{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T21:51:30Z","timestamp":1777153890378,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618185600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wireless Pers Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08464-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T09:03:30Z","timestamp":1618218210000},"page":"353-377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["An Efficient Code Domain NOMA Scheme with Enhanced Spectral and Energy Efficiency for Networks Beyond 5G"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2239-9409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramya","family":"Thirunavukkarasu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramachandran","family":"Balasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"8464_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2007.348346","volume":"4","author":"H Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen, H., Yu, F., Chan, H. C., & Leung, V. C. (2007). A novel multiple access schemes over multi-packet reception channels for wireless multimedia networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless communications, 4, 1501\u20131511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TWC.2007.348346.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless communications"},{"key":"8464_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-015-2467-2","volume":"83","author":"R Ch\u00e1vez-Santiago","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ch\u00e1vez-Santiago, R., Szyde\u0142ko, M., Kliks, A., Foukalas, F., Haddad, Y., Nolan, K. E., Kelly, M. Y., Masonta, M. T., & Balasingham, I. (2015). 5G: The Convergence of Wireless Communications. Wireless Personal Communications, 83, 1617\u20131642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-015-2467-2.","journal-title":"Wireless Personal Communications"},{"issue":"6","key":"8464_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2328098","volume":"32","author":"JG Andrews","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andrews, J. G., Buzzi, S., Choi, Wan, Hanly, S. V., Lozano, A., Soong, A. C. K., & Zhang, J. C. (2014). What Will 5G Be? IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 32(6), 1065\u20131082.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"key":"8464_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cai, Y., Qin, Z., Cui, F., Li, G.Y., McCann, J. A. (First quarter 2018) Modulation and multiple Access for 5G networks, In IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 20(1), 629\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2017.2766698.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2766698"},{"key":"8464_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tao, Y., Liu, L., Liu, S., Zhang, Z. (2015). A survey: Several technologies of non-orthogonal transmission for 5G, In China Communications, 12(10), 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CC.2015.7315054","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2015.7315054"},{"key":"8464_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zeng, J. et al. (2018). Investigation on evolving single-carrier NOMA into multi-carrier NOMA in 5G. In IEEE Access, 6, 48268\u201348288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2868093.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2868093"},{"issue":"9","key":"8464_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7263349","volume":"53","author":"L Dai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dai, L., Wang, B., Yuan, Y., Han, S., Chih-Lin, I., & Wang, Z. (2015). Non-orthogonal multiple access for 5G: solutions, challenges, opportunities, and future research trends. IEEE Communications Magazine, 53(9), 74\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7263349.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"issue":"1","key":"8464_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3202","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3202","volume":"29","author":"M Basharat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Basharat, M., Ejaz, W., Naeem, M., Khattak, A. M., & Anpalagan, A. (2018). A survey and taxonomy on non-orthogonal multiple-access schemes for 5G networks. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 29(1), e3202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ett.3202.","journal-title":"Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies"},{"issue":"12","key":"8464_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2724646","volume":"35","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Sun, H., & Hu, R. Q. (2017). Downlink and uplink non-orthogonal multiple access in a dense wireless network. IEEE Journal on Selectesd Areas in Communications, 35(12), 2771\u20132784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2724646.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selectesd Areas in Communications"},{"key":"8464_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yuan, Z., Yu, G., Li, W., Yuan, Y., Wang, X. & Xu, J. (2016). Multi-user shared access for internet of things. In 2016 IEEE 83rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring). (pp. 1\u20135). IEEE.: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VTCSpring.2016.7504361.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2016.7504361"},{"issue":"12","key":"8464_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2725618","volume":"35","author":"J Zhu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Wang, J., Huang, Y., He, S., You, X., & Yang, L. (2017). On optimal power allocation for downlink non-orthogonal multiple access systems. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 35(12), 2744\u20132757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2725618.