{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T17:32:03Z","timestamp":1778866323618,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World Wide Web"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11280-021-00975-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T21:23:31Z","timestamp":1655760211000},"page":"1005-1029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["MACT: A multi-channel anonymous consensus based on Tor"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7705-0709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingyu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengyu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"975_CR1","unstructured":"Nakamoto, S.: Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Available at: https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/bitcoin.pdf. Accessed 7 2019 (2008)"},{"issue":"04","key":"975_CR2","first-page":"395","volume":"6","author":"L Yizhong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yizhong, L., Jianwei, L., Zongyang, Z., tongge, X., Hui, Y., et al.: Survey of research on blockchain consensus mechanism[J]. J. Cryptogr. 6 (04), 395\u2013432 (2019)","journal-title":"J. Cryptogr."},{"key":"975_CR3","unstructured":"Baird, L.: The swirlds hashgraph consensus algorithm: Fair, fast, Byzantine fault tolerance[R]. Technical Report, Swirlds Tech Reports SWIRLDS-TR-2016-01 (2016)"},{"key":"975_CR4","unstructured":"Popov, S.: The Tangle[R]. https:\/\/assets.ctfassets.net\/r1dr6vzfxhev\/2t4uxvsIqk0EUau6g2sw0g\/45eae33637ca92f85dd9f4a3a218e1ec\/iota1-4-3.pdf (2019)"},{"key":"975_CR5","unstructured":"Churyumov, A.: Byteball: A decentralized system for storage and transfer of value[EB\/OL]. https:\/\/byteball.org\/Byteball.pdf (2016)"},{"key":"975_CR6","unstructured":"Lerner, S.: DagCoin: a cryptocurrency without blocks. White paper (2015)"},{"issue":"99","key":"975_CR7","first-page":"1","volume":"PP","author":"K Gai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gai, K., Guo, J., Zhu, L., Yu, S.: Blockchain meets cloud computing: a survey. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. PP(99), 1 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"issue":"3","key":"975_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1145\/3308897.3308951","volume":"46","author":"M Zander","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zander, M., Waite, T., Harz, D.: DAGsim: simulation of DAG-based distributed ledger protocols. ACM SIGMETRICS PER 46(3), 118\u2013121 (2019)","journal-title":"ACM SIGMETRICS PER"},{"key":"975_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dingledine, R., Mathewson, N., Syverson, P.: Tor: The second-generation onion router. In: USENIX Security Symposium (2004)","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA465464"},{"key":"975_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chauhan, M., Singh, A.K.: Komal: Survey of onion routing approaches: advantages, limitations and future Sco pes. In: Pandian, A., Palanisamy, R., Ntalianis, K. (eds.) Proceeding of the International Conference on Computer Networks, Big Data and IoT (ICCBI - 2019). ICCBI 2019. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-43192-1_76, vol. 49. Springer, Cham (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-43192-1_76"},{"key":"975_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlSabah, M., et al.: DefenestraTor: Throwing out windows in Tor [R]. In: Privacy Enhancing Technologies. Springer, Berlin (2011)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22263-4_8"},{"key":"975_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adams, C.: Kerberos authentication protocol. In: van Tilborg, H.C.A., Jajodia, S. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-5906-5_81. Springer, Boston (2011)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5906-5_81"},{"key":"975_CR13","unstructured":"Cachin, C.: Architecture of the hyperledger blockchain fabric[C]. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Distributed Cryptocurrencies and Consensus Ledgers (DCCL), Chicago (2016)"},{"key":"975_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gai, K., Hu, Z., Zhu, L., Wang, R., Zhang, Z.: Blockchain meets DAG: A BlockDAG consensus mechanism. In: Qiu, M. (ed.) Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing. ICA3PP 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-60248-2_8https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-60248-2_8, vol. 12454. Springer, Cham (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-60248-2_8 10.1007\/978-3-030-60248-2_8"},{"issue":"6","key":"975_CR15","first-page":"1670","volume":"30","author":"CX Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, C.X., Chen, S., Zheng, L.S., Zuo, C., Jiang, B.Y., Liang, G.: RepChain-A permissioned blockchain toolkit implemented by reactive programming. J. Soft. 30(6), 1670\u20131680 (2019)","journal-title":"J. Soft."