{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:07:15Z","timestamp":1777334835027,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wireless Pers Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08205-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T15:47:09Z","timestamp":1613749629000},"page":"239-257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spatial Based Pilot Allocation (SBPA) in Crowded Massive MIMO Systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0452-5459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abolghasem","family":"Afshar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vahid Tabataba","family":"Vakili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"8205_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3590","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2010.092810.091092","volume":"9","author":"TL Marzetta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marzetta, T. L., et al. (2010). Noncooperative cellular wireless with unlimited numbers of base station antennas. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 9(11), 3590.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"8205_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2015.2488634","volume":"15","author":"E Bj\u00f6rnson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rnson, E., Larsson, E. G., & Debbah, M. (2015). Massive MIMO for maximal spectral efficiency: How many users and pilots should be allocated? IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 15(2), 1293\u20131308.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"8205_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6736746","volume":"52","author":"F Boccardi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boccardi, F., Heath, R. W, Jr., Lozano, A., Marzetta, T. L., & Popovski, P. (2014). Five disruptive technology directions for 5g. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(2), 74\u201380.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"issue":"1","key":"8205_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2011.2178495","volume":"30","author":"F Rusek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rusek, F., Persson, D., Lau, B. K., Larsson, E. G., Marzetta, T. L., Edfors, O., et al. (2012). Scaling up MIMO: Opportunities and challenges with very large arrays. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 30(1), 40\u201360.","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine"},{"issue":"4","key":"8205_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2790912","volume":"17","author":"J Flordelis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Flordelis, J., Rusek, F., Tufvesson, F., Larsson, E. G., & Edfors, O. (2018). Massive MIMO performance\u2013TDD versus FDD: What do measurements say? IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 17(4), 2247\u20132261.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"6","key":"8205_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6525600","volume":"51","author":"M Hasan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hasan, M., Hossain, E., & Niyato, D. (2013). Random access for machine-to-machine communication in LTE-advanced networks: Issues and approaches. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51(6), 86\u201393.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"issue":"5","key":"8205_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2014.2317671","volume":"8","author":"L Lu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lu, L., Li, G. Y., Swindlehurst, A. L., Ashikhmin, A., & Zhang, R. (2014). An overview of massive MIMO: Benefits and challenges. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, 8(5), 742\u2013758.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing"},{"issue":"1","key":"8205_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2768423","volume":"17","author":"E Bj\u00f6rnson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rnson, E., Hoydis, J., & Sanguinetti, L. (2017). Massive MIMO has unlimited capacity. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 17(1), 574\u2013590.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"8205_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7402270","volume":"54","author":"E Bj\u00f6rnson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rnson, E., Larsson, E. G., & Marzetta, T. L. (2016). Massive MIMO: Ten myths and one critical question. IEEE Communications Magazine, 54(2), 114\u2013123.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"issue":"5","key":"8205_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600477CM","volume":"55","author":"E De Carvalho","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Carvalho, E., Bjornson, E., Sorensen, J. H., Popovski, P., & Larsson, E. G. (2017). Random access protocols for massive MIMO. IEEE Communications Magazine, 55(5), 216\u2013222.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"key":"8205_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen, J.H., De\u00a0Carvalho, E., & Popovski, P. (2014). Massive MIMO for crowd scenarios: A solution based on random access. In 2014 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps) (pp. 352\u2013357). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2014.7063456"},{"issue":"12","key":"8205_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8035","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2873400","volume":"17","author":"JH S\u00f8rensen","year":"2018","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen, J. H., De Carvalho, E., Stefanovic, \u010c., & Popovski, P. (2018). Coded pilot random access for massive MIMO systems. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 17(12), 8035\u20138046.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"4","key":"8205_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2660489","volume":"16","author":"E Bj\u00f6rnson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rnson, E., De Carvalho, E., S\u00f8rensen, J. H., Larsson, E. G., & Popovski, P. (2017). A random access protocol for pilot allocation in crowded massive MIMO systems. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 16(4), 2220\u20132234.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"11","key":"8205_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7348","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2747145","volume":"16","author":"H Han","year":"2017","unstructured":"Han, H., Li, Y., & Guo, X. (2017). A graph-based random access protocol for crowded massive MIMO systems. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 16(11), 7348\u20137361.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"12","key":"8205_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6081","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2018.2858793","volume":"66","author":"L Sanguinetti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sanguinetti, L., D\u2019Amico, A. A., Morelli, M., & Debbah, M. (2018). Random access in massive MIMO by exploiting timing offsets and excess antennas. