{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T09:38:05Z","timestamp":1769074685648,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]],"date-time":"2019-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565395200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]],"date-time":"2019-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010221","name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRPU #6786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRPU #6786"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wireless Pers Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-019-06633-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]],"date-time":"2019-08-10T12:02:43Z","timestamp":1565438563000},"page":"1025-1042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Broadband High Gain Tapered Slot Antenna for Underwater Communication in Microwave Band"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Permanand","family":"Soothar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5090-9744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Badar","family":"Muneer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaheer Ahmed","family":"Dayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhawani Shankar","family":"Chowdhry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"6633_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2015.0089","volume":"10","author":"M Kanagasabai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kanagasabai, M., Lawrance, L., George, J. V., Rajendran, D. B., Moorthy, B., Natarajan, R., et al. (2016). Modified antipodal Vivaldi antenna for ultra-wideband communications. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, 10(4), 401\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/iet-map.2015.0089.","journal-title":"IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation"},{"key":"6633_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/160219","volume":"2012","author":"T Aboufoul","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aboufoul, T., Alomainy, A., & Parini, C. (2012). Reconfigured and notched tapered slot UWB antenna for cognitive radio applications. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2012, 1\u20138.","journal-title":"International Journal of Antennas and Propagation"},{"key":"6633_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/378527","volume":"2014","author":"DS Woo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Woo, D. S., Kim, K. W., & Choi, H. C. (2014). A broadband and high gain tapered slot antenna for W-band imaging array applications. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2014, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/378527.","journal-title":"International Journal of Antennas and Propagation"},{"key":"6633_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/854012","volume":"2008","author":"AM Abbosh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abbosh, A. M. (2008). Directive antenna for ultrawideband medical imaging systems. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2008, 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2008\/854012.","journal-title":"International Journal of Antennas and Propagation"},{"issue":"1","key":"6633_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2776608","volume":"66","author":"TH Lim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lim, T. H., Park, J. E., & Choo, H. (2018). Design of a Vivaldi-fed hybrid horn antenna for low-frequency gain enhancement. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 66(1), 438\u2013443.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"key":"6633_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2276403","volume":"12","author":"J Shao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shao, J., Fang, G., Ji, Y., Tan, K., & Yin, H. (2013). A novel compact tapered-slot antenna for GPR applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 12, 972\u2013975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2276403.","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters"},{"key":"6633_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, P. J. (1979). The vivaldi aerial. In Microwave conference, 1979. 9th European (pp. 101\u2013105). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUMA.1979.332681"},{"issue":"3","key":"6633_CR8","first-page":"1919","volume":"8","author":"SA Adamu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adamu, S. A., Masri, T., Abidin, W. A. W. Z., & Ping, K. H. (2017). Review on gain and directivity enhancement techniques of Vivaldi antennas. Internationa l Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 8(3), 1919\u20131927.","journal-title":"Internationa l Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research"},{"key":"6633_CR9","unstructured":"Hendrantoro, G., & E. Setijadi. (2017). Total array pattern characteristics of coplanar vivaldi antenna in E-plane with different element width for S and C band application. In 2017 Progress in electromagnetics research symposium-fall (PIERS-FALL) (pp. 1136\u20131143). IEEE."},{"issue":"18","key":"6633_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2015.1784","volume":"51","author":"M Kartal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kartal, M., & Karamzadeh, S. (2015). Circularly polarised MIMO tapered slot antenna array for C-band application. Electronics Letters, 51(18), 1394\u20131396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/el.2015.1784.","journal-title":"Electronics Letters"},{"key":"6633_CR11","first-page":"124","volume":"6","author":"G Dwivedi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dwivedi, G. (2012). An ultra wideband wide beam strip line fed taper slot antenna for active phased array Jammer. