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One example is Lisp\u2019s macro system, which gives rise to powerful transformations of programs and allows easy implementation of domain-specific languages. Formal specifications, however, usually do not rely on such mechanisms and are mostly written by hand in a textual format (or using specialised domain-specific language (DSL) tools). In this paper, we investigate the opportunities that stem from considering <jats:italic>specifications<\/jats:italic> as data. For this, we embedded the B specification language in Clojure, a modern Lisp. We use Clojure as a functional meta-programming language and the <jats:sc>ProB<\/jats:sc> Java API to capture the semantics of B, i.e., to find solutions for constraints or animate machines. From our experience, it is especially useful for tool development and generation of constraints and machines from external data sources. It can also be used to implement language extensions and to design DSLs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11334-025-00596-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T04:14:18Z","timestamp":1742012058000},"page":"939-959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A case for data-oriented specifications: simpler implementation of B tools and DSLs"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7256-9560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"K\u00f6rner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Mager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Ro\u00dfbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"596_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abo R, Voisin L (2014) Formal implementation of data validation for railway safety-related systems with OVADO. 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