{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T04:46:44Z","timestamp":1769748404761,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1172707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1172707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computer Supported Learning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-007-9007-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,6]],"date-time":"2007-03-06T15:11:54Z","timestamp":1173193914000},"page":"105-126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Barriers to online critical discourse"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Liam","family":"Rourke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Kanuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"9007_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aviv, R., Zippy, E., Ravid, G., & Geva, A. (2003). Network analysis of knowledge construction in asynchronous learning networks. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 7(3). Retrieved April 20, 2006 from http:\/\/www.sloan-c.org\/publications\/jaln\/v7n3\/v7n3_aviv.asp.","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v7i3.1842"},{"issue":"3","key":"9007_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.1993.tb00014.x","volume":"2","author":"M. Azmita","year":"1993","unstructured":"Azmita, M., & Montgomery, R. (1993). Friendship, transactive dialogues, and the development of scientific reasoning. Social Development, 2(3), 202\u2013221.","journal-title":"Social Development"},{"key":"9007_CR3","volume-title":"The dialogic imagination: Four essays","author":"M. Bakhtin","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bakhtin, M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays. Austin: University of Texas Press (M. Holquist, Ed., C. Emerson & M. Holquist Trans.)."},{"key":"9007_CR4","volume-title":"Making the grade: The academic side of college life","author":"H. Becker","year":"1995","unstructured":"Becker, H., Greer, B., & Hughes, E. (1995). Making the grade: The academic side of college life. New York: Wiley."},{"key":"9007_CR5","volume-title":"Women\u2019s ways of knowing: the development of self, voice, and mind","author":"M. Belenky","year":"1997","unstructured":"Belenky, M., Tarule, J., & Goldberger, N. (1997). Women\u2019s ways of knowing: the development of self, voice, and mind. New York: Basic Books."},{"key":"9007_CR6","first-page":"399","volume":"29","author":"M. W. Berkowitz","year":"1983","unstructured":"Berkowitz, M. W., & Gibbs, J. C. (1983). Measuring the developmental features of moral discussion. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 399\u2013410.","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"9007_CR7","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Electronic collaborators: Learner-centered technologies for literacy, apprenticeship, and discourse","author":"C. Bonk","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bonk, C., & Cunningham, D. (1998). Searching for constructivist, learner-centered and sociocultural components for collaborative educational learning tools. In C. Bonk & K. King (Eds.), Electronic collaborators: Learner-centered technologies for literacy, apprenticeship, and discourse (pp. 25\u201350). New York: Erlbaum."},{"issue":"2","key":"9007_CR8","first-page":"167","volume":"16","author":"G. Boyd","year":"1987","unstructured":"Boyd, G. (1987). Emancipative educational technology. Canadian Journal of Educational Communication, 16(2), 167\u2013172.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Educational Communication"},{"key":"9007_CR9","volume-title":"Developing critical thinkers","author":"S. Brookfield","year":"1987","unstructured":"Brookfield, S. (1987). Developing critical thinkers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"9007_CR10","volume-title":"Understanding and facilitating adult learning","author":"S. Brookfield","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brookfield, S. (1994). Understanding and facilitating adult learning. Suffolk: Open University Press."},{"key":"9007_CR11","volume-title":"Discussion as a way of teaching: Tools and techniques for democratic classrooms","author":"S. Brookfield","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brookfield, S., & Preskill, S. (1999). Discussion as a way of teaching: Tools and techniques for democratic classrooms. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"9007_CR12","unstructured":"Buckingham, S. (2003). Perspectives on the experience of the learning community through online discussion. Journal of Distance Education, 18(2). Retrieved December 30, 2005, from http:\/\/cade.athabascau.ca\/vol18.2\/buckingham.pdf."},{"key":"9007_CR13","unstructured":"Bullen, M. (1999). Participation and critical thinking in online university distance education. Journal of Distance Education, 13(2). Retrieved April 20, 2006, from http:\/\/cade.athabascau.ca\/vol13.2\/bullen.html."},{"key":"9007_CR14","first-page":"1102","volume-title":"Handbook of research on teaching","author":"N. Burbules","year":"2001","unstructured":"Burbules, N., & Bruce, B. (2001). Theory and research on teaching as dialogue. In V. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (pp. 1102\u20131121). New York: American Educational Research Association."},{"key":"9007_CR15","unstructured":"Burge, E. (1994). Learning in computer conferenced contexts: The learners\u2019 perspective. Journal of Distance Education, 9(1). Retrieved April 20, 2006, from http:\/\/cade.athabascau.ca\/vol9.1\/burge.html."