{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T20:54:50Z","timestamp":1771707290786,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EMR\/2016\/007502."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMR\/2016\/007502."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wireless Pers Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-09390-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T20:53:51Z","timestamp":1638478431000},"page":"931-966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Detection and Mitigation of Smart Blackhole and Gray Hole Attacks in VANET Using Dynamic Time Warping"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6768-7543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Remya krishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Arun Raj Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"9390_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-atty, S. M. A., & Stamatiou, G. K. (2010). Performance analysis of multihop connectivity in VANET. In 7th international symposium on wireless communication systems (pp. 335\u2013339).","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWCS.2010.5624289"},{"key":"9390_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"02","author":"K Vishnu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vishnu, K., & Paul, A. (2010). Detection and removal of cooperative black\/gray hole attack in mobile AdHoc networks. International Journal of Computer Applications, 02, 1.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Applications"},{"issue":"3","key":"9390_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-017-1639-2","volume":"25","author":"S Gurung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gurung, S., & Chauhan, S. (2019). Performance analysis of black-hole attack mitigation protocols under gray-hole attacks in MANET. Wireless Networks, 25(3), 975\u2013988.","journal-title":"Wireless Networks"},{"key":"9390_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, F., Mohamed, O., Abedelhalim, H., & Abdellah, E. (2014). Efficiency evaluation of routing protocols for Vanet. In 2014 Third IEEE international colloquium in information science and technology (CIST) (pp. 410\u2013414).","DOI":"10.1109\/CIST.2014.7016655"},{"key":"9390_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivoirard, L., Wahl, M., Sondi, P., Berbineau, M., & Gruyer, D. (2017). Performance evaluation of AODV, DSR, GRP and OLSR for VANET with real-world trajectories. In 15th International conference on ITS telecommunications (ITST) (pp. 1\u20137).","DOI":"10.1109\/ITST.2017.7972224"},{"key":"9390_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-016-1353-5","volume":"24","author":"S Gurung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gurung, S., & Chauhan, S. (2018). A novel approach for mitigating gray hole attack in MANET. Wireless Network, 24, 565\u2013579.","journal-title":"Wireless Network"},{"key":"9390_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.08.337","volume":"113","author":"B Cherkaoui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cherkaoui, B., Beni-Hssane, A., & Erritali, M. (2017). Quality control chart for detecting the black hole attack in vehicular ad-hoc networks. Procedia Computer Science, 113, 170\u2013177.","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"9390_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199618","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3034327","volume":"8","author":"Z Hassan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hassan, Z., Mehmood, A., Maple, C., Khan, M. A., & Aldegheishem, A. (2020). Intelligent detection of black hole attacks for secure communication in autonomous and connected vehicles. IEEE Access, 8, 199618\u2013199628.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9390_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lachdhaf, S., Mazouzi, M., & Abid, M. (2017). Detection and prevention of black hole attack in VANET using secured AODV routing protocol. In 9th International conference on networks & communications (pp. 25\u201336).","DOI":"10.5121\/csit.2017.71503"},{"issue":"05","key":"9390_CR10","first-page":"8713","volume":"29","author":"G Sharma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma, G. (2020). A modified approach of preventing and minimizing the black hole attack in VANETs (vehicular ad-hoc network systems). IJAST, 29(05), 8713\u20138717.","journal-title":"IJAST"},{"key":"9390_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, G. (2016). A preventive approach to mitigate the effects of gray hole attack using genetic algorithm. In 2016 International conference on advances in computing, communication, automation (ICACCA)(Spring) (pp. 1\u20138).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCA.2016.7578899"},{"key":"9390_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, S., Mallick, B., & Verma, P. (2015). Impact of gray hole attack in VANET. In 2015 1st International conference on next generation computing technologies (NGCT) (pp. 127\u2013130).","DOI":"10.1109\/NGCT.2015.7375097"},{"key":"9390_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.Indhumathi & P. Arun Raj Kumar. (2021). SOLSR: Secure OLSR with denial contradiction rules to detect and prevent gray hole attack in VANET. In 2021 International conference on communication, control and information sciences (ICCISc) (pp. 1\u20137).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCISc52257.2021.9484993"},{"key":"9390_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Dadheech, P., Goyal, D., Patidar, P. K., Dogiwal, S. R., & Neha, J. (2021). A novel scheme for prevention and detection of black hole & gray hole attack in VANET network. Recent Patents on Engineering, 15(2), 263\u2013274 (12).","DOI":"10.2174\/1872212114999200512120211"},{"key":"9390_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.01.006","volume":"46","author":"U Khan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khan, U., Agrawal, S., & Silakari, S. (2015). Detection of malicious nodes (DMN) in vehicular ad-hoc networks. Procedia Computer Science, 46, 965\u2013972.","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"9390_CR16","first-page":"55","volume":"2","author":"KT Gowdhami","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gowdhami, K. T., & Nithya, D. (2017). Design and analysis of secure VANET framework preventing sink hole and gray hole attack. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Technology, 2(1), 55\u201359.","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Technology"},{"key":"9390_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2020.103352","volume":"80","author":"A Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Varadarajan, V., Kumar, A., Dadheech, P., Choudhary, S. S., Kumar, V. A., et al. (2021). Black hole attack detection in vehicular ad-hoc network using secure AODV routing algorithm. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 80, 103352.","journal-title":"Microprocessors and Microsystems"},{"key":"9390_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almutairi, H., Chelloug, S., Alqarni, H., Aljaber, R., Alshehri, A., & Alotaish, D. (2014). A new black hole detection scheme for vanets. In Proceedings of the 6th international conference on management of emergent digital EcoSystems. MEDES \u201914 (pp. 133\u2013138). New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/2668260.2668262"},{"key":"9390_CR19","first-page":"11","volume":"04","author":"P Tyagi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tyagi, P., & Dembla, D. (2018). A secured routing algorithm against black hole attack for better intelligent transportation system in vehicular ad hoc network. International Journal of Information Technology, 04, 11.","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Technology"},{"key":"9390_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2016.09.001","volume":"5","author":"R Baiad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baiad, R., Alhussein, O., Otrok, H., & Muhaidat, S. (2016). Novel cross layer detection schemes to detect blackhole attack against QoS-OLSR protocol in VANET. Vehicular Communications, 5, 9\u201317.","journal-title":"Vehicular Communications"},{"key":"9390_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2021.02.024","volume":"152","author":"S Kudva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kudva, S., Badsha, S., Sengupta, S., La, H., Khalil, I., & Atiquzzaman, M. (2021). A scalable blockchain based trust management in VANET routing protocol. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 152, 144\u2013156.","journal-title":"Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing"},{"key":"9390_CR22","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"N Schweitzer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schweitzer, N., Stulman, A., Margalit, R. D., & Shabtai, A. (2016). Contradiction based gray-hole attack minimization for ad-hoc networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 10, 1.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"},{"issue":"3","key":"9390_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.11591\/ijeecs.v19.i3.pp1147-1155","volume":"19","author":"AK Ahmed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmed, A. K., Abdulwahed, M. N., & Farzaneh, B. (2020). A distributed trust mechanism for malicious behaviors in vanets. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 19(3), 1147\u20131155.","journal-title":"Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science"},{"key":"9390_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2016.10.011","volume":"55","author":"X Yao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yao, X., Zhang, X., Ning, H., & Li, P. (2017). Using trust model to ensure reliable data acquisition in VANETs. Ad Hoc Network, 55, 107\u2013118.","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Network"},{"key":"9390_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hortelano, J., Ruiz, J. C., & Manzoni, P. (2010). Evaluating the usefulness of watchdogs for intrusion detection in VANETs. In 2010 IEEE international conference on communications workshops (pp. 1\u20135).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2010.5503946"},{"key":"9390_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gautham, P. S., & Shanmughasundaram, R. (2017) . Detection and isolation of Black Hole in VANET. In 2017 International conference on intelligent computing, instrumentation and control technologies (ICICICT) (pp. 1534\u20131539).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICICT1.2017.8342799"},{"key":"9390_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhizhong, J., Chuanhe, H., Liya, X., Bo, W., Xi, C., & Xiying, F. (2012). A trusted opportunistic routing algorithm for vanet. In 2012 Third international conference on networking and distributed computing (pp. 86\u201390).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNDC.2012.28"},{"key":"9390_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruebler, A., McDonald-Maier, K. D., & Ali Alheeti, K. M. (2015). An intrusion detection system against black hole attacks on the communication network of self-driving cars. In Sixth international conference on emerging security technologies (EST) (pp. 86\u201391).","DOI":"10.1109\/EST.2015.10"},{"key":"9390_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.3103\/S0146411618080199","volume":"52","author":"TD Ovasapyan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ovasapyan, T. D., Moskvin, D. A., & Kalinin, M. O. (2018). Using neural networks to detect internal intruders in VANETs. Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, 52, 954\u2013958.","journal-title":"Automatic Control and Computer Sciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"9390_CR30","first-page":"61","volume":"6","author":"NZ Kyaw","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kyaw, N. Z., & Aye, T. (2018). A mechanism to classify the black hole behavior of vehicles in vanets using one class SVM. International Journal of Electrical Electronics and Data Communication (IJEEDC), 6(9), 61\u201364.","journal-title":"International Journal of Electrical Electronics and Data Communication (IJEEDC)"},{"key":"9390_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.3103\/S0146411619080194","volume":"53","author":"EV Malyshev","year":"2019","unstructured":"Malyshev, E. V., Moskvin, D. A., & Zegzhda, D. P. (2019). Application of an artificial neural network for detection of attacks in VANETs. Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, 53, 889\u2013894.","journal-title":"Automatic Control and Computer Sciences"},{"key":"9390_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/computers5030016","volume":"5","author":"KM Alheeti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alheeti, K. M., Gruebler, A., & McDonald-Maier, K. (2016). Intelligent intrusion detection of grey hole and rushing attacks in self-driving vehicular networks. Computers, 5, 16.","journal-title":"Computers"},{"key":"9390_CR33","unstructured":"Salvador, S., & Chan, P. (2004). FastDTW: Toward accurate dynamic time warping in linear time and space."