{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T19:29:36Z","timestamp":1768678176256,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010221","name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["21-2180 (SRGP-R&D-HEC-19)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-2180 (SRGP-R&D-HEC-19)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wireless Pers Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-09100-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T11:02:37Z","timestamp":1631617357000},"page":"3545-3571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A NOMA-Enabled Cellular Symbiotic Radio for mMTC"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Raza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Syed Junaid","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abrar","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shurjeel","family":"Wyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3050-6961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilal","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohmammad N.","family":"Patwary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ramjee","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"9100_CR1","unstructured":"International Telecommunication Union. (ITU). (2015). IMT traffic estimates for the years 2020 to 2030. Report ITU-R M. 2370-0, ITU-R Radiocommunication Sector of ITU."},{"issue":"2","key":"9100_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020516","volume":"18","author":"A Anwar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anwar, A., Seet, B.-C., & Ding, Z. (2018). Non-orthogonal multiple access for ubiquitous wireless sensor networks. Sensors, 18(2), 516.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"2","key":"9100_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2621116","volume":"19","author":"SMR Islam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Islam, S. M. R., Avazov, N., Dobre, O. A., & Kwak, K. (2017). Power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in 5G systems: Potentials and challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 19(2), 721\u2013742.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials"},{"key":"9100_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjebbour, A., Saito, Y., Kishiyama, Y., Li, A., Harada, A., & Nakamura, T. (2013). Concept and practical considerations of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) for future radio access. In: International symposium on intelligent signal processing and communication systems (pp. 770\u2013774).","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPACS.2013.6704653"},{"key":"9100_CR5","unstructured":"Technical Specification Group Services and Systems Aspects. (2018). System Architecture for the 5G System; Stage 2, Releases 15, 3GPP. Tech. Rep. document 3GPP TS Jun., 23(501), V15.2.0."},{"key":"9100_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46317","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2909490","volume":"7","author":"SJ Nawaz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nawaz, S. J., Sharma, S. K., Wyne, S., Patwary, M. N., & Asaduzzaman, M. (2019). uantum machine learning for 6G communication networks: State-of-the-art and vision for the future. IEEE Access, 7, 46317\u201346350.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9100_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11352","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2964673","volume":"8","author":"MN Patwary","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patwary, M. N., Nawaz, S. J., Rahman, M. A., Sharma, S. K., Rashid, M. M., & Barnes, S. J. (2020). The potential short- and long-term disruptions and transformative impacts of 5G and beyond wireless networks: Lessons learnt from the development of a 5G testbed environment. IEEE Access, 8, 11352\u201311379.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9100_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38144","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3061499","volume":"9","author":"SJ Nawaz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nawaz, S. J., Sharma, S. K., Mansoor, B., Patwary, M. N., & Khan, N. M. (2021). Non-coherent and backscatter communications: Enabling ultra-massive connectivity in 6G wireless networks. IEEE Access, 9, 38144\u201338186.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"9100_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061258","volume":"17","author":"B Lyu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lyu, B., Yang, Z., Gui, G., & Sari, H. (2017). Optimal time allocation in backscatter assisted wireless powered communication networks. Sensors, 17(6), 1258.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"10","key":"9100_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1948.226245","volume":"36","author":"H Stockman","year":"1948","unstructured":"Stockman, H. (1948). Communication by means of reflected power. Proceedings of the IRE, 36(10), 1196\u20131204.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IRE"},{"issue":"2","key":"9100_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2954678","volume":"7","author":"R Long","year":"2020","unstructured":"Long, R., Liang, Y., Guo, H., Yang, G., & Zhang, R. (2020). Symbiotic radio: A new communication paradigm for passive internet of things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7(2), 1350\u20131363.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"9100_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2015.2511078","volume":"64","author":"Z Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Ding, Z., Fan, P., & Karagiannidis, G. K. (2015). On the performance of non-orthogonal multiple access systems with partial channel information. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 64(2), 654\u2013667.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications"},{"key":"9100_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saito, Y., Benjebbour, A., Kishiyama, Y., & Nakamura, T. (2013). System-level performance evaluation of downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). In IEEE annual international symposium on personal, indoor, and mobile radio communications (pp. 611\u2013615). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2013.6666209"},{"issue":"12","key":"9100_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2014.2343971","volume":"21","author":"Z Ding","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ding, Z., Yang, Z., Fan, P., & Poor, H. V. (2014). On the performance of non-orthogonal multiple access in 5g systems with randomly deployed users. IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 21(12), 1501\u20131505.","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters"},{"issue":"9","key":"9100_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7263349","volume":"53","author":"L Dai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dai, L., Wang, B., Yuan, Y., Han, S., Chih-Lin, I., & Wang, Z. (2015). Non-orthogonal multiple access for 5G: Solutions, challenges, opportunities, and future research trends. IEEE Communications Magazine, 53(9), 74\u201381.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"issue":"12","key":"9100_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2726006","volume":"35","author":"Y Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Wang, L., Ai, Y., Jiao, B., & Hanzo, L. (2017). Performance analysis of NOMA-SM in vehicle-to-vehicle massive mimo channels. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 35(12), 2653\u20132666.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"key":"9100_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22716","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2826650","volume":"6","author":"MF Sohail","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sohail, M. F., Leow, C. Y., & Won, S. (2018). Non-orthogonal multiple access for unmanned aerial vehicle assisted communication. IEEE Access, 6, 22716\u201322727.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"12","key":"9100_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2004.838089","volume":"50","author":"JN Laneman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Laneman, J. N., Tse, D. N., & Wornell, G. W. (2004). Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols and outage behavior. IEEE Transactions on Information theory, 50(12), 3062\u20133080.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information theory"},{"issue":"5","key":"9100_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2653777","volume":"21","author":"MF Kader","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kader, M. F., Shahab, M. B., & Shin, S. Y. (2017). Exploiting non-orthogonal multiple access in cooperative relay sharing. IEEE Communications Letters, 21(5), 1159\u20131162.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"9100_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-018-1104-7","volume":"2018","author":"Y Mao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mao, Y., Clerckx, B., & Li, V. O. (2018). Rate-splitting multiple access for downlink communication systems: bridging, generalizing, and outperforming SDMA and NOMA. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2018(1), 133.","journal-title":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"},{"issue":"7","key":"9100_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.3390\/en11071780","volume":"11","author":"TY Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, T. Y., & Kim, D. I. (2018). Novel sparse-coded ambient backscatter communication for massive IoT connectivity. Energies, 11(7), 1780.","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"2","key":"9100_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2799848","volume":"5","author":"G Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang, G., Zhang, Q., & Liang, Y.-C. (2018). Cooperative ambient backscatter communications for green internet-of-things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(2), 1116\u20131130.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"9100_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8020129","volume":"8","author":"ML Memon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Memon, M. L., Saxena, N., Roy, A., & Shin, D. R. (2019). Backscatter communications: Inception of the battery-free era\u2014A comprehensive survey. Electronics, 8(2), 129.","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"1","key":"9100_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-015-0498-8","volume":"2019","author":"W Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, W., Huang, K., Zhou, X., & Durrani, S. (2019). Next generation backscatter communication: Systems, techniques, and applications. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2019(1), 1\u201311.","journal-title":"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"},{"issue":"2","key":"9100_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2977845","volume":"22","author":"M Elbayoumi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elbayoumi, M., Kamel, M., Hamouda, W., & Youssef, A. (2020). NOMA-assisted machine-type communications in UDN: State-of-the-Art and challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 22(2), 1276\u20131304.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials"},{"key":"9100_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36227\/techrxiv.11697855.v1","author":"Y Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Qin, Z., & Gui, G. (2020). Energy-efficient resource allocation for NOMA-based backscatter communications. TechRxiv. Preprint. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36227\/techrxiv.11697855.v1.","journal-title":"TechRxiv"},{"key":"9100_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22709","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2967153","volume":"8","author":"Y Liao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liao, Y., Yang, G., & Liang, Y.-C. (2020). Resource allocation in noma-enhanced full-duplex symbiotic radio networks. IEEE Access, 8, 22709\u201322720.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9100_CR28","unstructured":"Nazar, A. W., Hassan, S. A., Jung, H., Mahmood, A., & Gidlund, M. (2020). Performance analysis of backscatter communication systems with non-orthogonal multiple access in Nakagami fading channels. arXiv. Preprint. arXiv:2006.12160."},{"key":"9100_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20000","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2897822","volume":"7","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Zhang, L., Liang, Y.