},{"issue":"4","key":"9007_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02504723","volume":"52","author":"R. Burniske","year":"2004","unstructured":"Burniske, R. (2004). Acts of inquiry in digital dramas: A study of student-generated questions in global telecollaborative learning activity. Educational Technology Research and Development, 52(4), 99\u2013116.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"9007_CR17","volume-title":"Acts of meaning","author":"J. Bruner","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"9007_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/001041407500800204","volume":"8","author":"D. Campbell","year":"1975","unstructured":"Campbell, D. (1975). Degrees of freedom and case study. Comparative Political Studies, 8, 178\u2013193.","journal-title":"Comparative Political Studies"},{"key":"9007_CR19","unstructured":"Carr, C. (1999). The effect of computer supported collaborative argumentation (CSCA) on argumentation skills in second year law students. doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University."},{"issue":"3","key":"9007_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8535.00263","volume":"33","author":"V. Chen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chen, V., & Hung, D. (2002). Personalized knowledge representations: The missing half of online discussions. British Journal of Educational Technology, 33(3), 279\u2013290.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"9007_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0364-0213(89)90002-5","volume":"13","author":"M. Chi","year":"1989","unstructured":"Chi, M., Bassok, M., Lewis, M., Reimann, P., & Glaser, R. (1989). Self-explanations: How students study and use examples in learning to solve problems. Cognitive Science, 13, 145\u2013182.","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"9007_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02505022","volume":"50","author":"K. Cho","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cho, K., & Jonassen, D. (2002). The effects of argumentation scaffolds on argumentation and problem solving. Educational Technology Research & Development, 50(3), 5\u201323.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research & Development"},{"key":"9007_CR23","unstructured":"Conrad, D. (2002). Community, social presence, and engagement in online learning. doctoral dissertation. Retrieved April 20, 2006, from http:\/\/www.unbf.ca\/education\/welcome\/people\/conraddissertation.htm."},{"key":"9007_CR24","volume-title":"Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis for field settings","author":"T. Cook","year":"1979","unstructured":"Cook, T., & Campbell, D. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis for field settings. Chicago, Illinois: Rand McNally."},{"issue":"1","key":"9007_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00988593","volume":"13","author":"J. Corbin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13(1), 3\u201321.","journal-title":"Qualitative Sociology"},{"key":"9007_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, M., & Rouzie, A. (2002). Cooperation vs. deliberation: Computer mediated conferencing and the problem of argument in international distance education. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 3(1). Retrieved April 20, 2006, from http:\/\/www.irrodl.org\/content\/v3.1\/davis.html.","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v3i1.82"},{"key":"9007_CR27","volume-title":"Network and content analysis in an online community discourse. CSCL-ware in practice","author":"M. De Laat","year":"2001","unstructured":"De Laat, M. (2001). Network and content analysis in an online community discourse. CSCL-ware in practice. New York: Kluwer."},{"key":"9007_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2420090110","volume":"9","author":"W. Doise","year":"1986","unstructured":"Doise, W., & Mugny, G. (1986). Individual and collective conflicts of centrations in cognitive development. European Journal of Social Psychology, 9, 105\u2013108.","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9007_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1207\/s15389286ajde1901_4","volume":"19","author":"P. Duphorne","year":"2005","unstructured":"Duphorne, P., & Gunawardena, C. (2005). The effect of three computer conferencing designs on critical thinking skills of nursing students. American Journal of Distance Education, 19(1), 37\u201350.","journal-title":"American Journal of Distance Education"},{"key":"9007_CR30","volume-title":"Alone but together: Adult distance study by computer conferencing","author":"D. Eastmond","year":"1995","unstructured":"Eastmond, D. (1995). Alone but together: Adult distance study by computer conferencing. New Jersey: Hampton."},{"key":"9007_CR31","unstructured":"Ellis, M., & McCreary, E. (1985). The structure of message sequences in computer conferences: A comparative case study. Paper presented at the Workshop on Computer Conferencing and Electronic Messaging, Guelph, Canada."},{"key":"9007_CR32","volume-title":"Critical reflections on distance education","author":"T. Evans","year":"1989","unstructured":"Evans, T., & Nation, D. (1989). Critical reflections on distance education. London: Farmer."