},{"key":"9390_CR34","first-page":"1","volume":"05","author":"Y Yao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yao, Y., Xiao, B., Wu, G., Liu, X., Yu, Z., Zhang, K., & Zhou, X. (2018). Multi-channel based Sybil attack detection in vehicular ad hoc networks using RSSI. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 05, 1.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"},{"issue":"1","key":"9390_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2018.03511","volume":"57","author":"L Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, L., Li, W., & Jia, H. (2018). Method of time series similarity measurement based on dynamic time warping. Computers Materials & Continua, 57(1), 97\u2013106.","journal-title":"Computers Materials & Continua"},{"key":"9390_CR36","first-page":"e4621","volume":"11","author":"RP Krishnan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krishnan, R. P., & Kumar, A. R. P. (2020). A collaborative strategy for detection and eviction of Sybil attacker and Sybil nodes in VANET. International Journal of Communication Systems, 11, e4621.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication Systems"},{"key":"9390_CR37","first-page":"26","volume":"12","author":"X Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang, X., Mueen, A., Ding, H., Trajcevski, G., Scheuermann, P., & Keogh, E. (2010). Experimental comparison of representation methods and distance measures for time series data. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 12, 26.","journal-title":"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery"},{"key":"9390_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almutairi, H., Chelloug, S., Alqarni, H., Aljaber, R., Alshehri, A., & Alotaish, D. (2014). A new black hole detection scheme for vanets. In Proceedings of the 6th international conference on management of emergent digital EcoSystems. MEDES \u201914 (pp. 133\u2013138). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/2668260.2668262"},{"key":"9390_CR39","first-page":"22","volume":"08","author":"S Shahabi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shahabi, S., Ghazvini, M., & Bakhtiarian, M. (2015). A modified algorithm to improve security and performance of AODV protocol against black hole attack. Wireless Networks, 08, 22.","journal-title":"Wireless Networks"},{"issue":"03","key":"9390_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11030061","volume":"11","author":"Z Ali Zardari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ali Zardari, Z., He, J., Zhu, N., Mohammadani, K. H., Pathan, M. S., Hussain, M. I., & Memon, M. Q. (2019). A dual attack detection technique to identify black and gray hole attacks using an intrusion detection system and a connected dominating set in MANETs. Future Internet, 11(03), 61.","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"9390_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, K. G., Lee, C. H., Chin, R. K. Y., Yeo, K. B., & Teo, K. T. K. (2017). SUMO enhancement for vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) simulation. In 2017 IEEE 2nd international conference on automatic control and intelligent systems (I2CACIS) (pp. 86\u201391).","DOI":"10.1109\/I2CACIS.2017.8239038"},{"key":"9390_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Issariyakul, T., & Hossain, E. (2009). In Processing an NS2 simulation: Debugging, tracing, and result compilation (pp. 1\u201335).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-71760-9_13"},{"issue":"4","key":"9390_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5099","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-017-4770-6","volume":"97","author":"KC Purohit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Purohit, K. C., Dimri, S. C., & Jasola, S. (2017). Mitigation and performance analysis of routing protocols under black-hole attack in vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET). Wireless Personal Communications, 97(4), 5099\u20135114.","journal-title":"Wireless Personal Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"9390_CR44","first-page":"18","volume":"4","author":"S Ohatkar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ohatkar, S., Bankar, A., Chikhalikar, P., et al. (2019). Analysis of VANET protocols for urban and rural area using QualNet simulator. Journal of Telecommunication Study, 4(1), 18\u201326.","journal-title":"Journal of Telecommunication Study"},{"issue":"6","key":"9390_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.26438\/ijcse\/v6i4.189193","volume":"04","author":"G Sumathi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sumathi, G., Aarthi, K. C., & Shanmugapriya, M. (2018). Impact of gray holes on optimized link state routing protocol. International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 04(6), 189\u2013193.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering"},{"key":"9390_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiade, A., Triadi, A. Y., Sulhi, A., Masruroh, S. U., Handayani, V., & Suseno, H. B. (2020). Performance analysis of black hole attack and flooding attack AODV routing protocol on VANET (vehicular ad-hoc network). In 2020 8th International conference on cyber and IT service management (CITSM) (pp. 1\u20135).","DOI":"10.1109\/CITSM50537.2020.9268789"},{"key":"9390_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, N., & Bisen, A. S. (2016). Detection as well as removal of black hole and gray hole attack in MANET. In 2016 International conference on electrical, electronics, and optimization techniques (ICEEOT) (pp. 3736\u20133739).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEEOT.2016.7755409"},{"key":"9390_CR48","first-page":"22","volume":"03","author":"R Thanuja","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thanuja, R., & Umamakeswari, A. (2019). Black hole detection using evolutionary algorithm for IDS\/IPS in MANETs. Cluster Computing, 03, 22.","journal-title":"Cluster Computing"}],"container-title":["Wireless Personal Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-021-09390-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11277-021-09390-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-021-09390-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T09:57:02Z","timestamp":1650880622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11277-021-09390-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["9390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-021-09390-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-6212","1572-834X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-6212","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-834X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 November 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}