{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T19:09:49Z","timestamp":1776884989364,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":81,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minufiya University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wireless Pers Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper introduces a comparative study on the effect of using different feeding structures on the radiation characteristics of graphene strips leaky wave antenna (GS-LWA) at 2 THz. The effect of different plane wave launchers on the radiation characteristics of GS-LWA is investigated. A planar substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) horn antenna is investigated. It provides a peak gain of 18.2 dBi with a bandwidth of 21.95% and a SLL of 10.6 dB. End-fire radiation from parabolic reflector is employed to launch plane-wave in the GS-LWA. A matching BW of 0.82 THz is achieved with peak gain of 18 dBi. A coplanar fed Yagi-Uda like structure element is studied using a single element and two elements array. The two elements provided the highest matching of -40 dB over BW of 6% and gain of 16.5 dBi. Finally, tapered microstrip line is investigated, it introduces the lowest SLL \u2212\u200916.1 dB with a gain of 17.5 dBi and BW of 39.57% (1.5\u20132.24 THz). The selection of proper feeding structure depends on the matching BW, peak radiated gain, and the lowest SLL. A full analysis of the GS-LWA from different feeding methods is presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-024-10972-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T14:01:35Z","timestamp":1713794495000},"page":"2029-2040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Study on the Effect of Different Feeding Structures on the Performance of Graphene Strips Reconfigurable LWA"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3334-4403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hend Abd El-Azem","family":"Malhat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdelkarim S.","family":"Elhenawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Noha A.","family":"Al-Shalaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Saber H.","family":"Zainud-Deen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"10972_CR1","unstructured":"Mohammad, A., & Matin (2017). Modern Antenna systems. InTech Publishing."},{"key":"10972_CR2","unstructured":"Symon, K., & Podilchak (2013). Planar leaky-wave antennas and microwave circuits by practical surface wave launching, PhD thesis, Queen\u2019s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada September."},{"key":"10972_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Vigueras, M., Gomez-Tornero, J. L., Goussetis, G., Weily, A. R., & Guo, Y. J. (Jan. 2011). Enhancing frequency-scanning response of leaky-wave antennas using high-impedance surfaces. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propag Lett., 10, 7\u201310.","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2011.2107492"},{"key":"10972_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, D., & Wu, K. (2019). Leaky-wave antenna featuring stable radiation based on multimode resonator (MMR) concept. IEEE Trans on Antennas and Propag., 68(3), 2016\u20132030.","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2948682"},{"key":"10972_CR5","unstructured":"Mittra, R. (2019). Developments in Antenna Analysis and Design (electromagnetic waves) (Vol. 1). The Institution of Engineering and Technology."},{"issue":"11","key":"10972_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6393","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2864328","volume":"66","author":"Y Hou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hou, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, Z., & Feng, Z. (2018). Narrow-width periodic leaky-wave antenna array for end-fire radiation based on Hansen\u2013Woodyard condition. IEEE Trans on Antennas and Propag., 66(11), 6393\u20136396.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans on Antennas and Propag"},{"key":"10972_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2019.165551","volume":"491","author":"M Mohammadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammadi, M., Kashani, F. H., & Ghalibafan, J. (2019). A partially ferrite-filled rectangular waveguide with CRLH response and its application to a magnetically scannable antenna. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 491, 165551.","journal-title":"Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials"},{"issue":"9","key":"10972_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4503","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2842304","volume":"66","author":"YL Lyu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lyu, Y. L., Meng, F. Y., Yang, G. H., Wang, P. Y., Wu, Q., & Wu, K. (2018). Periodic leaky-wave antenna based on complementary pair of radiation elements. IEEE Trans on Antennas and Propag., 66(9), 4503\u20134515.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans on Antennas and Propag"},{"key":"10972_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jay Guo, Y., & Gomez-Tornero, J. L. (2013). Reconfigurable fabry-perot leaky-wave antennas. IEEE Int Workshop on Antenna Tech (iWAT). 390\u2013393.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWAT.2013.6518372"},{"key":"10972_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127320","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2939097","volume":"7","author":"D Jiang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiang, D., Li, X., Fu, Z., Ran, P., Wang, G., Zheng, Z., & Wang, W. Q. (2019). Liquid crystal-based wideband reconfigurable leaky wave X-band antenna. IEEE Access: Practical Innovations, Open Solutions, 7, 127320\u2013127326.","journal-title":"Ieee Access: Practical Innovations, Open Solutions"},{"key":"10972_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouedraogo, R. O., Rothwell, E. J., & Greetis, B. J. (2011). A reconfigurable microstrip leaky-wave antenna with a broadly steerable beam. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propag., 59(8), 3080\u20133083.","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2011.2158970"},{"issue":"1","key":"10972_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2013.2294538","volume":"4","author":"M Esquius-Morote","year":"2014","unstructured":"Esquius-Morote, M., Gomez-Diaz, J. S., & Perruisseau-Carrier, J. (2014). Sinusoidally modulated graphene leaky-wave antenna for electronic beam scanning at THz. IEEE Trans on Terahertz Science and Tech., 4(1), 116\u2013122.