{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:37:03Z","timestamp":1777369023650,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"Naval Research Board, Defense Research and Development Organization, India","award":["NRB\/4003\/PG\/405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRB\/4003\/PG\/405"]}]},{"name":"Naval Research Board, Defense Research and Development Organization, India","award":["NRB-405\/OEP\/17-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRB-405\/OEP\/17-18"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017584","name":"SRM Institute of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SRMU\/R\/AR(A)\/2015\/126\/1866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRMU\/R\/AR(A)\/2015\/126\/1866"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017584","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wireless Pers Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08643-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T20:02:16Z","timestamp":1624564936000},"page":"411-427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Development of a High Sensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Evanescent Wave Absorbance effect in Reflective Mode for Ocean Observation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"C. R.","family":"Uma Kumari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2226-300X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dhanalakshmi","family":"Samiappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tata","family":"Sudhakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"8643_CR1","unstructured":"Hou, B. (2012). An optical solution for simultaneous in-situ sea water salinity and turbidity measurements (Doctoral dissertation)."},{"issue":"1","key":"8643_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010019","volume":"20","author":"DP Duarte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duarte, D. P., Nogueira, R. N., & Bilro, L. (2020). Turbidity and RI dependency of a polymer optical fiber-based chromatic sensor. Sensors, 20(1), 19.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"20","key":"8643_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25510","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.025510","volume":"26","author":"J Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, J., Guo, W., Xia, M., Li, W., & Yang, K. (2018). In situ measurement of seawater salinity with an optical refractometer based on total internal reflection method. Optics express, 26(20), 25510\u201325523.","journal-title":"Optics express"},{"key":"8643_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2018.10.186","volume":"179","author":"CU Kumari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumari, C. U., Samiappan, D., Kumar, R., & Sudhakar, T. (2019). Fiber optic sensors in ocean observation: A comprehensive review. Optik, 179, 351\u2013360.","journal-title":"Optik"},{"issue":"10","key":"8643_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8311","DOI":"10.3390\/s91008311","volume":"9","author":"AF Bin Omar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bin Omar, A. F., MatJafri, B., & Zubir, M. (2009). Turbidimeter design and analysis: A review on optical fiber sensors for the measurement of water turbidity. Sensors, 9(10), 8311\u20138335.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"8643_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2019.02.104","volume":"183","author":"AK Sharma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharma, A. K., Gupta, J., & Sharma, I. (2019). Fiber optic evanescent wave absorption-based sensors: A detailed review of advancements in the last decade (2007\u201318). Optik, 183, 1008\u20131025.","journal-title":"Optik"},{"issue":"4","key":"8643_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"044402","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.52.4.044402","volume":"52","author":"B Hou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hou, B., Grosso, P., & Le Menn, M. (2013). Principle and implementations of a refracto-nephelo-turbidimeter for seawater measurements. Optical Engineering, 52(4), 044402.","journal-title":"Optical Engineering"},{"key":"8643_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2019.102036","volume":"53","author":"CU Kumari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumari, C. U., Samiappan, D., Kumar, R., & Sudhakar, T. (2019). Development of a highly accurate and fast responsive salinity sensor based on Nuttall apodized Fiber Bragg Grating coated with hygroscopic polymer for ocean observation. Optical Fiber Technology, 53, 102036.","journal-title":"Optical Fiber Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"8643_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1071\/MF03133","volume":"55","author":"DW Lamb","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lamb, D. W., Bunganaen, Y., Louis, J., Woolsey, G. A., Oliver, R., & White, G. (2004). Fibre evanescent field absorption (FEFA): An optical fibre technique for measuring light absorption in turbid water samples. Marine and Freshwater Research, 55(5), 533\u2013543.","journal-title":"Marine and Freshwater Research"},{"key":"8643_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.10.042","volume":"285","author":"S Yeoh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yeoh, S., Matjafri, M. Z., Mutter, K. N., & Oglat, A. A. (2019). Plastic fiber evanescent sensor in measurement of turbidity. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 285, 1\u20137.","journal-title":"Sensors and Actuators A: Physical"},{"key":"8643_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2014.10.029","volume":"61","author":"VG Pahurkar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pahurkar, V. G., Tamgadge, Y. S., Gambhire, A. B., & Muley, G. G. (2015). Evanescent wave absorption based polyaniline cladding modified fiber optic intrinsic biosensor for glucose sensing application. Measurement, 61, 9\u201315.","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"issue":"4","key":"8643_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3780","DOI":"10.3390\/s110403780","volume":"11","author":"Y Tian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tian, Y., Wang, W., Wu, N., Zou, X., & Wang, X. (2011). Tapered optical fiber sensor for label-free detection of biomolecules. Sensors, 11(4), 3780\u20133790.