{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:51:39Z","timestamp":1785775899513,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]],"date-time":"2020-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585008000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]],"date-time":"2020-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003406","name":"Tekes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOSSAF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOSSAF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003406","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["318927"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["318927"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wireless Pers Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nations and cities are eagerly joining the global trend of transition to digitized society. Through digitalization, societies aim to streamline their key functions and to develop modern services to inhabitants. 5G wireless networks are being built globally with lots of expectations put on them. It is anticipated that at the first phase of 5G, the technology will benefit the most different verticals like factories, hospitals and campuses. Universities have likewise awoken to establish digitalization projects to respond to the disruption of education and to overcome in the growing global competition. The transition to digital campus will inevitably rely on campus ICT and IoT infrastructures. Additionally, the number of terminals, devices, sensors and robots will multiply. This article proposes a technical architecture for future Smart Campus consisting of 5G and IoT networks complemented by distributed computing and data analytics. Increasing complexity of digital environment calls for a specific actor to operate the Smart Campus infrastructure and also services, which has not been widely discussed. It is foreseen that the university IT Administration is probably not willing to adopt the responsibility of enlarging infra and growing number of devices. Similarly, mobile network operators are not seen appropriate to take this role being commonly profiled to offer merely connectivity. To tackle this question, a novel operational model for the Smart Campuses is presented based on the recently proposed micro operator concept. Moreover, a case study of the University of Oulu campus is presented, where smart technology in the form of 5G test network has been deployed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-020-07221-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]],"date-time":"2020-03-24T11:05:57Z","timestamp":1585047957000},"page":"1437-1454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Architecture and Operational Model for Smart Campus Digital Infrastructure"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Risto","family":"Jurva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marja","family":"Matinmikko-Blue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ville","family":"Niemel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suvi","family":"Nenonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"7221_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2015.03.008","volume":"42","author":"L Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang, L., & O\u2019Neill, B. C. (2017). Global urbanization projections for the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. Global Environmental Change,42, 193\u2013199.","journal-title":"Global Environmental Change"},{"key":"7221_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.09.030","volume":"66","author":"L Zhuhadar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhuhadar, L., Thrasher, E., Marklin, S., & Ordonez de Pablos, P. (2017). The next wave of innovation\u2014Review of smart cities intelligent operation systems. Computers in Human Behavior,66, 273\u2013281.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"7221_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2018.07.030","volume":"142","author":"L Arditoa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arditoa, L., Ferrarisb, A., Petruzzellid, A. M., Brescianib, S., & Del Giudice, M. (2019). The role of universities in the knowledge management of smart city projects. Technological Forecasting and Social Change,142, 312\u2013321.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"7221_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2018.11.004","volume":"5","author":"D Bruneo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bruneo, D., Distefano, S., Giacobbe, M., Minnolo, A. L., Longo, F., Merlino, G., et al. (2019). An IoT service ecosystem for Smart Cities: The #SmartME project. Internet of Things,5, 12\u201333.","journal-title":"Internet of Things"},{"key":"7221_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.03.034","volume":"76","author":"T Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, T., Ramos, C., & Mohammed, S. (2017). Smart City and IoT. Future Generation Computer Systems,76, 159\u2013162.","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"7221_CR6","unstructured":"GPPP. (2016). 5G empowering vertical industries. Roadmap paper. The 5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership. Retrieved from 15 July 2016 https:\/\/5g-ppp.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/BROCHURE_5PPP_BAT2_PL.pdf."},{"key":"7221_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2018.06.001","volume":"42","author":"JJ Rend\u00f3n Schneir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rend\u00f3n Schneir, J. J., Whalley, J., Amaral, T., & Pogorel, G. (2018). The implications of 5G networks: Paving the way for mobileinnovation? Telecommunications Policy,42, 2018.","journal-title":"Telecommunications Policy"},{"key":"7221_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sejzi, A. A., Aris, B., & Yahya, N. (2012). The phenomenon of virtual university in new age: Trends and changes. In International conference on teaching and learning in higher education (ICTLHE 2012) in conjunction with RCEE & RHED, 2012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.09.689"},{"key":"7221_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Merode, D., Tabunshchyk, G., Patrakhalko, K., & Yuriy, G. (2016). Flexible technologies for smart campus. In 13th international conference on remote engineering and virtual instrumentation (REV), 2016.","DOI":"10.1109\/REV.2016.7444441"},{"issue":"2","key":"7221_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ausmj.2018.05.012","volume":"26","author":"D Nguyen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nguyen, D. (2018). The university in a world of digital technologies: Tensions and challenges. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),26(2), 79\u201382.","journal-title":"Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ)"},{"issue":"4","key":"7221_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2012.05.001","volume":"15","author":"T Cerratto-Pargman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cerratto-Pargman, T., J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S. M., & Milrad, M. (2012). Designing Nordic technology-enhanced learning. The Internet and Higher Education,15(4), 227\u2013230.","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"7221_CR12","unstructured":"Chen, C., Chen, C., Lu, S.