},{"issue":"2","key":"9007_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(98)00012-0","volume":"14","author":"K. Fang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fang, K. (1998). An analysis of electronic mail usage. Computer in Human Behavior, 14(2), 349\u2013374.","journal-title":"Computer in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"9007_CR34","first-page":"169","volume":"16","author":"A. Feenberg","year":"1987","unstructured":"Feenberg, A. (1987). Computer conferencing and the humanities. Instructional Science, 16(2), 169\u2013186.","journal-title":"Instructional Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"9007_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2307\/1318806","volume":"24","author":"B. Fisher","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fisher, B. (1996). Using journals in the social psychology class: Helping students apply course concepts to life experiences. Teaching Sociology, 24(2), 157\u2013165.","journal-title":"Teaching Sociology"},{"key":"9007_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1177\/1046496494254008","volume":"25","author":"L. Frey","year":"1994","unstructured":"Frey, L. (1994). The naturalistic paradigm: Studying small groups in the postmodern era. Small Group Research, 25, 551\u2013577.","journal-title":"Small Group Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"9007_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.2307\/256641","volume":"36","author":"J. Fulk","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fulk, J. (1993). Social construction of communication technology. Academy of Management Journal, 36(5), 921\u2013950.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"9007_CR38","unstructured":"Gabriel, M. (2004). Learning together: Exploring group interactions online. Journal of Distance Education, 19(1). Retrieved April 20, 2006, from http:\/\/cade.athabascau.ca\/#vol19.1."},{"key":"9007_CR39","volume-title":"Truth and method","author":"H. Gadamer","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gadamer, H. (1989). Truth and method (2nd ed.). New York: Crossroad. (J. Weinsheimer and D. Marshall, Trans.).","edition":"2"},{"key":"9007_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203166093","volume-title":"E-learning in the 21st century: A framework for research and practice","author":"R. Garrison","year":"2003","unstructured":"Garrison, R., & Anderson, T. (2003). E-learning in the 21st century: A framework for research and practice. New York: Routledge."},{"issue":"2","key":"9007_CR41","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"D. R. Garrison","year":"2000","unstructured":"Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical thinking in a community of inquiry. Internet and Higher Education, 2(2), 1\u201324.","journal-title":"Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"9007_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/08923640109527071","volume":"15","author":"D. R. Garrison","year":"2001","unstructured":"Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2001). Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 7\u201323.","journal-title":"American Journal of Distance Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"9007_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02504864","volume":"53","author":"S. Gerber","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gerber, S., Scott, L., Clements, D., & Sarama, J. (2005). Instructor influence in reasoned argument in discussion boards. Educational Technology Research and Development, 53(2), 25\u201340.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"9007_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02504961","volume":"50","author":"N. Gilbert","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gilbert, N., & Driscoll, M. (2002). Collaborative knowledge building: A case study. Educational Technology Research and Development, 50(1), 59\u201380.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"9007_CR45","volume-title":"The discovery of grounded theory. Strategies for qualitative research","author":"B. Glaser","year":"1967","unstructured":"Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine."},{"issue":"1","key":"9007_CR46","first-page":"20","volume":"19","author":"B. Gray","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gray, B. (2004). Informal learning in an online community of practice. Journal of Distance Education, 19(1), 20\u201335.","journal-title":"Journal of Distance Education"},{"key":"9007_CR47","unstructured":"Gunawardena, C. N., Carabajal, K., & Lowe, C., (2001, November). Multi-faceted evaluation of online learning environments. Roundtable discussion at the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) 2001 International Conference, Atlanta, Georgia."},{"issue":"4","key":"9007_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2190\/7MQV-X9UJ-C7Q3-NRAG","volume":"17","author":"C. Gunawardena","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gunawardena, C., Lowe, C., & Anderson, T. (1997). Analysis of a global online debate and the development of an interaction analysis model for examining social construction of knowledge in computer conferencing. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 17(4), 395\u2013429.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"9007_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/08923649709526970","volume":"11","author":"C. N. Gunawardena","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gunawardena, C. N., & Zittle, F. (1997). Social presence as a predictor of satisfaction within a computer mediated conferencing environment. American Journal of Distance Education, 11(3), 8\u201325.","journal-title":"American Journal of Distance Education"},{"key":"9007_CR50","first-page":"76","volume-title":"Towards a science of the singular","author":"D. Hamilton","year":"1980","unstructured":"Hamilton, D. (1980). Some contrasting assumptions about case study research and survey analysis. In H. Simons (Ed.) Towards a science of the singular (pp. 76\u201392) Norwich, UK: University of East Anglia."