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This proliferation of versions questions the trust of social media images. We propose a novel framework to find modified versions of social media images using only their metadata. We consider several aspects to determine if an image is a modified version of another image. These aspects include <jats:italic>topic<\/jats:italic> of an image, <jats:italic>spatio-temporal<\/jats:italic> information, and <jats:italic>semantic<\/jats:italic> similarity. We first do topic modeling to find images linked to the same context. Secondly, we perform spatio-temporal clustering to group spatio-temporally close images. Finally, we perform hierarchical clustering to form more precise clusters of versions. Notably, the proposed framework also considers modifications introduced in an image\u2019s metadata while determining versions of the image. Modifications in social media images pose a significant challenge to correctly cluster versions together as a version may exhibit significant deviations from its original image. We address this issue by exploring inconsistencies in the image metadata. These inconsistencies are reflective of the changes in an image. We validate our model on a fact-checked <jats:italic>image verification corpus<\/jats:italic> and the Multimodal C4 dataset. We achieve around 95% accuracy, validating the effectiveness of the proposed approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11280-025-01335-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T08:04:03Z","timestamp":1744704243000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Determining modified versions of social media images"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Qijun","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Umair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athman","family":"Bouguettaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amani","family":"Abusafia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1335_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1007\/s11280-014-0291-3","volume":"18","author":"S Unankard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Unankard, S., Li, X., Sharaf, M.A.: Emerging event detection in social networks with location sensitivity. 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