{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T03:28:35Z","timestamp":1769743715190,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008227","name":"University of South Africa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008227","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wireless Pers Commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSNs) satisfy researchers' requirements for developing real-world solutions that handle unattended challenges. However, the primary constraint of researchers is the privacy of the sensor nodes. It safeguards the sensor nodes and extensions in the HWSNs. Therefore, it is necessary to develop secure operational systems. Multicast scaling with security and time efficiency is described in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks to maximize network performance while also successfully protecting network privacy. This study evaluates the initial security and time efficiency measures, such as execution time, transmission delay, processing delay, congestion level, and trust measure. Subsequently, the optimal location of the heterogeneous nodes is determined using sigmoid-based fuzzy c-means clustering. Finally, successful cluster routing was achieved via support-value-based particle swarm optimization. The experimental results indicate that the proposed strategy surpasses existing strategies in terms of network\u00a0delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, throughput, packet delivery, and node remaining energy level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-024-11696-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T04:07:38Z","timestamp":1739160458000},"page":"699-715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multicast Scaling in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks for Security and Time Efficiency"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"145","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8478-1291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramdas","family":"Vankdothu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohd Abdul","family":"Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Husnah","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Akkala","family":"Subbarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"11696_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramson, S.R. J., & JackulineMoni, D. (2017). Applications of wireless sensor networks\u2014A survey. In 2017 international conference on innovations in electrical, electronics, instrumentation, and media technology (ICEEIMT), pp. 325\u2013329, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIEEIMT.2017.8116858"},{"issue":"2","key":"11696_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3390\/s16020157","volume":"16","author":"K Nellore","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nellore, K., & Hancke, G. P. (2016). A survey on urban traffic management system using wireless sensor networks. Sensors, 16(2), 157.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"8","key":"11696_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2013.04.009","volume":"11","author":"R Kacimi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kacimi, R., Dhaou, R., & Beylot, A.-L. (2013). Load balancing techniques for lifetime maximizing in wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 11(8), 2172\u20132186.","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Networks"},{"key":"11696_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2016.12.046","volume":"385","author":"O Moh'd Alia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moh\u2019d Alia, O. (2017). Dynamic relocation of a mobile base station in wireless sensor networks using a cluster-based harmony search algorithm. Information Sciences, 385, 76\u201395.","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"11696_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.062612.00084","volume":"15","author":"NA Pantazis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pantazis, N. A., Nikolidakis, S. A., & Vergados, D. D. (2012). Energy-efficient routing protocols in wireless sensor networks: A survey. IEEE communications surveys & tutorials, 15(2), 551\u2013591.","journal-title":"IEEE communications surveys & tutorials"},{"issue":"7","key":"11696_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2011.04.007","volume":"12","author":"AA Bara\u2019a","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bara\u2019a, A. A., & Khalil, E. A. (2012). A new evolutionary-based routing protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Applied Soft Computing, 12(7), 1950\u20131957.","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"key":"11696_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abushiba, W., Johnson, P., Alharthi, S., & Wright, C.(2017). An energy-efficient and adaptive clustering for wireless sensor network (CH-leach) using leach protocol. In 2017 13th International Computer Engineering Conference (ICENCO), pp. 50\u201354.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICENCO.2017.8289762"},{"issue":"4","key":"11696_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-018-5649-x","volume":"100","author":"S Dutt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dutt, S., Agrawal, S., & Vig, R. (2018). Cluster-head restricted energy efficient protocol (CREEP) for routing in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 100(4), 1477\u20131497.","journal-title":"Wireless Personal Communications"},{"key":"11696_CR9","first-page":"57","volume":"12","author":"M Aslam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aslam, M., Ullah Munir, E., Mustafa Rafique, M., & Hu, X. (2016). Adaptive energy-efficient clustering path planning routing protocols for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems, 12, 57\u201371.","journal-title":"Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"11696_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-016-1785-9","volume":"73","author":"PG Naranjo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Naranjo, P. G., Vinueza, M. S., Mostafaei, H., Pooranian, Z., & Baccarelli, E. (2017). P-SEP: A prolongs stable election routing algorithm for energy-limited heterogeneous fog-supported wireless sensor networks. The Journal of Supercomputing, 73(2), 733\u2013755.","journal-title":"The Journal of Supercomputing"},{"key":"11696_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alla, S. B., Ezzati, A., Hssane, A. B., & Hasnaoui, M. L. (2011). Hierarchical adaptive balanced energy-efficient routing protocol (HABRP) for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. In 2011 International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, pp. 1\u20136, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMCS.2011.5945618"},{"key":"11696_CR12","first-page":"27","volume":"36","author":"R Sheikhpour","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sheikhpour, R., Jabbehdari, S., & Khadem-Zadeh, A. (2011). Comparison of energy-efficient clustering protocols in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 36, 27\u201340.","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"11696_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-017-2128-1","volume":"74","author":"AS Rostami","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rostami, A. S., Badkoobe, M., Mohanna, F., Hosseinabadi, A. A. R., & Sangaiah, A. K. (2018). Survey on clustering in heterogeneous and homogeneous wireless sensor networks. The Journal of Supercomputing, 74(1), 277\u2013323.","journal-title":"The Journal of Supercomputing"},{"key":"11696_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5673","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2598719","volume":"4","author":"J Yan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yan, J., Zhou, M., & Ding, Z. (2016). Recent advances in energy-efficient routing protocols for wireless sensor networks: A review. IEEE Access, 4, 5673\u20135686.