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"19","key":"8643_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4200","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.53.004200","volume":"53","author":"J Lou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lou, J., Xu, H. Z., Xu, B., Huang, J., Li, B. C., & Shen, W. M. (2014). Fiber-optic evanescent wave sensor with a segmented structure. Applied Optics, 53(19), 4200\u20134205.","journal-title":"Applied Optics"},{"issue":"19","key":"8643_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15808","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA22211G","volume":"6","author":"SS Gao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gao, S. S., Qiu, H. W., Zhang, C., Jiang, S. Z., Li, Z., Liu, X. Y., Yue, W. W., Yang, C., Huo, Y. Y., Feng, D. J., & Li, H. S. (2016). Absorbance response of a graphene oxide coated U-bent optical fiber sensor for aqueous ethanol detection. RSC Advances, 6(19), 15808\u201315815.","journal-title":"RSC Advances"},{"issue":"4","key":"8643_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4578","DOI":"10.3390\/s120404578","volume":"12","author":"JN Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, J. N., & Luo, C. Y. (2012). Long-period fiber grating sensors for the measurement of liquid level and fluid-flow velocity. Sensors, 12(4), 4578\u20134593.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"26","key":"8643_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5368","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.44.005368","volume":"44","author":"DW Kim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kim, D. W., Zhang, Y., Cooper, K. L., & Wang, A. (2005). In-fiber reflection mode interferometer based on a long-period grating for external refractive-index measurement. Applied Optics, 44(26), 5368\u20135373.","journal-title":"Applied Optics"},{"issue":"13","key":"8643_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17179","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.017179","volume":"23","author":"K Bremer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bremer, K., & Roth, B. (2015). Fibre optic surface plasmon resonance sensor system designed for smartphones. Optics Express, 23(13), 17179\u201317184.","journal-title":"Optics Express"},{"issue":"9","key":"8643_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"090602","DOI":"10.3788\/COL201816.090602","volume":"16","author":"Z Samavati","year":"2018","unstructured":"Samavati, Z., Samavati, A., Ismail, A. F., Rahman, M. A., & Othman, M. H. D. (2018). Intensity modulated silver coated glass optical fiber refractive index sensor. Chinese Optics Letters, 16(9), 090602.","journal-title":"Chinese Optics Letters"},{"issue":"13","key":"8643_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.35.002274","volume":"35","author":"A Messica","year":"1996","unstructured":"Messica, A., Greenstein, A., & Katzir, A. (1996). Theory of fiber-optic, evanescent-wave spectroscopy and sensors. Applied Optics, 35(13), 2274\u20132284.","journal-title":"Applied Optics"},{"issue":"1","key":"8643_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-013-5583-2","volume":"115","author":"FB Xiong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xiong, F. B., Zhu, W. Z., Lin, H. F., & Meng, X. G. (2014). Fiber-optic sensor based on evanescent wave absorbance around 2.7 \u03bcm for determining water content in polar organic solvents. Applied Physics B, 115(1), 129\u2013135.","journal-title":"Applied Physics B"},{"issue":"13","key":"8643_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.51.002282","volume":"51","author":"HK Bal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bal, H. K., Brodzeli, Z., Dragomir, N. M., Collins, S. F., & Sidiroglou, F. (2012). Uniformly thinned optical fibers produced via HF etching with spectral and microscopic verification. Applied Optics, 51(13), 2282\u20132287.","journal-title":"Applied Optics"},{"issue":"1","key":"8643_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.8.199","volume":"8","author":"G Franz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Franz, G., Schamberger, F., Zare, H. H., Br\u00f6skamp, S. F., & Jocham, D. (2017). Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 8(1), 1982\u20132001.","journal-title":"Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology"},{"issue":"1","key":"8643_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24153-0","volume":"8","author":"H Apriyanto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Apriyanto, H., Ravet, G., Bernal, O. D., Cattoen, M., Seat, H. C., Chavagnac, V., & Sharp, J. H. (2018). Comprehensive modeling of multimode fiber sensors for refractive index measurement and experimental validation. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1\u201313.","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"8643_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Austin, R. W., & Halikas, G. (1976). The index of refraction of seawater. Technical Report, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA024800"},{"key":"8643_CR25","unstructured":"Reef Edition, Refractometers And Salinity Measurement. http:\/\/www.reefedition.com\/refractometers-salinity-measurement\/. Accessed 3 April 2020"},{"issue":"12","key":"8643_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122119","volume":"16","author":"F Sequeira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sequeira, F., Duarte, D., Bilro, L., Rudnitskaya, A., Pesavento, M., Zeni, L., & Cennamo, N. (2016). Refractive index sensing with D- shaped plastic optical fibers for chemical and biochemical applications. Sensors, 16(12), 2119.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"6","key":"8643_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s12043-010-0193-6","volume":"75","author":"T Kundu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kundu, T., Sai, V. V. R., Dutta, R., Titas, S., Kumar, P., & Mukherjee, S. (2010). Development of evanescent wave absorbance-based fibre-optic biosensor. Pramana, 75(6), 1099\u20131113.","journal-title":"Pramana"}],"container-title":["Wireless Personal Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-021-08643-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11277-021-08643-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-021-08643-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T17:19:08Z","timestamp":1635268748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11277-021-08643-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["8643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-021-08643-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-6212","1572-834X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-6212","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-834X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 June 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}