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"key":"8464_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H. F., Lee, H. C., Lee, S. K. (2018). Early termination belief propagation decoder with parity check matrix for polar codes. In 2018 27th Wireless and Optical Communication Conference (WOCC), (pp. 1\u20134). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/WOCC.2018.8372719"},{"issue":"11","key":"8464_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2016.1296","volume":"11","author":"AH Mansour","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mansour, A. H., Saleh, M. Z., & Elramly, S. H. (2017). Transmitter diversity scheme for OFCDMA systems based on space-time spreading with iterative detection receiver. IET Communications, 11(11), 1689\u20131698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/iet-com.2016.1296.","journal-title":"IET Communications"},{"key":"8464_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vameghestahbanati, M., Marsland, I., Gohary, R. H., Yanikomeroglu, H. (2017). Polar codes for SCMA systems. In\u00a02017 IEEE 86th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall),\u00a0(pp. 1\u20135). IEEE.: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VTCFall.2017.8287917.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2017.8287917"},{"key":"8464_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kizilirmak, R.C., Bizaki, H.K. (2016). Non-Orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) for 5G networks.\u00a0Towards 5G Wireless Networks-A Physical Layer Perspective,83\u201398.https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/66048.","DOI":"10.5772\/66048"},{"issue":"5","key":"8464_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2017.2786273","volume":"66","author":"J Dai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dai, J., Niu, K., Si, Z., Dong, C., & Lin, J. (2017). Polar-coded non-orthogonal multiple access. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 66(5), 1374\u20131389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSP.2017.2786273.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing"},{"issue":"7","key":"8464_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2017.2696527","volume":"65","author":"Z Ding","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ding, Z., Zhao, Z., Peng, M., & Poor, H. V. (2017). On the spectral efficiency and security enhancements of NOMA assisted multicast-unicast streaming. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 65(7), 3151\u20133163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCOMM.2017.2696527.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications"},{"key":"8464_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H.F., Lee, H.C., Lee, S.K. (2018). Early termination belief propagation decoder with parity check matrix for polar codes. In 2018 27th Wireless and Optical Communication Conference (WOCC) (pp. 1\u20134). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/WOCC.2018.8372719"},{"issue":"4","key":"8464_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2016.2565581","volume":"5","author":"Y Du","year":"2016","unstructured":"Du, Y., Dong, B., Chen, Z., Fang, J., & Wang, X. (2016). A fast convergence multiuser detection scheme for uplink SCMA systems. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 5(4), 388\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LWC.2016.2565581.","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters"},{"key":"8464_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6740","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236740","volume":"20","author":"X Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu, X., & Wang, Y. (2020). Improving polar-coded SCMA system by information coupling and parity check. Sensors, 20, 6740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20236740.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"8464_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu, X., Wang, Y., Li, C. (2020) .Low-complexity CRC aided joint iterative detection and SCL decoding receiver of polar coded SCMA system, In IEEE Access, 8, 220108\u2013220120,: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3043017.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3043017"},{"key":"8464_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Min B., Sun, J. (2019). Message Passing Algorithm with Dynamic Thresholds in SCMA, 2019 International Conference on Communications, Information System and Computer Engineering (CISCE), Haikou, China, pp. 324\u2013327: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CISCE.2019.00079.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISCE.2019.00079"},{"key":"8464_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zheng, T. et al. (2020) .IWORMLF: improved invasive Weed Optimization with random mutation and L\u00e9vy Flight for beam pattern optimizations of linear and circular antenna arrays, in IEEE Access, 8, 19460\u201319478.http:\/\/ doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2968476.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2968476"},{"issue":"4","key":"8464_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.32604\/iasc.2020.010100","volume":"26","author":"EM Abdelkader","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdelkader, E. M., Moselhi, O., Marzouk, M., & Zayed, T. (2020). A multi-objective invasive weed optimization method for segmentation of distress images. Intelligent Automation Soft Computing, 26(4), 643\u2013661.","journal-title":"Intelligent Automation Soft Computing"},{"issue":"8","key":"8464_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2011.061611.110862","volume":"15","author":"E Arikan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arikan, E. (2011). Systematic polar coding. IEEE Communications Letters, 15(8), 860\u2013862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LCOMM.2011.061611.110862.