},{"issue":"02","key":"975_CR16","first-page":"155","volume":"1","author":"M Shang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shang, M., Ma, Y., Lin, J., Jing, J.: SM2 elliptic curve threshold cryptography algorithm [J]. J. Cryptol. Res. 1(02), 155\u2013166 (2014)","journal-title":"J. Cryptol. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"975_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1145\/279227.279229","volume":"16","author":"L Lamport","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lamport, L.: The part-time parliament [J]. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst. (TOCS) 16(2), 133\u2013169 (1998)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst. (TOCS)"},{"key":"975_CR18","unstructured":"Castro, M., Liskov, B.: Practical Byzantine fault tolerance[C]. In: Proceedings of the Third USENIX Sympo sium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), pp 173\u2013186, New Orleans (1999)"},{"key":"975_CR19","unstructured":"Cachin, C.: Architecture of the hyperledger Blockchain fabric[EB\/OL]. https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/f852\/c5f3fe649f8a17ded391df0796677a59927f.pdf (2016)"},{"key":"975_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Androulaki, E., Barger, A., Bortnikov, V., et al.: Hyperledger fabric: A distributed operating system for permissioned Blockchains[C]. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth EuroSys Conference (EuroSys 2018), pp 30:1\u201330:15. ACM (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3190508.3190538"},{"key":"975_CR21","unstructured":"Hanke, T., Movahedi, M., Williams, D.: DFINITY technology overview series consensus system[sEB\/OL]. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1805.04548.pdf (2018)"},{"key":"975_CR22","unstructured":"DPOS Consensus Algorithm-The Missing White Paper. 2017. https:\/\/steemit.com\/dpos\/@dantheman\/dpos-consensus-algorithm-this-missing-white-paper"},{"key":"975_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pass, R., Shi, E.: Thunderella: Blockchains with optimistic instant confirmation[C]. In: Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT 2018, Part II, pp 3\u201333. Springer, Cham (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78375-8_1"},{"key":"975_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luu, L., Narayanan, V., Zheng, C., et al.: A secure sharding protocol for open Blockchains[C]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pp 17\u201330. ACM (2016)","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978389"},{"key":"975_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokoris-kogias, E., Jovanovic, P., Gasser, L., et al.: OmniLedger: A secure, scale-out, decentralized ledger via sharding[C]. In: Proceedings of 2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP 2018), pp 583\u2013598. IEEE (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2018.000-5"},{"key":"975_CR26","unstructured":"IOTA: http:\/\/iotatoken.com\/IOTA_Whitepaper.pdf (2020)"},{"key":"975_CR27","unstructured":"Hamida, B, Brousmiche, K L, Levard, H, Thea, E: Blockchain for Enterprise: Overview, Opportunities and Challenges. The Thirteenth International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications (ICWMC 2017), Jul 2017, Nice, France. <hal-01591859>(2017)"},{"key":"975_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habul, A., Pilav-Veli\u0107, A., Teftedarija, M.: The effects of public key infrastructure (pki) implementation on process improvements in public authorities: An empirical study of the pki implementation in tax administration of the federation of bosnia and herzegovina. In: Bilgin, M., Danis, H., Demir, E., Can, U. (eds.) Financial Environment and Business Development, pp 299\u2013314. Springer, Cham (2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39919-5_23"},{"key":"975_CR29","unstructured":"Xingyu, L., Ziyu, Z., Pengyu, C., Jin, L.: ACT: aonymous consensus based on Tor. In: The Sixth International Conference on Data Mining and Big Data (2021)"}],"container-title":["World Wide Web"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11280-021-00975-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11280-021-00975-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11280-021-00975-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T08:35:28Z","timestamp":1681720528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11280-021-00975-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["975"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11280-021-00975-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-145X","1573-1413"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-145X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-1413","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 October 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Conflict of Interests"}}]}}