{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:38:28Z","timestamp":1772930308035,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wireless Pers Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-024-11389-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T15:03:55Z","timestamp":1722351835000},"page":"1511-1538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Online QoS\/QoE-Driven SFC Orchestration Leveraging a DRL Approach in SDN\/NFV Enabled Networks"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Escheikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wiem","family":"Taktak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"18","key":"11389_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5803","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.1737","volume":"9","author":"K Benzekki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benzekki, K., El Fergougui, A., & Elbelrhiti Elalaoui, A. (2016). Software-defined networking (SDN): A survey. Security and Communication Networks, 9(18), 5803\u20135833.","journal-title":"Security and Communication Networks"},{"issue":"2","key":"11389_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.14419\/jacst.v3i2.3754","volume":"3","author":"S Rowshanrad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rowshanrad, S., Namvarasl, S., Abdi, V., Hajizadeh, M., & Keshtgary, M. (2014). A survey on SDN, the future of networking. Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Technology, 3(2), 232\u2013248.","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"11389_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2016.2598420","volume":"13","author":"JG Herrera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Herrera, J. G., & Botero, J. F. (2016). Resource allocation in NFV: A comprehensive survey. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 13(3), 518\u2013532.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"11389_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3172866","volume":"51","author":"MS Bonfim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bonfim, M. S., Dias, K. L., & Fernandes, S. F. (2019). Integrated nfv\/sdn architectures: A systematic literature review. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 51(6), 1\u201339.","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)"},{"issue":"11","key":"11389_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13110278","volume":"13","author":"JF Cevallos Moreno","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cevallos Moreno, J. F., Sattler, R., Caulier Cisterna, R. P., Ricciardi Celsi, L., S\u00e1nchez Rodr\u00edguez, A., & Mecella, M. (2021). Online service function chain deployment for live-streaming in virtualized content delivery networks: A deep reinforcement learning approach. Future Internet, 13(11), 278.","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"issue":"3","key":"11389_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2018.2861717","volume":"15","author":"G Sun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun, G., Li, Y., Liao, D., & Chang, V. (2018). Service function chain orchestration across multiple domains: A full mesh aggregation approach. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 15(3), 1175\u20131191.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"11389_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1049\/cje.2018.05.008","volume":"27","author":"G Mirjalily","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mirjalily, G., & Luo, Z. (2018). Optimal network function virtualization and service function chaining: A survey. Chinese Journal of Electronics, 27(4), 704\u2013717.","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Electronics"},{"issue":"2","key":"11389_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2021.3055494","volume":"18","author":"J Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, J., Chen, J., & Zhang, H. (2021). Drl-qor: Deep reinforcement learning-based qos\/qoe-aware adaptive online orchestration in nfv-enabled networks. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 18(2), 1758\u20131774.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"11389_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7378433","volume":"54","author":"R Mijumbi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mijumbi, R., Serrat, J., Gorricho, J.-L., Latre, S., Charalambides, M., & Lopez, D. (2016). Management and orchestration challenges in network functions virtualization. IEEE Communications Magazine, 54(1), 98\u2013105.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"issue":"2","key":"11389_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.4218\/etrij.2018-0156","volume":"41","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Lu, Y., Qiao, W., & Chen, X. (2019). Reliability-aware service chaining mapping in NFV-enabled networks. Etri Journal, 41(2), 207\u2013223.","journal-title":"Etri Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"11389_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2019.2942306","volume":"20","author":"S Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, S., Li, F., Trajanovski, S., Chen, X., Wang, Y., & Fu, X. (2019). Delay-aware virtual network function placement and routing in edge clouds. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 20(2), 445\u2013459.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"},{"issue":"10","key":"11389_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2018.2880992","volume":"30","author":"J Pei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pei, J., Hong, P., Xue, K., & Li, D. (2018). Efficiently embedding service function chains with dynamic virtual network function placement in geo-distributed cloud system. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 30(10), 2179\u20132192.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"11389_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2016.2569020","volume":"13","author":"F Bari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bari, F., Chowdhury, S. R., Ahmed, R., Boutaba, R., & Duarte, O. C. M. B. (2016). Orchestrating virtualized network functions. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 13(4), 725\u2013739.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management"},{"key":"11389_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, G., Kim, M., Choo, S., Pack, S., & Kim, Y. (2015). Optimal flow distribution in service function chaining. In The 10th International Conference on Future Internet (pp. 17\u201320).","DOI":"10.1145\/2775088.2775103"},{"key":"11389_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.01.036","volume":"152","author":"D Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, D., Hong, P., Xue, K., & Pei, J. (2019). Virtual network function placement and resource optimization in nfv and edge computing enabled networks. Computer Networks, 152, 12\u201324.","journal-title":"Computer Networks"},{"key":"11389_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2015.09.035","volume":"93","author":"S Sahhaf","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sahhaf, S., Tavernier, W., Rost, M., Schmid, S., Colle, D., Pickavet, M., & Demeester, P. (2015). Network service chaining with optimized network function embedding supporting service decompositions. Computer Networks, 93, 492\u2013505.","journal-title":"Computer Networks"},{"issue":"7","key":"11389_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2018.2802518","volume":"29","author":"D Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, D., Hong, P., Xue, K., et al. (2018). Virtual network function placement considering resource optimization and sfc requests in cloud datacenter. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 29(7), 1664\u20131677.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems"},{"key":"11389_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mijumbi, R., Serrat, J., Gorricho, J.-L., Bouten, N., De\u00a0Turck, F., & Davy, S. (2015). Design and evaluation of algorithms for mapping and scheduling of virtual network functions. In Proceedings of the 2015 1st IEEE conference on network softwarization (NetSoft) (pp. 1\u20139). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/NETSOFT.2015.7116120"},{"issue":"6","key":"11389_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1002\/nem.1920","volume":"25","author":"M Bouet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bouet, M., Leguay, J., Combe, T., & Conan, V. (2015). Cost-based placement of vdpi functions in nfv infrastructures. International Journal of Network Management, 25(6), 490\u2013506.","journal-title":"International Journal of Network Management"},{"key":"11389_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sallam, G., Gupta, G. R., Li, B., & Ji, B. (2018). Shortest path and maximum flow problems under service function chaining constraints. In IEEE INFOCOM 2018-IEEE conference on computer communications (pp. 2132\u20132140). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2018.8485996"},{"key":"11389_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahvar, S., Phyu, H. P., Buddhacharya, S. M., Ahvar, E., Crespi, N., & Glitho, R. (2017). CCVP: Cost-efficient centrality-based vnf placement and chaining algorithm for network service provisioning. In 2017 IEEE conference on network softwarization (NetSoft) (pp. 1\u20139). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/NETSOFT.2017.8004104"},{"issue":"19","key":"11389_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6563","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196563","volume":"21","author":"Y Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, Y., & Zhou, J. (2021). Dynamic service function chaining orchestration in a multi-domain: A heuristic approach based on srv6. Sensors, 21(19), 6563.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"3","key":"11389_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11030331","volume":"11","author":"L Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu, L., Hu, H., & Liu, Y. (2022). Heuristic strategy of service function chain deployment based on n-base continuous digital coding in network function virtualization environment. Electronics, 11(3), 331.","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"11389_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, R., Zhang, J., Chu, W., Bao, Q., Jin, X., Gong, C., Zhu, Q., Yu, C., & Rosenberg, S. (2015). MDP and machine learning-based cost-optimization of dynamic resource allocation for network function virtualization. In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (pp. 65\u201373). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCC.2015.19"},{"key":"11389_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, S.-C., Akyildiz, I. F., Wang, P., & Luo, M. (2016). Qos-aware adaptive routing in multi-layer hierarchical software defined networks: A reinforcement learning approach. In 2016 IEEE international conference on services computing (SCC), IEEE, pp. 25\u201333.