{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T07:55:37Z","timestamp":1777103737347,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Comput. Sci. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-025-5923-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T07:14:09Z","timestamp":1775805249000},"page":"83-102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PPIMCE: In-Memory Computing Fabric for Privacy Preserving Computing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Haoran","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianqiao","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dayane","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Takeshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taeho","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Reagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Niemier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaobo Sharon","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"5923_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1145\/3466752.3480070","volume-title":"Proc. the 54th Annual IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","author":"N Samardzic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Samardzic N, Feldmann A, Krastev A, Devadas S, Dreslinski R, Peikert C, Sanchez D. F1: A fast and programmable accelerator for fully homomorphic encryption. In Proc. the 54th Annual IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture, Oct. 2021, pp.238\u2013252. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3466752.3480070."},{"key":"5923_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1145\/3470496.3527393","volume-title":"Proc. the 49th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture","author":"N Samardzic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Samardzic N, Feldmann A, Krastev A, Manohar N, Genise N, Devadas S, Eldefrawy K, Peikert C, Sanchez D. CraterLake: A hardware accelerator for efficient unbounded computation on encrypted data. In Proc. the 49th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, Jun. 2022, pp.173\u2013187. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3470496.3527393."},{"key":"5923_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA51647.2021.00013","volume-title":"Proc. the 2021 IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture","author":"B Reagen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reagen B, Choi W S, Ko Y, Lee V T, Lee H H S, Wei G Y, Brooks D. Cheetah: Optimizing and accelerating homomorphic encryption for private inference. In Proc. the 2021 IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture, Feb. 2021, pp.26\u201339. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HPCA51647.2021.00013."},{"key":"5923_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Takeshita J, Koirala N, McKechney C, Jung T. HEProfiler: An in-depth profiler of approximate homomorphic encryption libraries. Journal of Cryptographic Engineering, 2025, 15(2): Article No. 14. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13389-025-00377-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13389-025-00377-5"},{"key":"5923_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-10970-7_16","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science 11349","author":"J H Cheon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheon J H, Han K, Kim A, Kim M, Song Y. A full RNS variant of approximate homomorphic encryption. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science 11349, Cid C, Jacobson M JJr (eds.), Springer, 2018, pp.347\u2013368. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-10970-7_16."},{"key":"5923_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30039","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3159694","volume":"10","author":"J W Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee J W, Kang H, Lee Y, Choi W, Eom J, Deryabin M, Lee E, Lee J, Yoo D, Kim Y S, No J S. Privacy-preserving machine learning with fully homomorphic encryption for deep neural network. IEEE Access, 2022, 10:30039\u201330054. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3159694.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"5923_CR7","unstructured":"Garimella K, Jha N K, Reagen B. Sisyphus: A cautionary tale of using low-degree polynomial activations in privacy-preserving deep learning. arXiv: 2107.12342, 2021. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2107.12342, Jan. 2026."},{"key":"5923_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1145\/3470496.3527415","volume-title":"Proc. the 49th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture","author":"S Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim S, Kim J, Kim M J, Jung W, Kim J, Rhu M, Ahn J H. BTS: An accelerator for bootstrappable fully homomorphic encryption. In Proc. the 49th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, Jun. 2022, pp.711\u2013725. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3470496.3527415."},{"key":"5923_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-70583-3_40","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5126","author":"V Kolesnikov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kolesnikov V, Schneider T. Improved garbled circuit: Free XOR gates and applications. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5126, Aceto L, Damg\u00e5rd I, Goldberg L A, Halld\u00f3rsson M M, Ing\u00f3lfsd\u00f3ttir A, Walukiewicz I (eds.), Springer, 2008, pp.486\u2013498. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-70583-3_40."},{"key":"5923_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46803-6_8","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science 9057","author":"S Zahur","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zahur S, Rosulek M, Evans D. Two halves make a whole. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science 9057, Oswald E, Fischlin M (eds.), Springer, 2015, pp.220\u2013250. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-46803-6_8."