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans on Terahertz Science and Tech"},{"key":"10972_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2017.2757240","volume":"16","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Wu, L., Tang, M., Zhang, Y., & Mao, J. (2017). A sinusoidally-modulated leaky-wave antenna with gapped graphene ribbons. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propag Lett., 16, 3000\u20133004.","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propag Lett"},{"key":"10972_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammad, H. F., Antar, Y. M. M., Freundorfer, A. P., & Mahmoud, S. F. (2003). Uni-planar CPW-fed slot launchers for efficient TM surface-wave excitation. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., 51(4), 1234\u20131240.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2003.809668"},{"key":"10972_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2009.2013488","volume":"8","author":"SK Podilchak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Podilchak, S. K., Freundorfer, A. P., & Antar, Y. M. M. (2009). Planar surface-wave sources and metallic grating lenses for controlled guidedwave propagation. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propag Lett., 8, 371\u2013374.","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propag Lett"},{"key":"10972_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ettorre, M., Neto, A., Gerini, G., & Maci, S. (2008). Leaky-wave slot array antenna fed by a dual reflector system. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propag., 56(10), 3143\u20133149.","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2008.929457"},{"key":"10972_CR17","unstructured":"Collin, R. E. (1960). Field theory of guided waves. McGraw Hill."},{"key":"10972_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephenson, B. T., & Walter, C. H. (1955). Endfire slot antennas. IRE Trans. on Antennas and Propag., 3(2). 81\u201386.","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1955.1144286"},{"key":"10972_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malhat, H. A., Elhenawy, A. S., Zainud-Deen, S. H., & El-Shalaby, N. A. (2021). 1-D reconfigurable graphene-strips leaky-wave antenna with different feeders for wide scanning angles. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 31(7), e22683.","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.22683"},{"key":"10972_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Shalaby, N. A., Elhenawy, A. S., Zainud-Deen, S. H., & Malhat, H. A. (2021). Electronic beam-scanning strip-coded graphene leaky-wave antenna using single structure. Plasmonics, 16, 1427\u20131438.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-021-01407-8"},{"key":"10972_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malhat, H. A., Elhenawy, A. S., Zainud-Deen, S. H., & Al-Shalaby, N. A. (2023). Planar reconfigurable plasma leaky-wave antenna with electronic beam-scanning for MIMO applications. Wireless Personal Communications, 128(1), 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-022-09972-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"10972_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-015-2870-8","volume":"85","author":"HA Malhat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Malhat, H. A., & Zainud-Deen, S. H. (2015). Equivalent circuit with frequency-independent lumped elements for plasmonic graphene patch antenna using particle swarm optimization technique. Wireless Personal Comm., 85(4), 1851\u20131867.","journal-title":"Wireless Personal Comm"},{"key":"10972_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noha, A., Elshalaby, M. M., Badawy, Hend, A., Malhat, Saber, H., & Zainud-Deen (2019). Linearly polarized SIW horn antenna integrated with MM for gain enhancement and polarization conversion, 36th National Radio Science Conference (NRSC 2019), April 16\u201318, Port Said, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/NRSC.2019.8734654"},{"key":"10972_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djerafi, T., Doghri, A., & Wu, K. (2016). Substrate Integrated Waveguide antennas. In Z. Chen, D. Liu, H. Nakano, X. Qing, & T. Zwick (Eds.), Handbook of Antenna technologies. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-4560-44-3_57"},{"issue":"6","key":"10972_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2015.2414948","volume":"63","author":"Z Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen, Z., & Shen, Z. (2015). Wideband flush-mounted surface wave antenna of very low profile. IEEE Trans on Antennas and Propag, 63(6), 2430\u20132438.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans on Antennas and Propag"},{"key":"10972_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2014.2298245","volume":"13","author":"Z Hu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hu, Z., Shen, Z., & Wu, W. (2014). Reconfigurable leaky-wave antenna based on periodic water grating. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propag Letters, 13, 134\u2013137.","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propag Letters"},{"issue":"2","key":"10972_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2008.2011248","volume":"57","author":"S Podilchak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Podilchak, S., Freundorfer, P., & Antar, Y. (2009). Surface-wave launchers for beam steering and application to planar leaky-wave antennas. IEEE Trans on Antennas and Propag, 57(2), 355\u2013363.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans on Antennas and Propag"},{"key":"10972_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamedes, D. F., Fernandes da Silva, J. P., da Silva Souza, J., da Silva Evangelista, T., & Rolim de Sousa, T. (2017). and P. Henrique da Fonseca Silva, Analysis of impedance matching techniques in tapered microstrip patch antenna, 2017 SBMO\/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference (IMOC), Aguas de Lindoia, pp. 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMOC.2017.8121034"}],"container-title":["Wireless Personal Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-024-10972-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11277-024-10972-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-024-10972-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T14:24:32Z","timestamp":1714055072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11277-024-10972-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10972"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-024-10972-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-6212","1572-834X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-6212","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-834X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 March 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest or competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}