},{"key":"9007_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1003764722829","volume":"28","author":"N. Hara","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hara, N., Bonk, C., & Angeli, C. (2002). Content analysis of online discussion in an applied psychology course. Instructional Science, 28, 115\u2013152.","journal-title":"Instructional Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"9007_CR52","first-page":"59","volume":"1","author":"L. Harasim","year":"1986","unstructured":"Harasim, L. (1986). Educational applications of computer conferencing. Journal of Distance Education, 1(1), 59\u201370.","journal-title":"Journal of Distance Education"},{"key":"9007_CR53","volume-title":"Online education: Perspectives","author":"L. Harasim","year":"1990","unstructured":"Harasim, L. (1990). Online education: Perspectives. London: Praeger."},{"key":"9007_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawisher, G., & Pemberton M.A. (March, 1997). Writing across the curriculum encounters asynchronous learning networks or WAC meets up with ALN. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 1(1). Retrieved April 20, 2006, from http:\/\/www.sloan-c.org\/publications\/jaln\/index.asp.","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v1i1.1940"},{"key":"9007_CR55","volume-title":"Individualizing instruction. Making learning personal, empowering, and successful","author":"R. Heimstra","year":"1990","unstructured":"Heimstra, R., & Sisco, B. (1990). Individualizing instruction. Making learning personal, empowering, and successful. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"9007_CR56","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Computer-mediated communication and the online classroom (Vol. III)","author":"R. Heller","year":"1995","unstructured":"Heller, R., & Kearsley, G. (1995). Using a computer BBS for graduate education: Issues and outcomes. In Z. Berge & M. Collins (Ed.), Computer-mediated communication and the online classroom (Vol. III, pp. 129\u2013137). New Jersey: Hamptom."},{"key":"9007_CR57","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Online education: Perspectives on a new environment","author":"S. Hiltz","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hiltz, S. (1990). Evaluating the virtual classroom. In L. Harasim (Ed.), Online education: Perspectives on a new environment (pp. 133\u2013169). New York: Praeger."},{"key":"9007_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4920.001.0001","volume-title":"The network nation: Human communication via computer","author":"R. Hiltz","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hiltz, R., & Turoff, M. (1993). The network nation: Human communication via computer. Cambridge: MIT."},{"key":"9007_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoadley, C., & Enyedy, N. (June, 1999). Between information and communication: Middle spaces in computer media for learning. Paper presented at the Computer Support for Collaborative Learning conference, Bergen Norway.","DOI":"10.3115\/1150240.1150270"},{"key":"9007_CR60","first-page":"114","volume-title":"Distance education: International perspectives","author":"B. Holmberg","year":"1983","unstructured":"Holmberg, B. (1983). Guided didactic conversation in distance education. In D. Sewart, D. Keegan, & B. Holmberg (Eds.), Distance Education: International Perspectives (pp. 114\u2013122). New York: St. Martin\u2019s."},{"key":"9007_CR61","unstructured":"Irvine, S. (2000, Feb). What are we talking about? The impact of computer-mediated communication on student learning. Society for information technology and teacher education international conference: Proceedings of SITE. San Diego, CA."},{"key":"9007_CR62","unstructured":"Jeong, A. (2004). The effects of communication style and message function in triggering responses and critical discussion in computer-supported collaborative argumentation. Paper in conference proceedings for the Annual meeting of the Association of Educational Communications & Technology, Chicago, IL."},{"key":"9007_CR63","unstructured":"Jiang, M., & Ting, E. (1998, April). Course design, instruction, and students\u2019 online behaviors: A study of instructional variables and students\u2019 perceptions of online learning. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service no. ED421970)."},{"key":"9007_CR64","volume-title":"Computers in the classroom: Mindtools for critical thinking","author":"D. Jonassen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jonassen, D. (1996). Computers in the classroom: Mindtools for critical thinking. New Jersey: Prentice Hall."},{"issue":"10","key":"9007_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02504505","volume":"49","author":"D. Jonassen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jonassen, D., & Kwon, H. (2001). Communication patterns in computer-mediated vs. face-to-face group problem solving. Educational Technology Research and Development, 49(10), 35\u201352.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"9007_CR66","volume-title":"Evaluating learning technologies","author":"A. Jones","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jones, A., Scanlon, E., & Blake, C. (1998) Reflections on a model for evaluating learning technologies. In M. Oliver & G. Conole (Eds.), Evaluating learning technologies. London: University of London Press."