},{"key":"5923_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.5555\/3489212.3489353","volume-title":"Proc. the 29th USENIX Conference on Security Symposium","author":"P Mishra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mishra P, Lehmkuhl R, Srinivasan A, Zheng W, Popa R A. DELPHI: A cryptographic inference service for neural networks. In Proc. the 29th USENIX Conference on Security Symposium, Aug. 2020, pp.2505\u20132522. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5555\/3489212.3489353."},{"key":"5923_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.5555\/3277203.3277326","volume-title":"Proc. the 27th USENIX Conference on Security Symposium","author":"C Juvekar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Juvekar C, Vaikuntanathan V, Chandrakasan A. GAZELLE: A low latency framework for secure neural network inference. In Proc. the 27th USENIX Conference on Security Symposium, Aug. 2018, pp.1651\u20131668. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5555\/3277203.3277326."},{"key":"5923_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579371.3589045","volume-title":"Proc. the 50th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture","author":"J Mo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mo J, Gopinath J, Reagen B. HAAC: A hardware-software co-design to accelerate garbled circuits. In Proc. the 50th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, Jun. 2023, Article No. 10. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3579371.3589045."},{"issue":"5","key":"5923_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2022.3157270","volume":"30","author":"D Reis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reis D, Geng H, Niemier M, Hu X S. IMCRYPTO: An in-memory computing fabric for AES encryption and decryption. IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 2022, 30(5): 553\u2013565. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVLSI.2022.3157270.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems"},{"key":"5923_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO56248.2022.00086","volume-title":"Proc. the 55th IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","author":"J Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim J, Lee G, Kim S, Sohn G, Rhu M, Kim J, Ahn J H. ARK: Fully homomorphic encryption accelerator with runtime data generation and inter-operation key reuse. In Proc. the 55th IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture, Oct. 2022, pp.1237\u20131254. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MICRO56248.2022.00086."},{"key":"5923_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1109\/SFCS.1986.25","volume-title":"Proc. the 27th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science","author":"A C C Yao","year":"1986","unstructured":"Yao A C C. How to generate and exchange secrets. In Proc. the 27th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, Oct. 1986, pp.162\u2013167. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SFCS.1986.25."},{"key":"5923_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-48965-0_8","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science 10052","author":"P Longa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Longa P, Naehrig M. Speeding up the number theoretic transform for faster ideal lattice-based cryptography. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science 10052, Foresti S, Persiano G (eds.), Springer, 2016, pp.124\u2013139. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-48965-0_8."},{"key":"5923_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1145\/2382196.2382279","volume-title":"Proc. the 2012 ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security","author":"M Bellare","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bellare M, Hoang V T, Rogaway P. Foundations of garbled circuits. In Proc. the 2012 ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Oct. 2012, pp.784\u2013796. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2382196.2382279."},{"issue":"3","key":"5923_CR19","first-page":"137","volume":"26","author":"J Daemen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Daemen J, Rijmen V. Rijndael: The advanced encryption standard. Dr. Dobb\u2019s Journal: Software Tools for the Professional Programmer, 2001, 26(3): 137\u2013139.","journal-title":"Dr. Dobb\u2019s Journal: Software Tools for the Professional Programmer"},{"key":"5923_CR20","first-page":"812","volume-title":"Proc. the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"A Brutzkus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brutzkus A, Gilad-Bachrach R, Elisha O. Low latency privacy preserving inference. In Proc. the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, Jun. 2019, pp.812\u2013821."},{"key":"5923_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3188145","volume":"17","author":"J H Cheon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheon J H, Kim W, Park J H. Efficient homomorphic evaluation on large intervals. IEEE Trans. Information Forensics and Security, 2022, 17:2553\u20132568. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3188145.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Information Forensics and Security"},{"key":"5923_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98772","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3096189","volume":"9","author":"W Jung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jung W, Lee E, Kim S, Kim J, Kim N, Lee K, Min C, Cheon J H, Ahn J H. Accelerating fully homomorphic encryption through architecture-centric analysis and optimization. IEEE Access, 2021, 9: 98772\u201398789. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3096189.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"5923_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2622218","volume":"105","author":"N Dowlin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dowlin N, Gilad-Bachrach R, Laine K, Lauter K, Naehrig M, Wernsing J. Manual for using homomorphic encryption for bioinformatics. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2017, 105(3): 552\u2013567. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2622218.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"5923_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA.2017.21","volume-title":"Proc. the 2017 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture","author":"S Aga","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aga S, Jeloka S, Subramaniyan A, Narayanasamy S, Blaauw D, Das R. Compute caches. In Proc. the 2017 IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture, Feb. 2017, pp.481\u2013492. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HPCA.2017.21."},{"issue":"3","key":"5923_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/MSSC.2019.2922889","volume":"11","author":"N Verma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Verma N, Jia H, Valavi H, Tang Y, Ozatay M, Chen L Y, Zhang B, Deaville P. In-memory computing: Advances and prospects. IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine, 2019, 11(3): 43\u201355. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MSSC.2019.2922889.","journal-title":"IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine"},{"issue":"7","key":"5923_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0655-z","volume":"15","author":"A Sebastian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sebastian A, Le Gallo M, Khaddam-Aljameh R, Eleftheriou E. Memory devices and applications for in-memory computing. Nature Nanotechnology, 2020, 15(7): 529\u2013544. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41565-020-0655-z.","journal-title":"Nature Nanotechnology"},{"key":"5923_CR27","unstructured":"DARPA. Foundations required for novel compute (FRANC) program \u2014 Announcement HR001117S0056, 2017. https:\/\/sam.gov\/opp\/6850888fabdcf7ca5d9e0f05c4ec3bf8\/view, Jan. 2026."},{"key":"5923_CR28","unstructured":"DARPA. NanoWatt platforms for sensing, analysis, and computation (NaPSAC) \u2014 Announcement HR001123S0024, 2023. https:\/\/sam.gov\/opp\/11196ccdd2e94c929fb9292e1e62e315\/view, Jan. 2026."},{"issue":"1","key":"5923_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2022.9676364","volume":"59","author":"S K Moore","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moore S K. AI computing comes to memory chips: Samsung will double performance of neural nets with processing-in-memory. IEEE Spectrum, 2022, 59(1): 40\u201341. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MSPEC.2022.9676364.","journal-title":"IEEE Spectrum"},{"issue":"4","key":"5923_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2017.3211117","volume":"37","author":"T Finkbeiner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Finkbeiner T, Hush G, Larsen T, Lea P, Leidel J, Manning T. In-memory intelligence. IEEE Micro, 2017, 37(4): 30\u201338. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MM.2017.3211117.","journal-title":"IEEE Micro"},{"issue":"1","key":"5923_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"011007","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMM.14.1.011007","volume":"14","author":"K Vaidyanathan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vaidyanathan K, Zhu Q, Liebmann L, Lai K, Wu S, Liu R, Liu Y, Strojwas A, Pileggi L. Exploiting sub-20-nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology challenges to design affordable systems-on-chip. Journal of Micro\/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS, 2014, 14(1): 011007. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.JMM.14.1.011007.","journal-title":"Journal of Micro\/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS"},{"issue":"3","key":"5923_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2005.864128","volume":"41","author":"K Pagiamtzis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pagiamtzis K, Sheikholeslami A. Content-addressable memory (CAM) circuits and architectures: A tutorial and survey. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2006, 41(3): 712\u2013727. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSSC.2005.864128.","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"5923_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-47721-7_24","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science 263","author":"P Barrett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Barrett P. Implementing the Rivest Shamir and Adleman public key encryption algorithm on a standard digital signal processor. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science 263, Odlyzko A M (ed.), Springer, 2000, pp.311\u2013323. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-47721-7_24."},{"key":"5923_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81652-0_3","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12804","author":"J Takeshita","year":"2020","unstructured":"Takeshita J, Reis D, Gong T, Niemier M, Hu X S, Jung T. Algorithmic acceleration of B\/FV-like somewhat homomorphic encryption for compute-enabled RAM. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12804, Dunkelman O, Jacobson M JJr, O\u2019Flynn C (eds.), Springer, 2020, pp.66\u201389. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-81652-0_3."},{"issue":"10","key":"5923_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2023.3301116","volume":"73","author":"J Takeshita","year":"2024","unstructured":"Takeshita J, Reis D, Gong T, Niemier M T, Hu X S, Jung T. Accelerating finite-field and torus fully homomorphic encryption via compute-enabled (S)RAM. IEEE Trans. Computers, 2024, 73(10): 2449\u20132462. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TC.2023.3301116.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Computers"},{"key":"5923_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.7873\/DATE.2015.0733","volume-title":"Proc. the 2015 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition","author":"M Poremba","year":"2015","unstructured":"Poremba M, Mittal S, Li D, Vetter J S, Xie Y. DESTINY: A tool for modeling emerging 3D NVM and eDRAM caches. In Proc. the 2015 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition, Mar. 2015, pp.1543\u20131546. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7873\/DATE.2015.0733."},{"key":"5923_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE54114.2022.9774572","volume-title":"Proc. the 2022 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition","author":"L Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu L, Sharifi M M, Rajaei R, Kazemi A, Ni K, Yin X, Niemier M, Hu X S. Eva-CAM: A circuit\/architecture-level evaluation tool for general content addressable memories. In Proc. the 2022 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition, Mar. 2022, pp.1173\u20131176. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/DATE54114.2022.9774572."},{"key":"5923_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2017.02.002","volume":"58","author":"A Stillmaker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stillmaker A, Baas B. Scaling equations for the accurate prediction of CMOS device performance from 180 nm to 7 nm. Integration, 2017, 58:74\u201381. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vlsi.2017.02.002.","journal-title":"Integration"},{"key":"5923_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM19573.2019.8993577","volume-title":"Proc. the 2019 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting","author":"G Yeap","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yeap G, Lin S S, Chen Y M et al. 5nm CMOS production technology platform featuring full-fledged EUV, and high mobility channel finfets with densest 0.021\u00b5m2 SRAM cells for mobile SoC and high performance computing applications. In Proc. the 2019 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting, Dec. 2019, pp.36.7.1-37.7.4. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEDM19573.2019.8993577."},{"key":"5923_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1109\/SEED51797.2021.00026","volume-title":"Proc. the 2021 International Symposium on Secure and Private Execution Environment Design","author":"L Biernacki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Biernacki L, Demissie M Z, Workneh K B, Namomsa G B, Gebremedhin P, Andargie F A, Reagen B, Austin T. VIP-Bench: A benchmark suite for evaluating privacy-enhanced computation frameworks. In Proc. the 2021 International Symposium on Secure and Private Execution Environment Design, Sept. 2021, pp.139\u2013149. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SEED51797.2021.00026."},{"key":"5923_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1109\/FCCM.2019.00045","volume-title":"Proc. the 27th IEEE Annual International Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines","author":"S U Hussain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hussain S U, Koushanfar F. FASE: FPGA acceleration of secure function evaluation. In Proc. the 27th IEEE Annual International Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines, Apr. 28\u2013May 1, 2019, pp.280\u2013288. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FCCM.2019.00045."},{"key":"5923_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9549","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00934","volume-title":"Proc. the 2022 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Y Liang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liang Y, Zhu L, Wang X, Yang Y. A simple episodic linear probe improves visual recognition in the wild. In Proc. the 2022 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Jun. 2022, pp.9549\u20139559. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00934."},{"key":"5923_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park J, Kim Y, Shin D I, Kim M, Qadir J, Hossain E. Towards 6G networks: Use cases and technologies. Applied Sciences, 2020, 10(19): Article No. 6965.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10093044"},{"key":"5923_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3400302.3415678","volume-title":"Proc. the 39th International Conference on Computer-Aided Design","author":"S Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang S, Jiang H, Peng X, Li W, Yu S. XOR-CIM: Compute-in-memory SRAM architecture with embedded XOR encryption. In Proc. the 39th International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, Dec. 2020, Article No. 7. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3400302.3415678."},{"key":"5923_CR45","unstructured":"Lin N, Wang S, Zhang Y, He Y, Wong K, Basu A, Shang D, Chen X, Wang Z. Older and wiser: The marriage of device aging and intellectual property protection of deep neural networks. arXiv: 2406.14863, 2024. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2406.14863, Jan. 2026."},{"key":"5923_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAD57390.2023.10323790","volume-title":"Proc. the 2023 IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design","author":"M Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li M, Geng H, Niemier M, Hu X S. Accelerating polynomial modular multiplication with crossbar-based compute-in-memory. In Proc. the 2023 IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design, Oct. 28\u2013Nov. 2, 2023, pp.1\u20139. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCAD57390.2023.10323790."}],"container-title":["Journal of Computer Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11390-025-5923-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11390-025-5923-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11390-025-5923-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T07:20:56Z","timestamp":1777101656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11390-025-5923-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["5923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11390-025-5923-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1000-9000","1860-4749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1000-9000","type":"print"},{"value":"1860-4749","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Conflict of Interest\n                      The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}