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 66(12), 6081\u20136095.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications"},{"issue":"12","key":"8205_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7703","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2748106","volume":"16","author":"E De Carvalho","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Carvalho, E., Bj\u00f6rnson, E., S\u00f8rensen, J. H., Larsson, E. G., & Popovski, P. (2017). Random pilot and data access in massive MIMO for machine-type communications. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 16(12), 7703\u20137717.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"12","key":"8205_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6164","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2018.2866559","volume":"66","author":"K Senel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Senel, K., & Larsson, E. G. (2018). Grant-free massive MTC-enabled massive MIMO: A compressive sensing approach. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 66(12), 6164\u20136175.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications"},{"issue":"10","key":"8205_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4779","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2929126","volume":"18","author":"H Jiang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiang, H., Qu, D., Ding, J., & Jiang, T. (2019). Multiple preambles for high success rate of grant-free random access with massive MIMO. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 18(10), 4779\u20134789.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"key":"8205_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahsan, F., & Sabharwal, A. (2017). Leveraging massive MIMO spatial degrees of freedom to reduce random access delay. In 2017 51st Asilomar conference on signals, systems, and computers (pp. 2007\u20132011). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2017.8335719"},{"issue":"4","key":"8205_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2594706","volume":"66","author":"H Xie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xie, H., Gao, F., Zhang, S., & Jin, S. (2016). A unified transmission strategy for TDD\/FDD massive MIMO systems with spatial basis expansion model. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 66(4), 3170\u20133184.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"8205_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., & Ren, G. (2020). Spatial filtering based random access for machine-type communications in massive MIMO cellular networks. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3011715"},{"issue":"2","key":"8205_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2017.2761384","volume":"66","author":"J Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Yuan, X., & Zhang, Y.-J. A. (2017). Blind signal detection in massive MIMO: Exploiting the channel sparsity. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 66(2), 700\u2013712.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications"},{"issue":"3","key":"8205_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-018-0898-1","volume":"38","author":"RK Miranda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miranda, R. K., da Costa, J. P. C., Guo, B., de Almeida, A. L., Del Galdo, G., & de Sousa, R. T. (2019). Low-complexity and high-accuracy semi-blind joint channel and symbol estimation for massive MIMO-OFDM. Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, 38(3), 1114\u20131136.","journal-title":"Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing"},{"issue":"6","key":"8205_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2010.2042415","volume":"98","author":"WU Bajwa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bajwa, W. U., Haupt, J., Sayeed, A. M., & Nowak, R. (2010). Compressed channel sensing: A new approach to estimating sparse multipath channels. Proceedings of the IEEE, 98(6), 1058\u20131076.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"8205_CR25","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Herdin, M., Sayeed, A.M., & Bonek, E. (2007). Experimental study of MIMO channel statistics and capacity via the virtual channel representation. Univ. Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, Tech. Rep. (vol. 5, pp. 10\u201315)."},{"issue":"10","key":"8205_CR26","first-page":"2563","volume":"50","author":"AM Sayeed","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sayeed, A. M. (2002). Deconstructing multiantenna fading channels. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 50(10), 2563\u20132579.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications"},{"issue":"11","key":"8205_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2007.908844","volume":"55","author":"L Vuokko","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vuokko, L., Kolmonen, V.-M., Salo, J., & Vainikainen, P. (2007). Measurement of large-scale cluster power characteristics for geometric channel models. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 55(11), 3361\u20133365.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation"},{"issue":"4","key":"8205_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2007.348343","volume":"6","author":"N Czink","year":"2007","unstructured":"Czink, N., Yin, X., Ozcelik, H., Herdin, M., Bonek, E., & Fleury, B. H. (2007). Cluster characteristics in a MIMO indoor propagation environment. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 6(4), 1465\u20131475.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"key":"8205_CR29","first-page":"151","volume":"54","author":"S Foucart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foucart, S., & Rauhut, H. (2017). A mathematical introduction to compressive sensing. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 54, 151\u2013165.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society"}],"container-title":["Wireless Personal Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-021-08205-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11277-021-08205-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-021-08205-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T10:20:24Z","timestamp":1623838824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11277-021-08205-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["8205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-021-08205-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-6212","1572-834X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-6212","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-834X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 January 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}