{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T01:08:29Z","timestamp":1755997709497,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Comput. Sci. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-017-1792-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]],"date-time":"2017-12-06T08:50:30Z","timestamp":1512550230000},"page":"1172-1185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Non-Frontal Facial Expression Recognition Using a Depth-Patch Based Deep Neural Network"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Nai-Ming","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Qing-Pei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hong-An","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1792_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valstar M F, Pantic M, Patras I. Motion history for facial action detection in video. In Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, October 2004, pp.635-640.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.2004.1398371"},{"key":"1792_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng Z H, Pantic M, Roisman G I, Huang T S. A survey of affect recognition methods: Audio, visual, and spontaneous expressions. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2009, 31(1): 39-58.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.52"},{"issue":"10","key":"1792_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.06.005","volume":"30","author":"G Sandbach","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sandbach G, Zafeiriou S, Pantic M, Yin L J. Static and dynamic 3D facial expression recognition: A comprehensive survey. Image Vision Computing, 2012, 30(10): 683-697.","journal-title":"Image Vision Computing"},{"issue":"2","key":"1792_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.06.016","volume":"31","author":"H Gunes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gunes H, Schuller B W. Categorical and dimensional affect analysis in continuous input: Current trends and future directions. Image Vision Computing, 2013, 31(2): 120-136.","journal-title":"Image Vision Computing"},{"key":"1792_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valstar M F, Gunes H, Pantic M. How to distinguish posed from spontaneous smiles using geometric features. In Proc. the 9th Int. Conf. Multimodal Interfaces, November 2007, pp.38-45.","DOI":"10.1145\/1322192.1322202"},{"key":"1792_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd El Meguid M K, Levine M D. Fully automated recognition of spontaneous facial expressions in videos using random forest classifiers. IEEE Trans. Affective Computing, 2014, 5(2): 141-154.","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2014.2317711"},{"key":"1792_CR7","unstructured":"Chen H, Li J D, Zhang F J, Li Y, Wang H A. 3D modelbased continuous emotion recognition. In Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, June 2015, pp.1836-1845."},{"key":"1792_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu X Y, Lei Z, Yan J J, Yi D, Li S Z. High-fidelity pose and expression normalization for face recognition in the wild. In Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, June 2015, pp.787-796.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298679"},{"key":"1792_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fanelli G, Weise T, Gall J, van Gool L J. Real time head pose estimation from consumer depth cameras. In Proc. the 33rd DAGM Symp. Pattern Recognition, Aug. 31-Sept. 2, 2011, pp.101-110.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23123-0_11"},{"issue":"3","key":"1792_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-012-0549-0","volume":"101","author":"G Fanelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fanelli G, Dantone M, Gall J, Fossati A, van Gool L J. Random forests for real time 3D face analysis. International Journal of Computer Vision, 2013, 101(3): 437-458.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"issue":"12","key":"1792_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2014.2308091","volume":"44","author":"BB Amor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amor B B, Drira H, Berretti S, Daoudi M, Srivastava A. 4-D facial expression recognition by learning geometric deformations. IEEE Trans. Cybernetics, 2014, 44(12): 2443-2457.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybernetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1792_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","volume":"60","author":"DG Lowe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lowe D G. Distincitive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. International Journal of Computer Vision, 2004, 60(2): 91-110.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"1792_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojala T, Pietik\u00e4inen M, M\u00e4enp\u00e4\u00e4 T. Gray scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns. In Proc. the 6th European Conf. Computer Vision, Jun. 26-Jul. 1, 2000, pp.404-420.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45054-8_27"},{"key":"1792_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalal N, Triggs B. Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. In Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, June 2005, pp.886-893.