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"11696_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gherbi, C., Aliouat, Z. & Benmohammed, M. (2017). A survey on clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Sensor Review.","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-06-2016-0104"},{"key":"11696_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2014.09.005","volume":"46","author":"MM Afsar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Afsar, M. M., Mohammad, H., & Tayarani, N. (2014). Clustering in sensor networks: A literature survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 46, 198\u2013226.","journal-title":"Journal of Network and Computer Applications"},{"key":"11696_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protcy.2012.05.024","volume":"4","author":"VA Geetha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Geetha, V. A., Kallapur, P. V., & Tellajeera, S. (2012). Clustering in wireless sensor networks: Performance comparison of leach & leach-c protocols using ns2. Procedia Technology, 4, 163\u2013170.","journal-title":"Procedia Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"11696_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030561","volume":"19","author":"A Hamzah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hamzah, A., Shurman, M., Al-Jarrah, O., & Taqieddin, E. (2019). Energy-efficient fuzzy-logic-based clustering technique for hierarchical routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Sensors, 19(3), 561.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"2","key":"11696_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jestch.2015.12.015","volume":"19","author":"V Gupta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gupta, V., & Pandey, R. (2016). An improved energy-aware distributed unequal clustering protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 19(2), 1050\u20131058.","journal-title":"Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal"},{"key":"11696_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhushan, S., Pal, R., & Antoshchuk, S. G. (2018). Energy-efficient clustering protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor network: A hybrid approach using GA and K-means. In 2018 IEEE Second International Conference on Data Stream Mining & Processing (DSMP), pp. 381\u2013385, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/DSMP.2018.8478538"},{"key":"11696_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2018.02.001","volume":"72","author":"C Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, C., Bai, J., Gu, J., Yan, X., & Luo, Y. (2018). Clustering routing based on mixed-integer programming for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 72, 81\u201390.","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Networks"},{"key":"11696_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.06.012","volume":"144","author":"S Maurya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maurya, S., Jain, V. K., & Chowdhury, D. R. (2019). Delay aware energy efficient, reliable routing for data transmission in heterogeneous mobile sink wireless sensor network. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 144, 118\u2013137.","journal-title":"Journal of Network and Computer Applications"},{"key":"11696_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahoo, B. M., Amgoth, T., & Pandey, H. M. (2020). Particle swarm optimization based energy efficient clustering and sink mobility in heterogeneous wireless sensor network. Ad Hoc Networks, 102237.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2020.102237"},{"key":"11696_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2019.105788","volume":"85","author":"S Verma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Verma, S., Sood, N., & Sharma, A. K. (2019). Genetic algorithm-based optimized cluster head selection for single and multiple data sinks in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network. Applied Soft Computing, 85, 105788.","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"key":"11696_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohajer, A., Daliri, M. S., Mirzaei, A., Ziaeddini, A., Nabipour, M. (2023). Heterogeneous computational resource allocation for NOMA: Toward green mobile edge-computing systems. IEEE Transactions on Services Computing,\u00a016(2).","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2022.3186099"},{"key":"11696_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, S., Zhan, J., Hu, W.,\u00a0Mohajer, A.,\u00a0Bavaghar, M.,\u00a0Mirzaei, A. (2023). Energy-efficient hierarchical resource allocation in uplink\u2013downlink decoupled NOMA HetNets. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 20(3).","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2023.3239417"},{"key":"11696_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohajer, A.,\u00a0Sorouri, F., Mirzaei, A., Ziaeddini, A., Jalali Rad, K., Bavaghar, M. (2022). Energy-aware hierarchical resource management and backhaul traffic optimization in heterogeneous cellular networks. IEEE Systems Journal, 16(4).","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2022.3154162"}],"container-title":["Wireless Personal Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-024-11696-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11277-024-11696-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11277-024-11696-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:46:53Z","timestamp":1765356413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11277-024-11696-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-024-11696-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-6212","1572-834X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-6212","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-834X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 December 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declared no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"There is no Informed Consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}