},{"key":"9007_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanuka, H., & Anderson, T. (1998). On-line forums: New platforms for professional development and group collaboration. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 3(3). Retrieved April 20, 2006, from http:\/\/www.ascusc.org\/jcmc\/vol3\/issue3\/anderson.html#Professional.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00078.x"},{"key":"9007_CR68","unstructured":"Kanuka, H., & Rourke, L. (November, 2005a). The influence of learning activities on the quality of students\u2019 participation in online discussion. Paper presented at the International Conference on Distance Education, New Delhi, India."},{"key":"9007_CR69","unstructured":"Kanuka, H., & Rourke, L. (May, 2005b). Moving beyond online discussions. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association of Distance Education, Vancouver, Canada."},{"key":"9007_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-77684-7","volume-title":"Collaborative learning through computer conferencing","author":"A. Kaye","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kaye, A. (1992). Learning together apart. In A. Kaye (Ed.), Collaborative learning through computer conferencing (pp. 1\u201324). Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer."},{"key":"9007_CR71","first-page":"93","volume-title":"Towards a science of the singular","author":"S. Kemmis","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kemmis, S. (1980). The imagination of the case and the invention of the study. In H. Simons (Ed.), Towards a science of the singular (pp. 93\u2013142). Norwich, UK: University of East Anglia."},{"key":"9007_CR72","unstructured":"Koschmann, T. (Ed.) (1996). CSCL: Theory and practice of an emerging paradigm (pp. 83\u2013119). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"issue":"5","key":"9007_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.22.5.681","volume":"22","author":"A. Kruger","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kruger, A., & Tomasello, M. (1986). Transactive discussion with peers and adults. Developmental Psychology, 22(5), 681\u2013685.","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9007_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02504557","volume":"51","author":"H. Ku","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ku, H., & Lohr, L. (2003). A case study of Chinese students\u2019 attitudes toward their first online learning experience. Educational Technology Research and Development, 51(3), 95\u2013115.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"9007_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1159\/000022695","volume":"43","author":"S. Leitao","year":"2000","unstructured":"Leitao, S. (2000). The potential of argument in knowledge building. Human Development, 43, 332\u2013360.","journal-title":"Human Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"9007_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/0158791010220106","volume":"22","author":"Lopez-Islas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lopez-Islas (2001). A cross-cultural study of group processes and development in online conferences. Distance Education, 22(1), 85\u2013121.","journal-title":"Distance Education"},{"key":"9007_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1037\/h0037454","volume":"30","author":"K. Maitland","year":"1974","unstructured":"Maitland, K., & Goldman, J. (1974). Moral judgment as a function of peer group interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 699\u2013704.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9007_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/0031383920360404","volume":"36","author":"M. Marttunen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Marttunen, M. (1992). Commenting on written arguments as a part of argumentation skills: Comparisons between students engaged in traditional versus online study. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 36(4), 289\u2013302.","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"9007_CR79","unstructured":"Marttunen, M. (1998). Learning of argumentation in face-to-face and e-mail environments. (ERIC Documents: ED 422791)."},{"issue":"1","key":"9007_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015666724692","volume":"5","author":"M. Marttunen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Marttunen, M., & Laurinen, L. (2002). Quality of students\u2019 argumentation by e-mail. Learning Environments Research, 5(1), 99\u2013123.","journal-title":"Learning Environments Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"9007_CR81","first-page":"161","volume":"2","author":"R. Mason","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mason, R. (1991). Analyzing computer conference interactions. International Journal of Computers in Adult Education and Training, 2(3), 161\u2013173.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computers in Adult Education and Training"},{"key":"9007_CR82","unstructured":"Mason, R. & Kaye, A. (Eds.) (1989). Mindweave: Communication, computers and distance education. Oxford: Pergamon."},{"key":"9007_CR83","first-page":"397","volume-title":"Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and Technology","author":"R. Mason","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mason, R., & Romiszkowski, A. (2004). Computer mediated communication. In D. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and Technology. (pp. 397\u2013431). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"9007_CR84","unstructured":"McComb, M. (1993). Augmenting a group discussion course with computer-mediated communication in a small college setting. Interpersonal Computing and Technology: An Electronic Journal for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: Center for Teaching and Technology, Academic Computer Center Georgetown University. Retrieved April 20, 2006, from http:\/\/www.helsinki.fi\/science\/optek\/1993\/n3\/mccomb.txt."},{"key":"9007_CR85","unstructured":"McLaughlin, C., & Luca, J. (2000). Cognitive engagement and higher order thinking through computer conferencing: We know why but do we know how? Retrieved April 20, 2006, from http:\/\/www.cleo.murdoch.edu.au\/confs\/tlf\/tlf2000\/mcloughlin.html."},{"key":"9007_CR86","volume-title":"Qualitative research and case study applications","author":"S. Merriam","year":"1998","unstructured":"Merriam, S. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"9007_CR87","volume-title":"Fostering critical reflection in adulthood: A guide to transformative and emancipatory learning","author":"J. Mezirow","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mezirow, J. (1990). Fostering critical reflection in adulthood: A guide to transformative and emancipatory learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass."},{"issue":"4","key":"9007_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02504545","volume":"51","author":"M. Moallem","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moallem, M. (2003). An interactive online course: A collaborative design model. Educational Technology Research and Development, 51(4), 85\u2013105.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"9007_CR89","unstructured":"Naidu, S., & Oliver, M. (1996). Computer supported collaborative problem based learning: An instructional design architecture for virtual nursing education. Journal of Distance Education, 11(2). Retrieved April 20, 2006, from http:\/\/cade.athabascau.ca\/vol11.2\/naiduoliver.html."},{"key":"9007_CR90","unstructured":"Northcote, M. (2003). Online assessment in higher education: The influence of pedagogy on the construction of students\u2019 epistemologies. Issues in Educational Research, 13. Retrieved April 20, 2006, from http:\/\/journals.apa.org\/prevention\/volume3\/pre0030001a.html."},{"issue":"3","key":"9007_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.3.3.398","volume":"3","author":"W. Orlikowski","year":"1992","unstructured":"Orlikowski, W. (1992). The duality of technology: Rethinking the concept of technology in organizations. Organizational Science 3(3), 398\u2013427.","journal-title":"Organizational Science"},{"key":"9007_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orlikowski, W., & Barley, S. (2002). Technology and institutions. What can research on information technology and research on organizations learn from each other? MIS Quarterly, 25(2). Retrieved April 20, 2006, from http:\/\/www.misq.org\/archivist\/vol\/no25\/issue2\/orlikowski.html.","DOI":"10.2307\/3250927"},{"issue":"1","key":"9007_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/002194360203900102","volume":"39","author":"W. Orlikowski","year":"2002","unstructured":"Orlikowski, W., & Summer, T. (2002). Genre systems: Structuring interaction through communicative norms. Journal of Business Communication, 39(1), 13\u201335.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Communication"},{"key":"9007_CR94","volume-title":"Talking about machines: An ethnography of a modern job","author":"J. Orr","year":"1996","unstructured":"Orr, J. (1996). Talking about machines: An ethnography of a modern job. Cornell: Cornell University Press."},{"key":"9007_CR95","first-page":"41","volume":"12","author":"J. Pena-Shaff","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pena-Shaff, J., Martin, W., & Gay, G (2001). An epistemological framework for analyzing student interactions in computer-mediated communication environments. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 12, 41\u201368.","journal-title":"Journal of Interactive Learning Research"},{"key":"9007_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2003.08.003","volume":"42","author":"J. Pena-Shaff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pena-Shaff, J., & Nicholls, C. (2004). Analyzing student interactions and meaning construction in Computer Bulletin Board (BBS) discussions. Computers and Education, 42, 243\u2013265.","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"9007_CR97","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Perspectives on socially-shared cognition","author":"A. Perret-Clairmont","year":"1989","unstructured":"Perret-Clairmont, A., Perret, J., & Bell, N. (1989). The social construction of meaning and cognitive activity of elementary school children. In L. Resnick, J. Levine, & S. Teasley (Eds.), Perspectives on socially-shared cognition (pp. 41\u201362). Washington: American Psychological Association."},{"key":"9007_CR98","volume-title":"The development of thought: Equilibration of cognitive structures","author":"J. Piaget","year":"1977","unstructured":"Piaget, J. (1977). The development of thought: Equilibration of cognitive structures. New York: Viking."