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.177"},{"key":"1792_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagaraju C, Sharadamani D, Maheswari C, Vardhan D V. Evaluation of LBP-based facial emotions recognition techniques to make consistent decisions. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 2015, 29(6).","DOI":"10.1142\/S021800141556008X"},{"key":"1792_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin L J, Chen X C, Sun Y, Worm T, Reale M. A high-resolution 3D dynamic facial expression database. In Proc. the 8th IEEE Int. Conf. Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, September 2008.","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2008.4813324"},{"issue":"1","key":"1792_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2014.2304712","volume":"5","author":"WM Zheng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zheng W M. Multi-view facial expression recognition based on group sparse reduced-rank regression. IEEE Trans. Affective Computing, 2014, 5(1): 71-85.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affective Computing"},{"key":"1792_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross R, Matthews I A, Cohn J F, Kanade T, Baker S. Multi-PIE. Image Vision Computing, 2010, 28(5): 807-813.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2009.08.002"},{"key":"1792_CR19","unstructured":"Yin L,Wei X Z, Sun Y,Wang J, Rosato M J. A 3D facial expression database for facial behavior research. In Proc. the 7th IEEE Int. Conf. Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, April 2006, pp.211-216."},{"key":"1792_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu Y X, Zeng Z H, Yin L J, Wei X Z, Zhou X, Huang T S. Multi-view facial expression recognition. In Proc. the 8th IEEE Int. Conf. Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, September 2008.","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2008.4813445"},{"issue":"3","key":"1792_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.249","volume":"20","author":"C Cao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cao C, Weng Y L, Zhou S, Tong Y Y, Zhou K. Face-Warehouse: A 3D facial expression database for visual computing. IEEE Trans. Visualization and Computer Graphics, 2014, 20(3): 413-425.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"1792_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paysan P, Knothe R, Amberg B, Romdhani S, Vetter T. A 3D face model for pose and illumination invariant face recognition. In Proc. the 6th IEEE Int. Conf. Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance, September 2009, pp.296-301.","DOI":"10.1109\/AVSS.2009.58"},{"key":"1792_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieriu R, Tulyakov S, Semeniuta S, Sangineto E, Sebe N. Facial expression recognition under a wide range of head poses. In Proc. the 11th IEEE Int. Conf. and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, May 2015.","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2015.7163098"},{"key":"1792_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu T F, Bartlett M S, Movellan J R. Facial expression recognition using gabor motion energy filters. In Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, June 2010, pp.42-47.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2010.5543267"},{"key":"1792_CR25","unstructured":"Jung H, Lee S, Park S, Lee I, Ahn C, Kim J. Deep temporal appearance-geometry network for facial expression recognition. arXiv: 1503.01532, 2015. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1503.01532 , May 2017."},{"key":"1792_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerrero P, Pavez M, Ch\u00e1vez D, Ochoa S F. Landmark-based histograms of oriented gradients for facial emotion recognition. In Proc. the 7th Int. Work-Conference on Ambient Assisted Living, December 2015, pp.288-299.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26410-3_27"},{"key":"1792_CR27","unstructured":"Yim J, Jung H, Yoo B, Choi C, Park D, Kim J. Rotating your face using multi-task deep neural network. In Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, June 2015, pp.676-684."},{"key":"1792_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu P, Han S Z, Meng Z B, Tong Y. Facial expression recognition via a boosted deep belief network. In Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, June 2014, pp.1805-1812.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.233"},{"key":"1792_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucey P, Cohn J F, Kanade T, Saragih J M, Ambadar Z, Matthews I A. The extended Cohn-Kanade dataset (CK+): A complete dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression. In Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, June 2010, pp.94-101.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2010.5543262"},{"key":"1792_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reale M, Zhang X, Yin L J. Nebula feature: A space-time feature for posed and spontaneous 4D facial behavior analysis. In Proc. the 10th IEEE Int. Conf. and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, April 2013.","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2013.6553746"},{"issue":"2","key":"1792_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-008-0152-6","volume":"81","author":"V Lepetit","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lepetit V, Moreno-Noguer F, Fua P. EPnP: An accurate O(n) solution to the PnP problem. International Journal of Computer Vision, 2009, 81(2): 155-166.