{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T15:08:48Z","timestamp":1774883328334,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001794","name":"The University of Queensland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World Wide Web"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11280-026-01407-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T02:52:46Z","timestamp":1772592766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["LEXA: Legal case retrieval via graph contrastive learning with contextualised LLM embeddings"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Yanran","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ruihong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yilun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1407_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Qiu, R., Liu, Y., Li, X., Huang, Z.: Casegnn: Graph neural networks for legal case retrieval with text-attributed graphs. In: ECIR (2024)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-56060-6_6"},{"key":"1407_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robertson, S.E., Walker, S.: Some simple effective approximations to the 2-poisson model for probabilistic weighted retrieval. In: SIGIR (1994)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-2099-5_24"},{"issue":"5","key":"1407_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1108\/00220410410560573","volume":"60","author":"KS Jones","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jones, K.S.: A statistical interpretation of term specificity and its application in retrieval. J. Documentation 60(5), 493\u2013502 (2004)","journal-title":"J. Documentation"},{"key":"1407_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponte, J.M., Croft, W.B.: A language modeling approach to information retrieval. SIGIR (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3130348.3130368"},{"issue":"2","key":"1407_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10506-018-9238-9","volume":"27","author":"I Chalkidis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chalkidis, I., Kampas, D.: Deep learning in law: early adaptation and legal word embeddings trained on large corpora. Artif. Intell. Law 27(2), 171\u2013198 (2019)","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Law"},{"key":"1407_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aiopen.2021.06.003","volume":"2","author":"C Xiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiao, C., Hu, X., Liu, Z., Tu, C., Sun, M.: Lawformer: A pre-trained language model for chinese legal long documents. AI Open 2, 79\u201384 (2021)","journal-title":"AI Open"},{"key":"1407_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abolghasemi, A., Verberne, S., Azzopardi, L.: Improving bert-based query-by-document retrieval with multi-task optimization. In: ECIR (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-99739-7_1"},{"key":"1407_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z.: Legal element-oriented modeling with multi-view contrastive learning for legal case retrieval. In: IJCNN (2022)","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN55064.2022.9892487"},{"key":"1407_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, Y., Mao, J., Liu, Y., Ma, W., Satoh, K., Zhang, M., Ma, S.: BERT-PLI: modeling paragraph-level interactions for legal case retrieval. In: IJCAI (2020)","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2020\/484"},{"key":"1407_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalkidis, I., Fergadiotis, M., Malakasiotis, P., Aletras, N., Androutsopoulos, I.: LEGAL-BERT: the muppets straight out of law school. CoRR arxiv:2010.02559 (2020)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.261"},{"key":"1407_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Ai, Q., Chen, J., Dong, Q., Wu, Y., Liu, Y., Chen, C., Tian, Q.: SAILER: structure-aware pre-trained language model for legal case retrieval. CoRR arxiv:2304.11370 (2023)","DOI":"10.1145\/3539618.3591761"},{"key":"1407_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Ai, Q., Wu, Y., Shao, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, M., Ma, S.: Incorporating retrieval information into the truncation of ranking lists for better legal search. In: SIGIR (2022)","DOI":"10.1145\/3477495.3531998"},{"key":"1407_CR13","unstructured":"Althammer, S., Askari, A., Verberne, S., Hanbury, A.: Dossier@coliee 2021: Leveraging dense retrieval and summarization-based re-ranking for case law retrieval. CoRR arxiv:2108.03937 (2021)"},{"key":"1407_CR14","unstructured":"Askari, A., Verberne, S., Abolghasemi, A., Kraaij, W., Pasi, G.: Retrieval for extremely long queries and documents with RPRS: a highly efficient and effective transformer-based re-ranker. CoRR arxiv:2303.01200 (2023)"},{"key":"1407_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vuong, T., Nguyen, H., Nguyen, T., Nguyen, H., Nguyen, T., Nguyen, H.: NOWJ at COLIEE 2023 - multi-task and ensemble approaches in legal information processing. CoRR arxiv:2306.04903 (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/s12626-024-00157-3"},{"key":"1407_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Hu, Y., Wu, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, F., Li, C., Zhang, M., Ma, S., Shen, W.: Investigating conversational agent action in legal case retrieval. In: ECIR (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-28244-7_39"},{"key":"1407_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabelo, J., Kim, M., Goebel, R.: Semantic-based classification of relevant case law. In: JURISIN (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-29168-5_6"},{"issue":"4","key":"1407_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1145\/3580489","volume":"41","author":"H Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Dou, Z., Zhu, Y., Wen, J.-R.: Contrastive learning for legal judgment prediction. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 41(4), 25 (2023)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"1407_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, W., Sun, Z., Xu, J., Dong, Z., Chen, X., Xu, H., Wen, J.: Explainable legal case matching via inverse optimal transport-based rationale extraction. In: SIGIR (2022)","DOI":"10.1145\/3477495.3531974"},{"key":"1407_CR20","unstructured":"Goebel, R., Kano, Y., Kim, M.-Y., Loro, M.N., Minh, N.L., Rabelo, J., Rossi, J., Satoh, K., Savelka, J., Shao, Y., Shimazu, A., Tojo, S., Tran, V., Valvoda, J., Westermann, H., Yamada, H., Yoshioka, M., Wehnert, S.: Competition on legal information extraction\/entailment (COLIEE). (2022)"},{"key":"1407_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goebel, R., Kano, Y., Kim, M.-Y., Loro, M.N., Minh, N.L., Rabelo, J., Rossi, J., Satoh, K., Savelka, J., Shao, Y., Shimazu, A., Tojo, S., Tran, V., Valvoda, J., Westermann, H., Yamada, H., Yoshioka, M., Wehnert, S.: Competition on legal information extraction\/entailment (COLIEE). (2023)","DOI":"10.1145\/3594536.3595176"},{"key":"1407_CR22","unstructured":"Dai, Z., Callan, J.: Context-aware sentence\/passage term importance estimation for first stage retrieval. CoRR arxiv:1910.10687 (2019)"},{"key":"1407_CR23","unstructured":"Devlin, J., Chang, M., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: NAACL-HLT (2019)"},{"key":"1407_CR24","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du, J., Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: Roberta: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach. CoRR arxiv:1907.11692 (2019)"},{"key":"1407_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nogueira, R., Jiang, Z., Pradeep, R., Lin, J.: Document ranking with a pretrained sequence-to-sequence model. In: EMNLP (2020)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.63"},{"key":"1407_CR26","unstructured":"Sun, Z., Xu, J., Zhang, X., Dong, Z., Wen, J.: Law article-enhanced legal case matching: a model-agnostic causal learning approach. CoRR arxiv:2210.11012 (2022)"},{"key":"1407_CR27","unstructured":"Askari, A., Verberne, S.: Combining lexical and neural retrieval with longformer-based summarization for effective case law retrieval. In: DESIRES. CEUR (2021)"},{"key":"1407_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Askari, A., Abolghasemi, A., Pasi, G., Kraaij, W., Verberne, S.: Injecting the BM25 score as text improves bert-based re-rankers. In: ECIR (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-28244-7_5"},{"key":"1407_CR29","unstructured":"Askari, A., Peikos, G., Pasi, G., Verberne, S.: Leibi@coliee 2022: Aggregating tuned lexical models with a cluster-driven bert-based model for case law retrieval. CoRR arxiv:2205.13351 (2022)"},{"key":"1407_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, F., Xiao, C., Wang, X., Liu, Z., Hou, L., Tu, C., Li, J., Liu, Y., Shen, W., Sun, M.: LEVEN: A large-scale chinese legal event detection dataset. In: ACL (2022)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.findings-acl.17"},{"key":"1407_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, V.D., Nguyen, M.L., Satoh, K.: Building legal case retrieval systems with lexical matching and summarization using A pre-trained phrase scoring model. In: ICAIL (2019)","DOI":"10.1145\/3322640.3326740"},{"key":"1407_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, H., Wang, Y., Tu, C., Zhang, T., Liu, Z., Sun, M.: Iteratively questioning and answering for interpretable legal judgment prediction. In: AAAI (2020)","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i01.5479"},{"key":"1407_CR33","volume-title":"Query generation and buffer mechanism: Towards a better conversational agent for legal case retrieval","author":"B Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, B., Wu, Y., Zhang, F., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Li, C., Zhang, M., Ma, S.: Query generation and buffer mechanism: Towards a better conversational agent for legal case retrieval. Inf. Process, Manag (2022)"},{"key":"1407_CR34","unstructured":"Mikolov, T., Sutskever, I., Chen, K., Corrado, G.S., Dean, J.: Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. In: NeurIPS (2013)"},{"key":"1407_CR35","unstructured":"Beltagy, I., Peters, M.E., Cohan, A.: Longformer: The long-document transformer. CoRR arxiv:2004.05150 (2020)"},{"key":"1407_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Qiu, R., Li, X.: Prompt-based effective input reformulation for legal case retrieval. CoRR arxiv:2309.02962 (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-47843-7_7"},{"key":"1407_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Qiu, R., Yin, H., Li, X., Huang, Z.: Caselink: Inductive graph learning for legal case retrieval. CoRR arxiv:2403.17780 (2024)","DOI":"10.1145\/3626772.3657693"},{"key":"1407_CR38","unstructured":"Gutmann, M., Hyv\u00e4rinen, A.: Noise-contrastive estimation: A new estimation principle for unnormalized statistical models. In: AISTATS, pp. 297\u2013304 (2010)"},{"key":"1407_CR39","unstructured":"Mnih, A., Teh, Y.W.: A fast and simple algorithm for training neural probabilistic language models. In: ICML (2012)"},{"key":"1407_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K., Fan, H., Wu, Y., Xie, S., Girshick, R.B.: Momentum contrast for unsupervised visual representation learning. In: CVPR, pp. 9726\u20139735 (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00975"},{"key":"1407_CR41","unstructured":"Chen, T., Kornblith, S., Norouzi, M., Hinton, G.E.: A simple framework for contrastive learning of visual representations. In: ICML, pp. 1597\u20131607 (2020)"},{"key":"1407_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, T., Yao, X., Chen, D.: Simcse: Simple contrastive learning of sentence embeddings. In: Moens, M., Huang, X., Specia, L., Yih, S.W. (eds.) EMNLP, pp. 6894\u20136910 (2021)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.552"},{"key":"1407_CR43","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Wang, S., Gu, J., Khabsa, M., Sun, F., Ma, H.: CLEAR: contrastive learning for sentence representation. CoRR arxiv:2012.15466 (2020)"},{"key":"1407_CR44","unstructured":"Meng, Y., Xiong, C., Bajaj, P., Tiwary, S., Bennett, P., Han, J., Song, X.: COCO-LM: correcting and contrasting text sequences for language model pretraining. In: NeurIPS, pp. 23102\u201323114 (2021)"},{"key":"1407_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Dou, Z., Zhu, Y., Wen, J.: PSSL: self-supervised learning for personalized search with contrastive sampling. In: CIKM, pp. 2749\u20132758 (2021)","DOI":"10.1145\/3459637.3482379"},{"key":"1407_CR46","unstructured":"Xiong, L., Xiong, C., Li, Y., Tang, K., Liu, J., Bennett, P.N., Ahmed, J., Overwijk, A.: Approximate nearest neighbor negative contrastive learning for dense text retrieval. In: ICLR (2021)"},{"key":"1407_CR47","unstructured":"Rong, Y., Huang, W., Xu, T., Huang, J.: Dropedge: Towards deep graph convolutional networks on node classification. In: ICLR (2020)"},{"key":"1407_CR48","unstructured":"Feng, W., Zhang, J., Dong, Y., Han, Y., Luan, H., Xu, Q., Yang, Q., Kharlamov, E., Tang, J.: Graph random neural networks for semi-supervised learning on graphs. In: NeurIPS (2020)"},{"key":"1407_CR49","unstructured":"You, Y., Chen, T., Sui, Y., Chen, T., Wang, Z., Shen, Y.: Graph contrastive learning with augmentations. In: NeurIPS (2020)"},{"key":"1407_CR50","unstructured":"Thakoor, S., Tallec, C., Azar, M.G., Azabou, M., Dyer, E.L., Munos, R., Velickovic, P., Valko, M.: Large-scale representation learning on graphs via bootstrapping. In: ICLR (2022)"},{"key":"1407_CR51","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wang, W., Liang, Y., Cai, Y., Hooi, B.: Graphcrop: Subgraph cropping for graph classification. CoRR arxiv:2009.10564 (2020)"},{"key":"1407_CR52","unstructured":"Yeswanth, P., Krishna, N., Lavanya, P., Sriya, P., Kallam, Y.R.: Modified Cross Encoder for Two-Stage Passage Ranking, (2026)"},{"key":"1407_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3380967","volume-title":"Improving code-mixed POS tagging using code-mixed embeddings","author":"SN Bhattu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhattu, S.N., Nunna, S.K., Somayajulu, D.V.L.N., Pradhan, B.: Improving code-mixed POS tagging using code-mixed embeddings. ACM Trans. Asian Low Resour. Lang. Inf, Process (2020)"},{"key":"1407_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panchumarthi, L.Y., Nunna, S.K., Parchuri, L., Padmanabuni, S., Kallam, Y.R.: Improving information retrieval task with asymmetric divergence from randomness in query expansion. In: ICT for Intelligent systems (2026)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-96-8898-2_3"},{"key":"1407_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chitla, V.S., Kalluri, H.K., Nunna, S.K.: Performance evaluation of diverse graph-based models on homogeneous datasets. J. Supercomput. (2025)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-025-07826-2"},{"key":"1407_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, K., Lu, H., Yao, Y., Fang, B., Liu, Y., Tian, Z.: Enhancing container security through phase-based system call filtering. IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput. (2025)","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2025.3583414"},{"key":"1407_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, C., Zeng, Y., Lu, H., Liu, Y., Tian, Z.: An efficient incentive mechanism for federated learning in vehicular networks. IEEE Netw. (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2023.3329366"},{"key":"1407_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, S., Yue, T., You, Y., Lv, Z., Tang, X., Hu, J., Yin, H.: A resilience recovery method for complex traffic network security based on trend forecasting. Int. J. Intell. Syst. (2025)","DOI":"10.1155\/int\/3715086"},{"key":"1407_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, Y., Shi, W., Zhang, W., Lu, H., Tian, Z.: Do not trust the clouds easily: The insecurity of content security policy based on object storage. IEEE Internet Things J. (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3238658"},{"key":"1407_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H., Jin, C., Helu, X., Zhu, C., Guizani, N., Tian, Z.: Autod: Intelligent blockchain application unpacking based on JNI layer deception call. IEEE Netw. (2021)","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000467"},{"key":"1407_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H., Jin, C., Helu, X., Du, X., Guizani, M., Tian, Z.: Deepautod: Research on distributed machine learning oriented scalable mobile communication security unpacking system. IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng. (2022)","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2021.3100750"},{"issue":"6","key":"1407_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3414113","volume":"38","author":"Y Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan, Y., Huang, W., You, Y., Su, S., Lu, H.: Recognizing BGP communities based on graph neural network. IEEE Netw. 38(6), 282\u2013288 (2024)","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"1407_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Z., Hu, W., Zhang, C., Lu, H., Yin, L., Wang, L.: Gradient shielding: Towards understanding vulnerability of deep neural