},{"key":"9007_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-144-5.ch013","volume-title":"The handbook of information systems research","author":"M. Poole","year":"2004","unstructured":"Poole, M., & DeSanctis, G. (2004). Structuration theory in information systems research: Methods and controversies. In M. E. Whitman & A. B. Woszczynski (Eds.), The handbook of information systems research (pp. 206\u2013249). New York: Idea Group."},{"key":"9007_CR100","unstructured":"Rourke, L. (2005). Learning through online discussion. doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada."},{"key":"9007_CR101","unstructured":"Rourke, L., & Conrad, D. (May, 2004). Constructing computer conferencing in distance education journals. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Canadian Association of Distance Education, Toronto, Canada."},{"issue":"4","key":"9007_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02504946","volume":"49","author":"A. Rovai","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rovai, A. (2001). Building classroom community at a distance: A case study. Educational Technology Research and Development, 49(4), 33\u201348.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"9007_CR103","first-page":"57","volume":"18","author":"A. Rovai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rovai, A., & Barnum, K. (2003). Online course effectiveness: An analysis of student interactions and perceptions of learning. Journal of Distance Education, 18(1), 57\u201373.","journal-title":"Journal of Distance Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"9007_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2190\/7PPF-FQBJ-1RJM-CACT","volume":"14","author":"L. Ruberg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ruberg, L., Moore, D., & Taylor, C. (1996). Student participation, interaction, and regulation in a computer-mediated communication environment: A qualitative study. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 14(3), 243\u2013268.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"9007_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0303_3","volume":"3","author":"M. Scardemalia","year":"1994","unstructured":"Scardemalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (1994). Computer support for knowledge-building communities. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 3(3), 265\u2013283.","journal-title":"Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"key":"9007_CR106","unstructured":"Schaeffer, E., Engel, C., McGrady, J., & Bhargava, T. (2001, March). Paper presented at the first European conference on computer supported collaborative learning, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands."},{"issue":"4","key":"9007_CR107","first-page":"27","volume":"48","author":"W. E. Smith","year":"1994","unstructured":"Smith, W. E. (1994). Computer-mediated communication: An experiment. Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, 48(4), 27.","journal-title":"Journalism and Mass Communication Educator"},{"key":"9007_CR108","volume-title":"The ethnographic interview","author":"J. Spradley","year":"1979","unstructured":"Spradley, J. (1979). The ethnographic interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston."},{"key":"9007_CR109","unstructured":"Stacey, E. (1999). Collaborative learning in an online environment. Journal of Distance Education, 14(2). Retrieved April 20, 2006, from http:\/\/cade.athabascau.ca\/vol14.2\/stacey.html."},{"key":"9007_CR110","first-page":"435","volume-title":"Handbook of qualitative research","author":"R. Stake","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stake, R. (2000). Case studies. In N. Denzin and Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 435\u2013454). New Delhi: Sage.","edition":"2"},{"key":"9007_CR111","unstructured":"Stenhouse, L. (1984). The study of samples and the study of cases. Presidential address to the British Educational Research Association."},{"key":"9007_CR112","volume-title":"Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory","author":"A. Strauss","year":"1998","unstructured":"Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Sage.","edition":"2"},{"key":"9007_CR113","first-page":"257","volume":"6","author":"S. Tergan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tergan, S. (1997). Misleading theoretical assumptions in hypertext\/hypermedia research. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 6, 257\u2013283.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia"},{"key":"9007_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0266-4909.2002.03800.x","volume":"18","author":"M. Thomas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thomas, M. (2002). Learning within incoherent structures: The space of online discussion forums. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 18, 351\u2013366.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"9007_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(00)00008-7","volume":"34","author":"A. Tolmie","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tolmie, A., & Boyle, J. (2000). Factors influencing the success of computer mediated communication (CMC) environments in university teaching: A review and case study. Computers & Education, 34(2), 119\u2013140.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9007_CR116","volume-title":"The uses of argument","author":"S. Toulmin","year":"1958","unstructured":"Toulmin, S. (1958). The uses of argument. Cambridge, UK: University Press."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"9007_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00050-0","volume":"34","author":"A. Veerman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Veerman, A., Andriessen, J., & Kanselaar, G. (2000). Learning through synchronous electronic discussion. Computers & Education, 34(3\u20134), 269\u2013290.