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"1792_CR32","unstructured":"Ekman P, Friesen W V, Hager J C. Facial Action Coding System. Salt Lake City, Utah: A Human Face, 2002."},{"issue":"5552","key":"1792_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1126\/science.295.5552.7a","volume":"295","author":"M Balasubramanian","year":"2002","unstructured":"Balasubramanian M, Schwartz E L. The isomap algorithm and topological stability. Science, 2002, 295(5552): 7.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1792_CR34","unstructured":"Srivastava R K, Greff K, Schmidhuber J. Training very deep networks. In Proc. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2015, pp.2377-2385."},{"key":"1792_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szegedy C, Vanhoucke V, Ioffe S, Shlens J, Wojna Z. Rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision. In Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, June 2016, pp.2818-2826.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.308"},{"key":"1792_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He K M, Zhang X Y, Ren S Q, Sun J. Deep residual learning for image recognition. In Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, June 2016, pp.770-778.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"1792_CR37","unstructured":"Larsson G, Maire M, Shakhnarovich G. FractalNet: Ultra-deep neural networks without residuals. In Proc. the 5th Int. Conf. Learning Representations, April 2017."},{"key":"1792_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de la Torre F, Chu W S, Xiong X H, Vicente F, Ding X Y, Cohn J F. Intraface. In Proc. the 11th IEEE Int. Conf. and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, May 2015.","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2015.7163082"},{"key":"1792_CR39","unstructured":"Glorot X, Bengio Y. Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks. In Proc. the 13th Int. Conf. Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, May 2010, pp.249-256."},{"key":"1792_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie L X, Wang J D, Wei Z, Wang M, Tian Q. DisturbLabel: Regularizing CNN on the loss layer. In Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, June 2016, pp.4753-4762.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.514"},{"key":"1792_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeni L A, Tak\u00e1cs D, L\u00f6rincz A. High quality facial expression recognition in video streams using shape related information only. In Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Computer Vision Workshops, November 2011, pp.2168-2174.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2011.6130516"},{"key":"1792_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang T H, Zhao X, Shah S K, Kakadiaris I A. 4D facial expression recognition. In Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Computer Vision Workshops, November 2011, pp.1594-1601.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2011.6130440"},{"key":"1792_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudovic O, Pavlovic V, Pantic M. Multi-output Laplacian dynamic ordinal regression for facial expression recognition and intensity estimation. In Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, June 2012, pp.2634-2641.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2012.6247983"},{"issue":"12","key":"1792_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-013-0869-2","volume":"29","author":"S Berretti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berretti S, Bimbo A D, Pala P. Automatic facial expression recognition in real-time from dynamic sequences of 3D face scans. The Visual Computer, 2013, 29(12): 1333-1350.","journal-title":"The Visual Computer"},{"issue":"2605","key":"1792_CR45","first-page":"2579","volume":"9","author":"L Maaten van der","year":"2008","unstructured":"van der Maaten L, Hinton G. Visualizing data using t-SNE. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 2008, 9(2605): 2579-2605.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"1792_CR46","unstructured":"Simonyan K, Zisserman A. Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. In Proc. the 3rd Int. Conf. Learning Representations, May 2015."},{"key":"1792_CR47","unstructured":"Urban G, Geras K J, Kahou S E, Aslan O, Wang S J, Caruana R, Mohamed A, Philipose M, Richardson M. Do deep convolutional nets really need to be deep and convolutional? In Proc. the 5th Int. Conf. Learning Representations, April 2017."},{"key":"1792_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou Z H, Zhao G Y, Pietik\u00e4inen M. Towards a practical lipreading system. In Proc. the 24th IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, June 2011, pp.137-144.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995345"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computer Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11390-017-1792-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]],"date-time":"2025-06-28T05:28:23Z","timestamp":1751088503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11390-017-1792-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11390-017-1792-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1000-9000","1860-4749"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1000-9000"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1860-4749"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}}}