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 6, 124\u2013126.","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"6633_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.51983\/ajeat-2013.2.1.651","volume":"2","author":"S Shukla","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shukla, S., Upadhyay, N., Sharma, S., & Hemrajani, N. (2013). C-band vivaldi antenna and its array. Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology, 2(1), 28\u201335.","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"6633_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.20217","volume":"17","author":"WH Tu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tu, W. H., Kim, S. G., & Chang, K. (2007). Wideband microstrip-fed tapered slot antennas and phased array. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering: Co-sponsored by the Center for Advanced Manufacturing and Packaging of Microwave, Optical, and Digital Electronics (CAMP mode) at the University of Colorado at Boulder, 17(2), 233\u2013242.","journal-title":"International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering: Co-sponsored by the Center for Advanced Manufacturing and Packaging of Microwave, Optical, and Digital Electronics (CAMP mode) at the University of Colorado at Boulder"},{"issue":"4","key":"6633_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.3390\/s120404237","volume":"12","author":"J Lloret","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lloret, J., Sendra, S., Ardid, M., & Rodrigues, J. J. P. C. (2012). Underwater wireless sensor communications in the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band. Sensors, 12(4), 4237\u20134264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120404237.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"2","key":"6633_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MMW.2003.1201597","volume":"4","author":"GR Aiello","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aiello, G. R., & Rogerson, G. D. (2003). Ultra-wideband wireless systems. IEEE Microwave Magazine, 4(2), 36\u201347.","journal-title":"IEEE Microwave Magazine"},{"key":"6633_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERC13011002","volume":"37","author":"L Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu, L., Yuan, B., & He, S. (2013). Design of novel UWB slot antenna for bluetooth and UWB applications. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 37, 211\u2013221.","journal-title":"Progress in Electromagnetics Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"6633_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2216494","volume":"61","author":"CH See","year":"2013","unstructured":"See, C. H., Hraga, H. I., Abd-Alhameed, R. A., McEwan, N. J., Noras, J. M., & Excell, P. S. (2013). A low-profile ultra-wideband modified planar inverted-f antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 61(1), 100\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAP.2012.2216494.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"issue":"1","key":"6633_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2220100","volume":"61","author":"M Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li, M., & Luk, K. M. (2013). A differential-fed magneto-electric dipole antenna for UWB applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 61(1), 92\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAP.2012.2220100.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"issue":"5","key":"6633_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2012.10.015","volume":"67","author":"A Khalilzadeh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khalilzadeh, A., Tan, A. E. C., & Rambabu, K. (2013). Design of an integrated UWB antenna with dual band notch characteristics. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 67(5), 433\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aeue.2012.10.015.","journal-title":"AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications"},{"key":"6633_CR20","unstructured":"Luk, K. M., Li, M., & Ge, L. (2013). Recent development of the magneto-electric dipole Ultra-wideband and high frequency applications. In 2013 7th European conference on antennas and propagation (EuCAP) (pp. 385\u2013386). IEEE."},{"issue":"11","key":"6633_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5762","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2013.2276924","volume":"61","author":"L Ge","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ge, L., & Luk, K. M. (2013). A magneto-electric dipole for unidirectional UWB communications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 61(11), 5762\u20135765.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"key":"6633_CR22","unstructured":"Li, X., Wiesbeck, W., & Zwick, T. (2013). Design considerations for UWB antennas. In Eucap (pp. 550\u2013553)."},{"key":"6633_CR23","unstructured":"Abdou, A. A., Shaw, A., Cullen, J., Wylie, S., Mason, A., & Al-Shamma, A. (2011). A review of underwater EM wave propagation to investigate the development of a through water WSN. In 6th built environment and natural environment."},{"key":"6633_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shaw, A., Al-Shamma\u2019a, A. I., Wylie, S. R., & Toal, D. (2007). Experimental investigations of electromagnetic wave propagation in seawater. In Proceedings of the 36th European microwave conference, EuMC 2006, (September) (pp. 572\u2013575). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EUMC.2006.281456.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUMC.2006.281456."