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCC.2016.12"},{"key":"11389_CR26","unstructured":"Nakanoya, M., Sato, Y., & Shimonishi, H. (2019). Environment-adaptive sizing and placement of nfv service chains with accelerated reinforcement learning. In 2019 IFIP\/IEEE symposium on integrated network and service management (IM) (pp. 36\u201344). IEEE."},{"key":"11389_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Chen, J., Hu, R., & Zhang, H. (2020). QMORA: A q-learning based multi-objective resource allocation scheme for NFV orchestration. In 2020 IEEE 91st vehicular technology conference (VTC2020-Spring) (pp. 1\u20136). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2020-Spring48590.2020.9128963"},{"issue":"11","key":"11389_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3390\/sym10110646","volume":"10","author":"J Sun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun, J., Huang, G., Sun, G., Yu, H., Sangaiah, A. K., & Chang, V. (2018). A q-learning-based approach for deploying dynamic service function chains. Symmetry, 10(11), 646.","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"issue":"2","key":"11389_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2019.2959181","volume":"38","author":"J Pei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pei, J., Hong, P., Pan, M., Liu, J., & Zhou, J. (2019). Optimal VNF placement via deep reinforcement learning in sdn\/nfv-enabled networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 38(2), 263\u2013278.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"issue":"11","key":"11389_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3477","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3477","volume":"29","author":"X Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, X., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Long, R., Yu, H., Du, X., & Guizani, M. (2018). Reinforcement learning-based qos\/qoe-aware service function chaining in software-driven 5g slices. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 29(11), 3477.","journal-title":"Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies"},{"key":"11389_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escheikh, M., Taktak, W., & Barkaoui, K. (2023). Testing quality of training in qoe-aware sfc orchestration based on drl approach. In IFIP international conference on testing software and systems (pp. 274\u2013288). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43240-8_19"},{"issue":"6","key":"11389_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3061991","volume":"25","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Lu, Y., Li, X., Qiao, W., Li, Z., & Zhao, D. (2021). Sfc embedding meets machine learning: Deep reinforcement learning approaches. IEEE Communications Letters, 25(6), 1926\u20131930.","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Letters"},{"key":"11389_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., & Zhang, J. (2024). Service function chain embedding meets machine learning: Deep reinforcement learning approach. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2024.3353808"},{"key":"11389_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2023.3263865","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Li, Z., & Lu, Y. (2023). Forecast-assisted service function chain dynamic deployment for sdn\/nfv-enabled cloud management systems. IEEE Systems Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSYST.2023.3263865","journal-title":"IEEE Systems Journal"},{"key":"11389_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carofiglio, G., Grassi, G., Loparco, E., Muscariello, L., Papalini, M., & Samain, J. (2021). Characterizing the relationship between application qoe and network qos for real-time services. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Workshop on Network-Application Integration, pp. 20\u201325.","DOI":"10.1145\/3472727.3472800"},{"issue":"2","key":"11389_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2010.5430142","volume":"24","author":"M Fiedler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fiedler, M., Hossfeld, T., & Tran-Gia, P. (2010). A generic quantitative relationship between quality of experience and quality of service. IEEE Network, 24(2), 36\u201341.","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"11389_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reichl, P., Egger, S., Schatz, R., & D\u2019Alconzo, A. (2010). The logarithmic nature of qoe and the role of the weber-fechner law in QoE assessment. In 2010 IEEE international conference on communications (pp. 1\u20135). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2010.5501894"},{"key":"11389_CR38","unstructured":"ITU-T: Methods for subjective determination of transmission quality. (1996). Technical Report ITU-T Rec. P.800, International Telecommunication Union."}],"container-title":["Wireless Personal Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-024-11389-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11277-024-11389-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-024-11389-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T08:32:23Z","timestamp":1723019543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11277-024-11389-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["11389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-024-11389-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-6212","1572-834X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-6212","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-834X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 June 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no Conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}