-H., & Tseng, C.-C. (2016). Role-based campus network slicing. In IEEE 24th international conference on network protocols (ICNP) workshop on control, operation and application in SDN protocols, 2016."},{"key":"7221_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F. (2017). Research on the application of smart campus construction under the background of big data. In 2nd international conference on computer, network security and communication engineering CNSCE, 2017.","DOI":"10.12783\/dtcse\/cnsce2017\/8910"},{"key":"7221_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, X. (2013). Constructing smart campus based on the cloud computing platform and the internet of things. In Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on computer science and electronics engineering (ICCSEE), 2013.","DOI":"10.2991\/iccsee.2013.395"},{"key":"7221_CR15","unstructured":"Adamk\u00f3, A., K\u00e1dek, T., & K\u00f3sa, M. (2014). Intelligent and adaptive services for a smart campus - visions, concepts and applications. In CogInfoCom, 5th IEEE international conference on cognitive infocommunications, 2014."},{"key":"7221_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.01.032","volume":"76","author":"R D\u00edaz-D\u00edaz","year":"2017","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-D\u00edaz, R., Mu\u00f1oz, L., & P\u00e9rez-Gonz\u00e1lez, D. (2017). Business model analysis of public services operating in the smart city ecosystem: The case of Smart Santander. Future Generation Computer Systems,76, 198\u2013214.","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"7221_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walia, J. S., H\u00e4mm\u00e4inen, H., & Matinmikko, M. (2017). 5G Micro-operators for the future campus: A techno-economic study. In Conference internet of things business models, users, and networks, 2017.","DOI":"10.1109\/CTTE.2017.8260985"},{"key":"7221_CR18","unstructured":"Jurva, R., & Matinmikko-Blue, M. (2019). Stakeholder analysis for digital campus development with 5G micro operators. In ITS Europe conference, Helsinki, 2019."},{"key":"7221_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matinmikko-Blue, M., & Latva-aho, M. (2017). Micro operators accelerating 5G deployment. In 12th IEEE international conference on industrial and information systems (IEEE ICIIS) 2017.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIINFS.2017.8300396"},{"key":"7221_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2017.09.004","volume":"42","author":"M Matinmikko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Matinmikko, M., Latva-aho, M., Ahokangas, P., & Sepp\u00e4nen, V. (2018). On regulations for 5G: Micro licensing for locally operated networks. Telecommunications Policy,42, 2018.","journal-title":"Telecommunications Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"7221_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-014-0226-y","volume":"6","author":"Y Atif","year":"2015","unstructured":"Atif, Y., Mathew, S. S., & Lakas, A. (2015). Building a Smart Campus to support ubiquitous learning. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing,6(2), 223\u2013238.","journal-title":"Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing"},{"key":"7221_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Z., Liang, Y., Xu, B., Yang, Y., & Guo, B. (2011). Towards a smart campus with mobile social networking. In International conference on internet of things and 4th international conference on cyber, physical and social computing, 2011.","DOI":"10.1109\/iThings\/CPSCom.2011.55"},{"key":"7221_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2018.09.001","volume":"68","author":"A Valeroa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valeroa, A., & Van Reenenb, J. (2019). The economic impact of universities: Evidence from across the globe. Economics of Education Review,68, 53\u201367.","journal-title":"Economics of Education Review"},{"key":"7221_CR24","unstructured":"Connecting universities to regional growth: A practical guide. European Commission, 2011."},{"key":"7221_CR25","first-page":"2019","volume":"142","author":"FP Appioa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Appioa, F. P., Limab, M., & Paroutisc, S. (2019). Understanding Smart Cities: Innovation ecosystems, technological advancements, and societal challenges. Technological Forecasting and Social Change,142, 2019.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"7221_CR26","volume-title":"Campus and the City. Urban Design for the Knowledge Society","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hoeger, K., & Christiaanse, K. (Eds.). (2007). Campus and the City. Urban Design for the Knowledge Society. Zurich: gta Verlag."},{"key":"7221_CR27","unstructured":"de Jes\u00fas Curvelo Magdaniel, F. T. (2016). A study on the relation between innovation and the built environment at the urban area level. No 12 (2016). Technology campuses and cities, 2016."},{"key":"7221_CR28","unstructured":"Ferrarisa, A., Belyaevac, Z., & Bresciani, S. (2018, in press). The role of universities in the Smart City innovation: Multistakeholder integration and engagement perspectives. Journal of Business Research (Corrected Proof)."},{"key":"7221_CR29","unstructured":"TechVision Group of Frost & Sullivan. (2017). Technologies impacting the future of education\u2014AI, mixed reality, XaaS, Wearables Will Shape the Classroom of the Future, 2017."},{"key":"7221_CR30","first-page":"2019","volume":"127","author":"S Wanga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wanga, S., Zhaoa, Y., Xua, J., Yuana, J., & Hsu, C.-H. (2019). Edge server placement in mobile edge computing. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing,127, 2019.","journal-title":"Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing"},{"key":"7221_CR31","unstructured":"GPP TS 23.002 V15.0.0. (2018). 3rd generation partnership project. Technical specification group services and system aspects; Network architecture, 2018."},{"key":"7221_CR32","unstructured":"GPP TS 24.302 V16.0.0. (2019) 3rd generation partnership project. Technical specification group core network and terminals. Access to the 3GPP Evolved Packet Core (EPC) via non-3GPP access networks- Stage 3, 2019."},{"key":"7221_CR33","unstructured":"Latva-aho, M., & Lepp\u00e4nen, K. (Eds.). (2019, September). Key drivers and research challenges for 6G ubiquitous wireless intelligence. 6G Research Visions 1."}],"container-title":["Wireless Personal Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-020-07221-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11277-020-07221-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-020-07221-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:36:53Z","timestamp":1616546213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11277-020-07221-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["7221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-020-07221-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-6212","1572-834X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-6212","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-834X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 March 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}