{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T06:27:44Z","timestamp":1779172064670,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004541","name":"Ministry of Human Resource Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SPARC\/2018-2019\/P616\/SL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPARC\/2018-2019\/P616\/SL"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004541","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["51875113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51875113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wireless Pers Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-09228-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T17:01:50Z","timestamp":1638291710000},"page":"2061-2088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Dynamic Private Modulus Based Password Conditional Privacy Preserving Authentication and Key-Agreement Protocol for VANET"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Swapnil","family":"Paliwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8455-9108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aswani Kumar","family":"Cherukuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Zhi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"9228_CR1","unstructured":"Ranjan, P. and Ahirwar, K.K. (2011). Comparative study of vanet and manet routing protocols. In\u00a0Proc. of the International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Technologies (ACCT 2011)\u00a0(pp. 517\u2013523)."},{"issue":"3","key":"9228_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2405853","volume":"65","author":"J Shao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shao, J., Lin, X., Lu, R., & Zuo, C. (2015). A threshold anonymous authentication protocol for VANETs. IEEE Transactions on vehicular technology, 65(3), 1711\u20131720.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on vehicular technology"},{"key":"9228_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2018.11.001","volume":"15","author":"X Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, X., Yi, X., Khalil, I., Zeng, Y., Huang, X., Nepal, S., Yang, X., & Cui, H. (2019). A lightweight authentication scheme for vehicular ad hoc networks based on MSR. Vehicular communications, 15, 16\u201327.","journal-title":"Vehicular communications"},{"key":"9228_CR4","volume-title":"Ad hoc mobile wireless networks: Protocols and systems","author":"CK Toh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Toh, C. K. (2001). Ad hoc mobile wireless networks: Protocols and systems. Pearson Education."},{"key":"9228_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.07.002","volume":"84","author":"SH Islam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Islam, S. H., Obaidat, M. S., Vijayakumar, P., Abdulhay, E., Li, F., & Reddy, M. K. C. (2018). A robust and efficient password-based conditional privacy preserving authentication and group-key agreement protocol for VANETs. Future Generation Computer Systems, 84, 216\u2013227.","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"issue":"5","key":"9228_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2502322","volume":"17","author":"NW Lo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lo, N. W., & Tsai, J. L. (2015). An efficient conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme for vehicular sensor networks without pairings. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 17(5), 1319\u20131328.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"issue":"12","key":"9228_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2473820","volume":"10","author":"D He","year":"2015","unstructured":"He, D., Zeadally, S., Xu, B., & Huang, X. (2015). An efficient identity-based conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme for vehicular ad hoc networks. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 10(12), 2681\u20132691.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"},{"issue":"5","key":"9228_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-014-0881-0","volume":"21","author":"M Bayat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bayat, M., Barmshoory, M., Rahimi, M., & Aref, M. R. (2015). A secure authentication scheme for VANETs with batch verification. Wireless Networks, 21(5), 1733\u20131743.","journal-title":"Wireless Networks"},{"issue":"5","key":"9228_CR9","first-page":"351","volume":"16","author":"Z Jianhong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jianhong, Z., Min, X., & Liying, L. (2014). On the security of a secure batch verification with group testing for VANET. International Journal of Network Security, 16(5), 351\u2013358.","journal-title":"International Journal of Network Security"},{"issue":"4","key":"9228_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2012.2186992","volume":"61","author":"KA Shim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shim, K. A. (2012). An efficient conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme for vehicular sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 61(4), 1874\u20131883.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"issue":"8","key":"9228_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3697","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2014.2358633","volume":"64","author":"Y Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, L., & Chen, H. H. (2014). Message authentication using proxy vehicles in vehicular ad hoc networks. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 64(8), 3697\u20133710.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9228_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2775248","volume":"5","author":"J Shen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shen, J., Zhou, T., Wei, F., Sun, X., & Xiang, Y. (2017). Privacy-preserving and lightweight key agreement protocol for V2G in the social internet of things. IEEE Internet of things Journal, 5(4), 2526\u20132536.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of things Journal"},{"key":"9228_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2017.03.011","volume":"59","author":"R Muthumeenakshi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muthumeenakshi, R., Reshmi, T. R., & Murugan, K. (2017). Extended 3PAKE authentication scheme for value-added services in VANETs. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 59, 27\u201338.","journal-title":"Computers & Electrical Engineering"},{"key":"9228_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2016.04.006","volume":"60","author":"V Sucasas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sucasas, V., Mantas, G., Saghezchi, F. B., Radwan, A., & Rodriguez, J. (2016). An autonomous privacy-preserving authentication scheme for intelligent transportation systems. Computers & Security, 60, 193\u2013205.","journal-title":"Computers & Security"},{"key":"9228_CR15","volume-title":"Cryptography and network security, 4\/E","author":"W Stallings","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stallings, W. (2006). Cryptography and network security, 4\/E. Pearson Education India."},{"key":"9228_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2019.02.002","volume":"16","author":"I Ali","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ali, I., Hassan, A., & Li, F. (2019). Authentication and privacy schemes for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs): A survey. Vehicular Communications, 16, 45\u201361.","journal-title":"Vehicular Communications"},{"key":"9228_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136073","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2941701","volume":"7","author":"S Paliwal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paliwal, S. (2019). Hash-based conditional privacy preserving authentication and key exchange protocol suitable for industrial Internet of Things. IEEE Access, 7, 136073\u2013136093.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"9228_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2659640","volume":"12","author":"Q Xie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xie, Q., Wong, D. S., Wang, G., Tan, X., Chen, K., & Fang, L. (2017). \u2018Provably secure dynamic ID-based anonymous two-factor authenticated key exchange protocol with extended security model.\u2019 IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 12(6), 1382\u20131392.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"},{"issue":"3","key":"9228_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-015-2288-3","volume":"82","author":"AK Das","year":"2015","unstructured":"Das, A. K. (2015). \u2018A secure and efficient user anonymity-preserving threefactor authentication protocol for large-scale distributed wireless sensor networks.\u2019 Wireless Personal Communications, 82(3), 1377\u20131404.","journal-title":"Wireless Personal Communications"},{"key":"9228_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong S-M.,Oh S-Y., and Yoon H. (1996) New modular multiplication algorithms for fast modular exponentiation. In: International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, Springer, pp. 166\u2013177.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-68339-9_15"},{"key":"9228_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14966","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2723265","volume":"5","author":"M Wazid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wazid, M., Das, A. K., Kumar, N., Odelu, V., Reddy, A. G., Park, K., & Park, Y. (2017). \u2018Design of lightweight authentication and key agreement protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks.\u2019 IEEE Access, 5, 14966\u201314980.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9228_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paliwal, S. and Kumar, C.A. (2017). A novel multi-party key exchange protocol. In International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (pp. 597\u2013607). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-76348-4_58"},{"issue":"1","key":"9228_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2015.2399912","volume":"13","author":"CY Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang, C. Y., Yen, H. C., & Deng, D. J. (2015). V2V QoS guaranteed channel access in IEEE 802.11 p VANETs. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 13(1), 5\u201317.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing"},{"key":"9228_CR24","unstructured":"India Copyright SW-10887\/2018: \u201cDynamic Stream and S-box Generation Protocol\u201d. Diary Number: 6409\/2018-CO\/SW."},{"key":"9228_CR25","first-page":"126","volume-title":"Introduction to engineering mathematics","author":"HK Dass","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dass, H. K., & Verma, R. (2010). Introduction to engineering mathematics (Vol. 3, pp. 126\u2013129). S. Chand Publication."},{"key":"9228_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcs.2005.11.052","volume":"155","author":"L Vigan\u00f2","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vigan\u00f2, L. (2006). Automated security protocol analysis with the AVISPA tool. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, 155, 61\u201386.","journal-title":"Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science"},{"key":"9228_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.06.018","volume":"84","author":"R Ali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ali, R., Pal, A. K., Kumari, S., Karuppiah, M., & Conti, M. (2018). A secure user authentication and key-agreement scheme using wireless sensor networks for agriculture monitoring. Future Generation Computer Systems, 84, 200\u2013215.","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"9228_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canetti, R. and Krawczyk, H. (2001). Analysis of key-exchange protocols and their use for building secure channels. In International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques (pp. 453\u2013474). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44987-6_28"},{"key":"9228_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2015.05.004","volume":"55","author":"P Gope","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gope, P., & Hwang, T. (2015). A realistic lightweight authentication protocol preserving strong anonymity for securing RFID system. Computers & Security, 55, 271\u2013280.","journal-title":"Computers & Security"},{"key":"9228_CR30","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"J Wessels","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wessels, J., & BV, C. F. (2001). Application of BAN-logic. CMG FINANCE BV, 19, 1\u201323.","journal-title":"CMG FINANCE BV"},{"issue":"1","key":"9228_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s10458-008-9063-8","volume":"19","author":"W Teepe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Teepe, W. (2009). On BAN logic and hash functions or: How an unjustified inference rule causes problems. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 19(1), 76\u201388.","journal-title":"Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"9228_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-016-0222-y","volume":"65","author":"Y Xie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Wu, L., Shen, J., & Alelaiwi, A. (2017). EIAS-CP: New efficient identity-based authentication scheme with conditional privacy-preserving for VANETs. Telecommunication Systems, 65(2), 229\u2013240.","journal-title":"Telecommunication Systems"},{"key":"9228_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adrian, D., Bhargavan, K., Durumeric, Z., Gaudry, P., Green, M., Halderman, J.A., Heninger, N., Springall, D., Thom\u00e9, E., Valenta, L. and VanderSloot, B. (2015). Imperfect forward secrecy: How Diffie-Hellman fails in practice. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (pp. 5\u201317). ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813707"},{"key":"9228_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2018.08.003","volume":"42","author":"G Sharma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sharma, G., & Kalra, S. (2018). A lightweight multi-factor secure smart card based remote user authentication scheme for cloud-IoT applications. Journal of information security and applications, 42, 95\u2013106.","journal-title":"Journal of information security and applications"},{"key":"9228_CR35","unstructured":"India Application: \u201cSymmetric Key Encryption using Private Modulo Operations\u201d, Filed: (2016). Application Number 201641034920. Status: Awaiting Examination."},{"issue":"1871","key":"9228_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1989.0125","volume":"426","author":"M Burrows","year":"1989","unstructured":"Burrows, M., Abadi, M., & Needham, R. M. (1989). A logic of authentication. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 426(1871), 233\u2013271.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences"},{"key":"9228_CR37","unstructured":"Phone Cloning. [Online]. Last Retrieved Nov 25th, 2019 from, https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phone_cloning."},{"key":"9228_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2016.04.024","volume":"64","author":"J S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2016","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda, J., Garc\u00eda-Campos, J. M., Reina, D. G., Toral, S. L., & Barrero, F. (2016). On-siteDriverID: A secure authentication scheme based on Spanish eID cards for vehicular ad hoc networks. Future generation computer systems, 64, 50\u201360.","journal-title":"Future generation computer systems"},{"key":"9228_CR39","unstructured":"$15-b investments in smart cities. [Online]. Last Retrieved Nov, 18th 2019, from https:\/\/www.thehindubusinessline.com\/economy\/15b-investments-in-smart-cities\/article9867761.ece."},{"key":"9228_CR40","unstructured":"UPI 2.0. [Online]. Last Retrieved Nov, 18th 2019, from https:\/\/www.bhimupi.org.in\/upi2."},{"key":"9228_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, R., Lin, X., Zhu, H., Ho, PH and Shen, X. (2008). ECPP: Efficient conditional privacy preservation protocol for secure vehicular communications. In\u00a0IEEE INFOCOM 2008-The 27th Conference on Computer Communications\u00a0(pp. 1229\u20131237). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2008.179"},{"key":"9228_CR42","unstructured":"US Patent: US8380177B. \u201cKevin Laracey .Mobile phone payment processing methods and systems\u201d."},{"key":"9228_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2017.01.002","volume":"7","author":"H Hasrouny","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hasrouny, H., Samhat, A. E., Bassil, C., & Laouiti, A. (2017). VANet security challenges and solutions: A survey. Vehicular Communications, 7, 7\u201320.","journal-title":"Vehicular Communications"},{"issue":"5","key":"9228_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.5121\/ijnsa.2013.5508","volume":"5","author":"RS Raw","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raw, R. S., Kumar, M., & Singh, N. (2013). Security challenges, issues and their solutions for VANET. International journal of network security & its applications, 5(5), 95.","journal-title":"International journal of network security & its applications"},{"key":"9228_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2014.03.009","volume":"20","author":"M Turkanovi\u0107","year":"2014","unstructured":"Turkanovi\u0107, M., Brumen, B., & H\u00f6lbl, M. (2014). A novel user authentication and key agreement scheme for heterogeneous ad hoc wireless sensor networks, based on the Internet of Things notion. Ad Hoc Networks, 20, 96\u2013112.","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Networks"}],"container-title":["Wireless Personal Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-021-09228-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11277-021-09228-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-021-09228-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T18:03:16Z","timestamp":1647972196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11277-021-09228-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["9228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-021-09228-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-6212","1572-834X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-6212","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-834X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 October 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 November 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}