},{"issue":"2","key":"6633_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.6000\/1927-5129.2011.07.02.10","volume":"7","author":"M Waheed-uz-Zaman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Waheed-uz-Zaman, M. (2011). Design and construction of very low frequency antenna. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(2), 141\u2013145.","journal-title":"Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences"},{"key":"6633_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mendez, H. F. G., Le Pennec, F., Gac, C., & Person, C. (2011). High performance underwater UHF radio antenna development. In OCEANS 2011 IEEE, Spain, (July). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/Oceans-Spain.2011.6003480.","DOI":"10.1109\/Oceans-Spain.2011.6003480."},{"issue":"5","key":"6633_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1163\/156939309788019912","volume":"23","author":"F Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Zhang, F. S., Lin, C., Zhao, G., & Jiao, Y. C. (2009). Design and parameter study of a small size tapered slot antenna. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 23(5), 655\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/156939309788019912.","journal-title":"Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications"},{"issue":"5","key":"6633_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1109\/8.774151","volume":"47","author":"J Shin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shin, J., & Schaubert, D. H. (1999). A parameter study of stripline-fed vivaldi notch-antenna arrays. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 47(5), 879\u2013886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/8.774151.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"key":"6633_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar, B., Vardhan, K. A., & Sharma, P. (2018). Design of slotted Vivaldi antenna for through wall imaging system. In 11th international conference on industrial and information systems, ICIIS 2016\u2014conference proceedings, 2018\u2013Janua (pp. 704\u2013709). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICIINFS.2016.8263029","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIINFS.2016.8263029"},{"issue":"6","key":"6633_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.5923\/j.ijea.20130306.02","volume":"3","author":"DK Naji","year":"2013","unstructured":"Naji, D. K. (2013). Compact broadband CPW-fed taper-shaped monopole antenna with L-slots for C-band applications. International Journal of Electromagnetics and Applications, 3(6), 136\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5923\/j.ijea.20130306.02.","journal-title":"International Journal of Electromagnetics and Applications"},{"issue":"12","key":"6633_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1985.1143542","volume":"33","author":"DH Schaubert","year":"1985","unstructured":"Schaubert, D. H., Kollberg, E. L., Korzeniowski, T., Thungren, T., Johansson, J., & Yngvesson, K. S. (1985). Endfire tapered slot antennas on dielectric substrates. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 33(12), 1392\u20131400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAP.1985.1143542.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"issue":"5","key":"6633_CR32","first-page":"1169","volume":"7","author":"OM Dardeer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dardeer, O. M., Abouelnaga, T. G., Mohra, A. S., & El-Hennawy, H. M. (2016). A novel UWB Vivaldi antenna array for radar applications. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 7(5), 1169\u20131174.","journal-title":"International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"6633_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.1986.1133465","volume":"34","author":"R Janaswamy","year":"1986","unstructured":"Janaswamy, R., & D. H. Schaubert. (1986). Characteristic impedance of a wide slotline on low-permittivity substrates (short paper). IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 34(8), 900\u2013902.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques"},{"key":"6633_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ray, K. P., Nirmala, K., Kakatkar, S. S., Madaka, N. S., & Prince, C. (2013). Broadband modified Wilkinson power divider fed antipodal Vivaldi antenna array. In 2013 international conference on microwave and photonics, ICMAP 2013, 6\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICMAP.2013.6733501.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMAP.2013.6733501"},{"issue":"2","key":"6633_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER08040601","volume":"1","author":"Y Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang, Y., & Fathy, A. (2008). Design of a compact tapered slot Vivaldi antenna array for see through concrete wall UWB applications. Progress in Electromagnetics, 1(2), 3\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2528\/PIER08040601.","journal-title":"Progress in Electromagnetics"}],"container-title":["Wireless Personal Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-019-06633-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11277-019-06633-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-019-06633-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T00:12:49Z","timestamp":1695082369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11277-019-06633-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["6633"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-019-06633-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-6212","1572-834X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-6212","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-834X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 August 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}