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9007_CR118","first-page":"1111","volume-title":"Proceedings of EdMedia 2000","author":"C. Villalba","year":"2000","unstructured":"Villalba, C., & Romiszowski, A. (2000). Structural communication and Web based instruction. In J. Bourdeau & R. Heller (Eds.), Proceedings of EdMedia 2000 (pp. 1111\u20131116). Montreal, Canada: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education."},{"key":"9007_CR119","volume-title":"Thought and language","author":"L. S. Vygotsky","year":"1972","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L. S. (1972). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA: MIT."},{"issue":"2","key":"9007_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1080\/08923649409526852","volume":"8","author":"E. Wagner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wagner, E. (1994). In support of a functional definition of interaction. American Journal of Distance Education, 8(2), 6\u201329.","journal-title":"American Journal of Distance Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"9007_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02504548","volume":"51","author":"S. Walsh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Walsh, S., Gregory, E., Lake, Y., & Gunawardena, C. (2003). Self-construal, facework, and conflict styles among cultures in online learning environments. Educational Technology Research and Development, 51(4), 113\u2013123.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"issue":"10","key":"9007_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(1999)50:10<907::AID-ASI7>3.0.CO;2-R","volume":"50","author":"J. Weedman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Weedman, J. (1999). Conversation and community: The potential of electronic conferences for creating intellectual proximity in distance learning environments. Journal of the American Society of Information Science, 50(10), 907\u2013928.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society of Information Science"},{"key":"9007_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wegerif, R. (1998). The social dimension of asynchronous learning networks. Journal Asynchronous Learning Networks, 2(1). Retrieved April 17, 2000, from http:\/\/www.aln.org\/alnweb\/journal\/vol2_issue1\/wegerif.htm.","DOI":"10.24059\/olj.v2i1.1928"},{"key":"9007_CR124","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Technology and Organizations","author":"K. Weick","year":"1990","unstructured":"Weick, K. (1990) Technology as equivoque: Sense-making in new technologies. In P. S. Goodman & L. S. Sproulls (Eds.), Technology and Organizations (pp. 1\u201344). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"9007_CR125","volume-title":"The collapse of sense-making in organizations: The Mann Gulch disaster","author":"K. Weick","year":"1993","unstructured":"Weick, K. (1993). The collapse of sense-making in organizations: The Mann Gulch disaster. New York: Cornell University."},{"issue":"2","key":"9007_CR126","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"D. Wilson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wilson, D., Varnhagen, S., Krupa, E., Kasprzak, S., Hunting, V., & Taylor. (2003). Instructors\u2019 adaptation to online graduate education in health promotion: A qualitative study. Journal of Distance Education, 18(2), 1\u201315.","journal-title":"Journal of Distance Education"},{"key":"9007_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2190\/ANPM-LN97-AUT2-D2EJ","volume":"24","author":"U. Wolfradt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wolfradt, U., & Doll, J. (2000). Motives of adolescents to use the Internet as a function of personality traits, personal and social factors. International Journal of Educational Computing Research, 24, 13\u201327.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"9007_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-1315(95)00015-E","volume":"24","author":"A. Yakimovicz","year":"1995","unstructured":"Yakimovicz, A., & Murphy, K. L. (1995). Constructivism and collaboration on the Internet: Case study of a graduate class experience. Computers in Education, 24(3), 203\u2013209.","journal-title":"Computers in Education"},{"key":"9007_CR129","volume-title":"Case study research: Design and methods","author":"R. Yin","year":"1984","unstructured":"Yin, R. (1984). Case study research: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11412-007-9007-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11412-007-9007-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11412-007-9007-3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11412-007-9007-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T01:08:16Z","timestamp":1652836096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11412-007-9007-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-007-9007-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-1607","1556-1615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-1607","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-1615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 August 2006","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2007","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2007","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2007","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}