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Letters"},{"key":"8464_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Li, R., Wang, J., Dai, S., Zhang, G., Chen, Y., Wang, J. (2018). Parity-check polar coding for 5G and beyond. In\u00a02018 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 1\u20137. IEEE.: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422462.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422462"},{"key":"8464_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Du, X., Xu, X. (2016). The encode and decode theory of polar code and its performance simulating. In\u00a02016 8th IEEE International Conference on Communication Software and Networks (ICCSN), (pp. 24\u201327). IEEE. \n: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCSN.2016.7586660.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSN.2016.7586660"},{"key":"8464_CR28","unstructured":"Vangala, H., Viterbo, E., Hong, Y. (2015). A comparative study of polar code constructions for the AWGN channel.\u00a0arXiv preprintarXiv:1501.02473 ."},{"key":"8464_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bayesteh, A., Nikopour, H., Taherzadeh, M., Baligh, H., Ma, J. (2015). Low complexity techniques for SCMA detection. In\u00a02015 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps). (pp. 1\u20136). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2015.7414184.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2015.7414184"},{"key":"8464_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Taherzadeh, M., Nikopour, H., Bayesteh, A. Baligh., H. (2014). SCMA codebook design. In\u00a02014 IEEE 80th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2014-Fall). (pp. 1\u20135). IEEE.: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VTCFall.2014.6966170.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2014.6966170"},{"key":"8464_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blumenstein, J., Fedra, Z. (2009). The characteristics of the 2D spreading based communication systems. In\u00a02009 19th International Conference Radio elektronika. (pp. 279\u2013281). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/RADIOELEK.2009.5158770.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADIOELEK.2009.5158770"},{"key":"8464_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jing, S., Yang, C., Yang, J., You, X., Zhang, C. (2017). Joint detection and decoding of polar-coded SCMA systems. In\u00a02017 9th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP), (pp. 1\u20136). IEEE.: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WCSP.2017.8171004.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2017.8171004"},{"issue":"1","key":"8464_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2010.2090477","volume":"59","author":"GG Roy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roy, G. G., Das, S., Chakraborty, P., & Suganthan, P. N. (2010). Design of non-uniform circular antenna arrays using a modified invasive weed optimization algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and propagation, 59(1), 110\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAP.2010.2090477.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and propagation"},{"issue":"5","key":"8464_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2717407","volume":"6","author":"Y Du","year":"2017","unstructured":"Du, Y., Dong, B., Chen, Z., Wang, X., & Gao, P. (2017). Improved serial scheduling-based detection for sparse code multiple access systems. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 6(5), 570\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LWC.2017.2717407.","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters"},{"key":"8464_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2017.05.007","volume":"38","author":"HY Sang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sang, H. Y., Duan, P. Y., & Li, J. Q. (2018). An effective invasive weed optimization algorithm for scheduling semiconductor final testing problem. Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, 38, 42\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.swevo.2017.05.007.","journal-title":"Swarm and Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"8464_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kurras, M., Thiele, L., Caire, G. (2015). Multi-stage beamforming for interference coordination in massive MIMO networks. In\u00a02015 49th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, (pp. 700\u2013703). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACSSC.2015.7421223.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2015.7421223"},{"key":"8464_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Tan, F., Lv, T., Gao, H. (2017). Energy efficiency and spectral-efficiency tradeoff in downlink NOMA systems. In\u00a02017 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), (pp. 247\u2013252). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCW.2017.7962665.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2017.7962665"}],"container-title":["Wireless Personal Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-021-08464-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11277-021-08464-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-021-08464-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T10:59:12Z","timestamp":1629716352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11277-021-08464-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["8464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-021-08464-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-6212","1572-834X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-6212","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-834X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 March 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 April 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There is no conflict of Interest between the authors regarding the manuscript preparation and submission.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informal Consent"}}]}}