-C., & Kam, P.-Y. (2019). Backscatter-NOMA: A symbiotic system of cellular and internet-of-things networks. IEEE Access, 7, 20000\u201320013.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9100_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gulfam, S. M., Nawaz, S. J., Ahmed, A., & Patwary, M. N. (2016). Analysis on multipath shape factors of air-to-ground radio communication channels. In IEEE wireless telecommunications symposium (pp. 1\u20135).","DOI":"10.1109\/WTS.2016.7482050"},{"key":"9100_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Abbasi, Z.\u00a0Q., & So, D.\u00a0K. (2016). User-pairing based non-orthogonal multiple access (noma) system. In IEEE vehicular technology conference (pp. 1\u20135). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2016.7504524"},{"issue":"5","key":"9100_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2019.1800598","volume":"26","author":"M Vaezi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vaezi, M., Schober, R., Ding, Z., & Poor, H. V. (2019). Non-orthogonal multiple access: Common myths and critical questions. IEEE Wireless Communications, 26(5), 174\u2013180.","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"9100_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/wcm.1097","volume":"13","author":"E G\u00f3mez-D\u00e9niz","year":"2013","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-D\u00e9niz, E., & G\u00f3mez-D\u00e9niz, L. (2013). A generalisation of the Rayleigh distribution with applications in wireless fading channels. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 13(1), 85\u201394.","journal-title":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"},{"issue":"10","key":"9100_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3487","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3487","volume":"29","author":"WI Waseer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Waseer, W. I., Nawaz, S. J., Gulfam, S. M., & Mughal, M. J. (2018). Second-order fading statistics of massive-MIMO vehicular radio communication channels. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 29(10), e3487.","journal-title":"Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies"},{"issue":"4","key":"9100_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2665629","volume":"16","author":"K Han","year":"2017","unstructured":"Han, K., & Huang, K. (2017). Wirelessly powered backscatter communication networks: Modeling, coverage, and capacity. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 16(4), 2548\u20132561.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"key":"9100_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804418-6.00002-9","volume-title":"mmWave massive MIMO\u2014A paradigm for 5G","author":"D Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Mumtaz, S., & Huq, K. (2017). Chapter 2\u2014SISO to mmWave massive MIMO. In S. Mumtaz, J. Rodriguez, & L. Dai (Eds.), mmWave massive MIMO\u2014A paradigm for 5G (pp. 19\u201338). Academic Press."},{"key":"9100_CR37","volume-title":"Table of integrals, series, and products","author":"IS Gradshteyn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gradshteyn, I. S., & Ryzhik, I. M. (2014). Table of integrals, series, and products. Academic Press."},{"issue":"15","key":"9100_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1515\/9783112367841-003","volume":"1836","author":"EE Kummer","year":"1836","unstructured":"Kummer, E. E. (1836). \u00dcber die hypergeometrische reihe. Journal f\u00fcr die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik, 1836(15), 39\u201383.","journal-title":"Journal f\u00fcr die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik"},{"key":"9100_CR39","unstructured":"Abramowitz, M., & Stegun, I. A. (1948). Handbook of mathematical functions with formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables. US Government printing office (Vol. 55)."},{"key":"9100_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511807213","volume-title":"Fundamentals of wireless communication","author":"D Tse","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tse, D., & Viswanath, P. (2005). Fundamentals of wireless communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"9100_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108691383","volume-title":"Ambient backscatter communication networks","author":"DT Hoang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoang, D. T., Niyato, D., Kim, D. I., Van Huynh, N., & Gong, S. (2020). Ambient backscatter communication networks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"9","key":"9100_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2016.2641381","volume":"65","author":"HV Cheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheng, H. V., Bj\u00f6rnson, E., & Larsson, E. G. (2017). Optimal pilot and payload power control in single-cell massive mimo systems. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 65(9), 2363\u20132378.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing"},{"issue":"6","key":"9100_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3495","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.2978192","volume":"68","author":"H Akhlaghpasand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akhlaghpasand, H., Bj\u00f6rnson, E., & Razavizadeh, S. M. (2020). Jamming-robust uplink transmission for spatially correlated massive mimo systems. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 68(6), 3495\u20133504.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications"}],"container-title":["Wireless Personal Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-021-09100-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11277-021-09100-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-021-09100-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T12:25:55Z","timestamp":1643631955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11277-021-09100-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["9100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-021-09100-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-6212","1572-834X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-6212","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-834X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 September 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}