networks. IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng. (2021)","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2020.2996738"},{"key":"1407_CR64","unstructured":"Enevoldsen, K., Chung, I., Kerboua, I., Kardos, M., Mathur, A., Stap, D., Gala, J., Siblini, W., Krzemi\u0144ski, D., Winata, G.I., Sturua, S., Utpala, S., Ciancone, M., Schaeffer, M., Sequeira, G., Misra, D., Dhakal, S., Rystr\u00f8m, J., Solomatin, R., \u00c7a\u011fatan, Kundu, A., Bernstorff, M., Xiao, S., Sukhlecha, A., Pahwa, B., Po\u015bwiata, R., GV, K.K., Ashraf, S., Auras, D., Pl\u00fcster, B., Harries, J.P., Magne, L., Mohr, I., Hendriksen, M., Zhu, D., Gisserot-Boukhlef, H., Aarsen, T., Kostkan, J., Wojtasik, K., Lee, T., \u0160uppa, M., Zhang, C., Rocca, R., Hamdy, M., Michail, A., Yang, J., Faysse, M., Vatolin, A., Thakur, N., Dey, M., Vasani, D., Chitale, P., Tedeschi, S., Tai, N., Snegirev, A., G\u00fcnther, M., Xia, M., Shi, W., L\u00f9, X.H., Clive, J., Krishnakumar, G., Maksimova, A., Wehrli, S., Tikhonova, M., Panchal, H., Abramov, A., Ostendorff, M., Liu, Z., Clematide, S., Miranda, L.J., Fenogenova, A., Song, G., Safi, R.B., Li, W.-D., Borghini, A., Cassano, F., Su, H., Lin, J., Yen, H., Hansen, L., Hooker, S., Xiao, C., Adlakha, V., Weller, O., Reddy, S., Muennighoff, N.: Mmteb: Massive multilingual text embedding benchmark. CoRR arxiv:2502.13595 (2025)"},{"key":"1407_CR65","unstructured":"Wang, L., Yang, N., Huang, X., Jiao, B., Yang, L., Jiang, D., Majumder, R., Wei, F.: Text embeddings by weakly-supervised contrastive pre-training. CoRR arxiv:2212.03533 (2022)"},{"key":"1407_CR66","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Li, M., Long, D., Zhang, X., Lin, H., Yang, B., Xie, P., Yang, A., Liu, D., Lin, J., Huang, F., Zhou, J.: Qwen3 embedding: Advancing text embedding and reranking through foundation models. CoRR arxiv:2506.05176 (2025)"},{"key":"1407_CR67","unstructured":"Radford, A., Kim, J.W., Hallacy, C., Ramesh, A., Goh, G., Agarwal, S., Sastry, G., Askell, A., Mishkin, P., Clark, J., Krueger, G., Sutskever, I.: Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision. In: ICML (2021)"},{"key":"1407_CR68","unstructured":"Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, L., Gomez, A.N., Kaiser, L., Polosukhin, I.: Attention is all you need. In: NeurIPS, pp. 5998\u20136008 (2017)"},{"key":"1407_CR69","unstructured":"Xu, K., Hu, W., Leskovec, J., Jegelka, S.: How powerful are graph neural networks? In: ICLR (2019)"},{"key":"1407_CR70","unstructured":"Raffel, C., Shazeer, N., Roberts, A., Lee, K., Narang, S., Matena, M., Zhou, Y., Li, W., Liu, P.J.: Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer. J. Mach. Learn. Res. (2020)"},{"key":"1407_CR71","unstructured":"Yang, J., Wan, J., Yao, Y., Chu, W., Xu, Y., Qi, Y.: inf-retriever-v1 (Revision 5f469d7). Hugging Face (2025). https:\/\/huggingface.co\/infly\/inf-retriever-v1"},{"key":"1407_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Shao, Y., Wu, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, R., Zhang, M., Ma, S.: Lecard: A legal case retrieval dataset for chinese law system. In: SIGIR (2021)","DOI":"10.1145\/3404835.3463250"},{"key":"1407_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angeli, G., Premkumar, M.J.J., Manning, C.D.: Leveraging linguistic structure for open domain information extraction. In: ACL (2015)","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1034"},{"key":"1407_CR74","unstructured":"Srivastava, N., Hinton, G.E., Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Salakhutdinov, R.: Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting. J. Mach. Learn. Res. (2014)"},{"key":"1407_CR75","unstructured":"Kingma, D.P., Ba, J.: Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. In: ICLR (2015)"},{"key":"1407_CR76","unstructured":"Kipf, T.N., Welling, M.: Semi-supervised classification with graph convolutional networks. In: ICLR (2017)"},{"key":"1407_CR77","unstructured":"Velickovic, P., Cucurull, G., Casanova, A., Romero, A., Li\u00f2, P., Bengio, Y.: Graph attention networks. In: ICLR (2018)"}],"container-title":["World Wide Web"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11280-026-01407-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11280-026-01407-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11280-026-01407-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T14:37:30Z","timestamp":1774881450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11280-026-01407-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11280-026-01407-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-145X","1573-1413"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-145X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-1413","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20"}}