven adaptive deployment strategy of multi-uav networks based on hybrid deep reinforcement learning. IEEE Internet of Things Journal","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3066368"},{"key":"3641_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1109\/TSIPN.2022.3150911","volume":"8","author":"Z Dai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dai, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Luo, X., & He, Z. (2022). A multi-agent collaborative environment learning method for uav deployment and resource allocation. IEEE Transactions on Signal and Information Processing over Networks, 8, 120\u2013130.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Signal and Information Processing over Networks"},{"issue":"6","key":"3641_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3949","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2531652","volume":"15","author":"M Mozaffari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mozaffari, M., Saad, W., Bennis, M., & Debbah, M. (2016). Unmanned aerial vehicle with underlaid device-to-device communications: Performance and tradeoffs. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 15(6), 3949\u20133963.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"12","key":"3641_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2952892","volume":"107","author":"Y Zeng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zeng, Y., Wu, Q., & Zhang, R. (2019). Accessing from the sky: A tutorial on uav communications for 5g and beyond. Proceedings of the IEEE, 107(12), 2327\u20132375.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"3641_CR33","volume-title":"Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction","author":"RS Sutton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (2018). Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction. Cambridge, MA, USA, Boston: MIT press."},{"key":"3641_CR34","unstructured":"Lillicrap, T.P., Hunt, J.J., Pritzel, A., Heess, N., Erez, T., Tassa, Y., Silver, D., & Wierstra, D. (2015). Continuous control with deep reinforcement learning. [online]. Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1509.02971.pdf"},{"key":"3641_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahmani, M., Bashar, M., Dehghani, M.J., Xiao, P., Tafazolli, R., & Debbahz, M. Deep Reinforcement Learning-based Power Allocation in Uplink Cell-Free Massive MIMO. Paper presented at the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (IEEE WCNC 2022)-Boosting Verticals into Wireless Orbit","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC51071.2022.9771964"},{"key":"3641_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahmani, M., Bashar, M., Dehghani, M.J., Akbari, A., Xiao, P., Tafazolli, R., & Debbah, M.: (2022). Deep reinforcement learning-based sum rate fairness trade-off for cell-free mmimo. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3230041"},{"issue":"3","key":"3641_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3003717","volume":"8","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Liu, K., Han, J., Zhu, L., Xiao, Z., & Xia, X.-G. (2020). Resource allocation and 3-d placement for uav-enabled energy-efficient iot communications. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8(3), 1322\u20131333.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"}],"container-title":["Wireless Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11276-023-03641-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11276-023-03641-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11276-023-03641-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T18:11:03Z","timestamp":1717006263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11276-023-03641-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["3641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11276-023-03641-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1022-0038","1572-8196"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1022-0038","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8196","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 October 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interests"}}]}}