{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T19:44:25Z","timestamp":1771530265641,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland (UEF) including Kuopio University Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern. J. Comput.-Support. Collab. Learn"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study empirically investigates diffusion-based centralities as depictions of student role-based behavior in information exchange, uptake and argumentation, and as consistent indicators of student success in computer-supported collaborative learning. The analysis is based on a large dataset of 69 courses (n\u2009=\u20093,277 students) with 97,173 total interactions (of which 8,818 were manually coded). We examined the relationship between students\u2019 diffusion-based centralities and a coded representation of their interactions in order to investigate the extent to which diffusion-based centralities are able to adequately capture information exchange and uptake processes. We performed a meta-analysis to pool the correlation coefficients between centralities and measures of academic achievement across all courses while considering the sample size of each course. Lastly, from a cluster analysis using students\u2019 diffusion-based centralities aimed at discovering student role-taking within interactions, we investigated the validity of the discovered roles using the coded data. There was a statistically significant positive correlation that ranged from moderate to strong between diffusion-based centralities and the frequency of information sharing and argumentation utterances, confirming that diffusion-based centralities capture important aspects of information exchange and uptake. The results of the meta-analysis showed that diffusion-based centralities had the highest and most consistent combined correlation coefficients with academic achievement as well as the highest predictive intervals, thus demonstrating their advantage over traditional centrality measures. Characterizations of student roles based on diffusion centralities were validated using qualitative methods and were found to meaningfully relate to academic performance. Diffusion-based centralities are feasible to calculate, implement and interpret, while offering a viable solution that can be deployed at any scale to monitor students\u2019 productive discussions and academic success.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-021-09356-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T06:53:56Z","timestamp":1638428036000},"page":"441-483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Modelling diffusion in computer-supported collaborative learning: a large scale learning analytics study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5881-3109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Saqr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonsoles","family":"L\u00f3pez-Pernas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"9356_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-012-9366-z","volume":"18","author":"M Aarnio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aarnio, M., Lindblom-Yl\u00e4nne, S., Nieminen, J., & Py\u00f6r\u00e4l\u00e4, E. (2013). Dealing with conflicts on knowledge in tutorial groups. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 18(2), 215\u2013230","journal-title":"Advances in Health Sciences Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"9356_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-019-09908-0","volume":"24","author":"A Ag\u00e9lii Genlott","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ag\u00e9lii Genlott, A., Gr\u00f6nlund, \u00c3., & Viberg, O. (2019). Disseminating digital innovation in school\u2014leading second-order educational change. Education and Information Technologies, 24(5), 3021\u20133039","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"9356_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532690XCI1901_1","volume":"19","author":"RC Anderson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anderson, R. C., Nguyen-Jahiel, K., McNurlen, B., Archodidou, A., Kim, S. Y., Reznitskaya, A. \u2026 Gilbert, L. (2001). The snowball phenomenon: Spread of ways of talking and ways of thinking across groups of children. Cognition and Instruction, 19(1), 1\u201346","journal-title":"Cognition and Instruction"},{"key":"9356_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2013.10.047","volume":"395","author":"J Bae","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bae, J., & Kim, S. (2014). Identifying and ranking influential spreaders in complex networks by neighborhood coreness. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 395, 549\u2013559","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"9356_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-007-9022-4","volume":"2","author":"M Baker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baker, M., Andriessen, J., Lund, K., Van Amelsvoort, M., & Quignard, M. (2007). Rainbow: A framework for analysing computer-mediated pedagogical debates. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 2(2\u20133), 315\u2013357","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"6144","key":"9356_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236498","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1236498","volume":"341","author":"A Banerjee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Banerjee, A., Chandrasekhar, A. G., Duflo, E., & Jackson, M. O. (2013). The Diffusion of Microfinance. Science, 341(6144), 1236498\u20131236498","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"9356_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdz008","volume":"86","author":"A Banerjee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Banerjee, A., Chandrasekhar, A. G., Duflo, E., & Jackson, M. O. (2019). Using Gossips to Spread Information: Theory and Evidence from Two Randomized Controlled Trials. Review of Economic Studies, 86(6), 2453\u20132490","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"9356_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barab\u00e1si, A. L. (2013). Network science. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 371(1987), 20120375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2012.0375","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2012.0375"},{"key":"9356_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bell, P. (2013). Using Argument Map Representations to Make Thinking Visible for Individuals and Groups. In Cscl 2 (pp.\u00a0471\u2013528). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781410601544-24","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410601544-24"},{"issue":"1","key":"9356_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2004.11.008","volume":"27","author":"SP Borgatti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Borgatti, S. P. (2005). Centrality and network flow. Social Networks, 27(1), 55\u201371","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"key":"9356_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgatti, S. P., & Brass, D. J. (2019). Centrality: Concepts and Measures. In Social Networks at Work (pp.\u00a09\u201322)","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203701942-2"},{"key":"9356_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.11.004","volume":"96","author":"E Borokhovski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Borokhovski, E., Bernard, R. M., Tamim, R. M., Schmid, R. F., & Sokolovskaya, A. (2016). Technology-supported student interaction in post-secondary education: A meta-analysis of designed versus contextual treatments. Computers & Education, 96, 15\u201328","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"9356_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/mbe.12178","volume":"12","author":"LG Burgess","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burgess, L. G., Riddell, P. M., Fancourt, A., & Murayama, K. (2018). The Influence of Social Contagion Within Education: A Motivational Perspective. Mind, Brain, and Education, 12(4), 164\u2013174","journal-title":"Mind, Brain, and Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"9356_CR14","first-page":"296","volume":"15","author":"R Cadima","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cadima, R., Ojeda, J., & Monguet, J. M. (2012). Social Networks and Performance in Distributed Learning Communities. Educational Technology & Society, 15(4), 296\u2013304","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"9356_CR15","unstructured":"Cakir, M., Xhafa, F., Zhou, N., & Stahl, G. (2005). Thread-based analysis of patterns of collaborative interaction in chat. Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Supporting Learning through Intelligent and Socially Informed Technology, June 2014, 120\u2013127"},{"issue":"5996","key":"9356_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185231","volume":"329","author":"D Centola","year":"2010","unstructured":"Centola, D. (2010). The Spread of Behavior in an Online Social Network Experiment. Science, 329(5996), 1194\u20131197","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"9356_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v061.i06","volume":"61","author":"M Charrad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Charrad, M., Ghazzali, N., Boiteau, V., Niknafs, A., & Charrad, M. M. (2014). Package \u2018nbclust.\u2019. Journal of Statistical Software, 61(6), 1\u201336","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"9356_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, B., H\u00e5klev, S., & Ros\u00e9, C. P. (2021). Collaborative Learning at Scale. In International handbook of computer-supported collaborative learning. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-65291-3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-65291-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"9356_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-015-9225-z","volume":"10","author":"B Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen, B., Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (2015). Advancing knowledge-building discourse through judgments of promising ideas. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 10(4), 345\u2013366","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"9356_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.18608\/jla.2016.32.7","volume":"3","author":"B Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, B., & Zhang, J. (2016). Analytics for Knowledge Creation: Towards Epistemic Agency and Design-Mode Thinking. Journal of Learning Analytics, 3(2), 139\u2013163","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Analytics"},{"issue":"1","key":"9356_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2011.641677","volume":"22","author":"CM Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen, C. M., & Chang, C. C. (2014). Mining learning social networks for cooperative learning with appropriate learning partners in a problem-based learning environment. Interactive Learning Environments, 22(1), 97\u2013124","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"issue":"6","key":"9356_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654318791584","volume":"88","author":"J Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, J., Wang, M., Kirschner, P. A., & Tsai, C. C. (2018). The Role of Collaboration, Computer Use, Learning Environments, and Supporting Strategies in CSCL: A Meta-Analysis. Review of Educational Research, 88(6), 799\u2013843","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"9356_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2005.07.003","volume":"49","author":"H Cho","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cho, H., Gay, G., Davidson, B., & Ingraffea, A. (2007). Social networks, communication styles, and learning performance in a CSCL community. Computers & Education, 49(2), 309\u2013329","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9356_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, D. B., & Sampson, V. D. (2017). Analyzing the quality of argumentation supported by personally-seeded discussions. In Computer Supported Collaborative Learning 2005: The Next 10 Years! (pp.\u00a076\u201385). Routledge. https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.4324\/9781351226905-11\/analyzing-quality-argumentation-supported-personally-seeded-discussions-douglas-clark-victor-sampson","DOI":"10.3115\/1149293.1149304"},{"issue":"8","key":"9356_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jedc.2003.04.002","volume":"28","author":"R Cowan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cowan, R., & Jonard, N. (2004). Network structure and the diffusion of knowledge. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 28(8), 1557\u20131575","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control"},{"key":"9356_CR26","unstructured":"Csardi, G., & Nepusz, T. (2006). The Igraph software package for complex network research.InterJournal, Complex Sy,1695"},{"issue":"3&4","key":"9356_CR27","first-page":"7","volume":"25","author":"N Davidson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davidson, N., & Major, C. H. (2014). Boundary Crossings: Cooperative Learning, Collaborative Learning, and Problem-Based Learning. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 25(3&4), 7\u201355","journal-title":"Journal on Excellence in College Teaching"},{"issue":"PG-312-321","key":"9356_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.02.052","volume":"60","author":"L de-Marcos","year":"2016","unstructured":"de-Marcos, L., Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez, E., Garc\u00eda-Cabot, A., Medina-Merodio, J. A., Dom\u00ednguez, A., Mart\u00ednez-Herr\u00e1iz, J. J., & Diez-Folledo, T. (2016). Social network analysis of a gamified e-learning course: Small-world phenomenon and network metrics as predictors of academic performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 60(PG-312-321), 312\u2013321","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"9356_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1102-z","volume":"51","author":"NMM Dowell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dowell, N. M. M., Nixon, T. M., & Graesser, A. C. (2019). Group communication analysis: A computational linguistics approach for detecting sociocognitive roles in multiparty interactions. Behavior Research Methods, 51(3), 1007\u20131041","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"11","key":"9356_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2013.2280884","volume":"8","author":"MR Faghani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Faghani, M. R., & Nguyen, U. T. (2013). A Study of XSS Worm Propagation and Detection Mechanisms in Online Social Networks. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 8(11), 1815\u20131826","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"},{"issue":"1","key":"9356_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-008-9057-1","volume":"4","author":"DA Fields","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fields, D. A., & Kafai, Y. B. (2009). A connective ethnography of peer knowledge sharing and diffusion in a tween virtual world. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 4(1), 47\u201368","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"key":"9356_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guilbeault, D., Becker, J., & Centola, D. (2018). Complex Contagions: A Decade in Review (pp.\u00a03\u201325). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-77332-2_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-77332-2_1"},{"issue":"7695","key":"9356_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25753","volume":"555","author":"J Gurevitch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gurevitch, J., Koricheva, J., Nakagawa, S., & Stewart, G. (2018). Meta-analysis and the science of research synthesis. Nature, 555(7695), 175\u2013182","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3_suppl","key":"9356_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1976.43.3f.1319","volume":"43","author":"LL Havlicek","year":"1976","unstructured":"Havlicek, L. L., & Peterson, N. L. (1976). Robustness of the Pearson Correlation against Violations of Assumptions. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 43(3_suppl), 1319\u20131334","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"issue":"4","key":"9356_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-8188(96)90003-1","volume":"18","author":"C Haythornthwaite","year":"1996","unstructured":"Haythornthwaite, C. (1996). Social network analysis: An approach and technique for the study of information exchange. Library & Information Science Research, 18(4), 323\u2013342","journal-title":"Library & Information Science Research"},{"key":"9356_CR36","unstructured":"Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis. Elsevier"},{"issue":"PG-68-80","key":"9356_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.10.038","volume":"47","author":"\u00c3 Hern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda, \u00c3., Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez, I., Jim\u00e9nez-Zarco, A. I., & Chaparro-Pel\u00e1ez, J. (2015). Applying social learning analytics to message boards in online distance learning: A case study. Computers in Human Behavior, 47(PG-68-80), 68\u201380","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"11","key":"9356_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","volume":"21","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 21(11), 1539\u20131558","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"9356_CR39","first-page":"65","volume":"6","author":"S Holm","year":"1979","unstructured":"Holm, S. (1979). A Simple Sequentially Rejective Multiple Test Procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 6(2), 65\u201370","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Statistics"},{"key":"9356_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IntHout, J., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Rovers, M. M., & Goeman, J. J. (2016). Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis.BMJ Open, 6(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010247","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010247"},{"issue":"5","key":"9356_CR41","first-page":"665","volume":"5","author":"M Jalili","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jalili, M., & Perc, M. (2017). Information cascades in complex networks. Journal of Complex Networks, 5(5), 665\u2013693","journal-title":"Journal of Complex Networks"},{"issue":"1","key":"9356_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2012.749153","volume":"48","author":"J Janssen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Janssen, J., & Bodemer, D. (2013). Coordinated Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning: Awareness and Awareness Tools. Educational Psychologist, 48(1), 40\u201355","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"9356_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, A., Clark, D. B., Sampson, V. D., & Menekse, M. (2011). Sequential Analysis of Scientific Argumentation in Asynchronous Online Discussion Environments. Analyzing Interactions in CSCL (pp. 207\u2013233). Springer US","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7710-6_10"},{"issue":"2","key":"9356_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2016.1158654","volume":"51","author":"H Jeong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jeong, H., & Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (2016). Seven Affordances of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning: How to Support Collaborative Learning? How Can Technologies Help? Educational Psychologist, 51(2), 247\u2013265","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"9356_CR45","unstructured":"Jiang, S., Fitzhugh, S. M., & Warschauer, M. (2014). Social positioning and performance in MOOCs. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 1183, 55\u201358"},{"key":"9356_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joksimovi\u0107, S., Manataki, A., Ga\u0161evi\u0107, D., Dawson, S., Kovanovi\u0107, V., & de Kereki, I. F. (2016). Translating network position into performance. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge - LAK \u201916, 314\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2883851.2883928","DOI":"10.1145\/2883851.2883928"},{"key":"9356_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2019.02.002","volume":"41","author":"MK Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim, M. K., & Ketenci, T. (2019). Learner participation profiles in an asynchronous online collaboration context. The Internet and Higher Education, 41, 62\u201376","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"key":"9356_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.106205","volume":"105","author":"MK Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim, M. K., Wang, Y., & Ketenci, T. (2020). Who are online learning leaders? Piloting a leader identification method (LIM). Computers in Human Behavior, 105, 106205","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"11","key":"9356_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys1746","volume":"6","author":"M Kitsak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kitsak, M., Gallos, L. K., Havlin, S., Liljeros, F., Muchnik, L., Stanley, H. E., & Makse, H. A. (2010). Identification of influential spreaders in complex networks. Nature Physics, 6(11), 888\u2013893","journal-title":"Nature Physics"},{"issue":"2","key":"9356_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2017.70.2.144","volume":"70","author":"SG Kwak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kwak, S. G., & Kim, J. H. (2017). Central limit theorem: the cornerstone of modern statistics. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 70(2), 144","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9356_CR51","first-page":"76","volume":"4","author":"AVY Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee, A. V. Y., & Tan, S. C. (2017a). Promising Ideas for Collective Advancement of Communal Knowledge Using Temporal Analytics and Cluster Analysis. Journal of Learning Analytics, 4(3), 76\u2013101","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Analytics"},{"key":"9356_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, A. V. Y., & Tan, S. C. (2017b). Temporal analytics with discourse analysis: Tracing ideas and impact on communal discourse. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 120\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3027385.3027386","DOI":"10.1145\/3027385.3027386"},{"key":"9356_CR53","unstructured":"Lee, A. V. Y., Tan, S. C., & Chee, J. K. K. (2016). Idea identification and analysis (I2A): A search for sustainable promising ideas within knowledge-building discourse. Proceedings of International Conference of the Learning Sciences (ICLS), 1, 90\u201397"},{"key":"9356_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehmann, S., & Ahn, Y. Y. (2018). Complex Spreading Phenomena in Social Systems Influence and Contagion in Real-World Social Networks","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-77332-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"9356_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwx110","volume":"5","author":"H Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, H. (2018). Deep learning for natural language processing: advantages and challenges. National Science Review, 5(1), 24\u201326","journal-title":"National Science Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"9356_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(02)00060-2","volume":"36","author":"A Likas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Likas, A., Vlassis, N., & Verbeek, J., J. (2003). The global k-means clustering algorithm. Pattern Recognition, 36(2), 451\u2013461","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"9356_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, S., Chai, H., Liu, Z., Pinkwart, N., Han, X., & Hu, T. (2019). Effects of Proactive Personality and Social Centrality on Learning Performance in SPOCs. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Supported Education, 2(PG-481-487), 481\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5220\/0007756604810487","DOI":"10.5220\/0007756604810487"},{"key":"9356_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2016.02.028","volume":"452","author":"Y Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Tang, M., Zhou, T., & Do, Y. (2016). Identify influential spreaders in complex networks, the role of neighborhood. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 452, 289\u2013298","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications"},{"key":"9356_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Kang, L., Domanska, M., Liu, S., Sun, J., & Fang, C. (2018a). Social network characteristics of learners in a course forum and their relationship to learning outcomes. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Supported Education, 1(PG-15-21), 15\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5220\/0006647600150021","DOI":"10.5220\/0006647600150021"},{"key":"9356_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Kang, L., Su, Z., Liu, S., & Sun, J. (2018b). Investigate the relationship between learners\u2019 social characteristics and academic achievements. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1113(1), 012021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1113\/1\/012021","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1113\/1\/012021"},{"key":"9356_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Pernas, S., Saqr, M., & Viberg, O. (2021). Putting It All Together: Combining Learning Analytics Methods and Data Sources to Understand Students\u2019 Approaches to Learning Programming.Sustainability, 13(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13094825","DOI":"10.3390\/su13094825"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"9356_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-007-9019-z","volume":"2","author":"K Lund","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lund, K., Molinari, G., S\u00e9journ\u00e9, A., & Baker, M. (2007). How do argumentation diagrams compare when student pairs use them as a means for debate or as a tool for representing debate? International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 2(2\u20133), 273\u2013295","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"key":"9356_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.10.027","volume":"82","author":"JA Marcos-Garc\u00eda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marcos-Garc\u00eda, J. A., Mart\u00ednez-Mon\u00e9s, A., & Dimitriadis, Y. (2015). DESPRO: A method based on roles to provide collaboration analysis support adapted to the participants in CSCL situations. Computers & Education, 82, 335\u2013353","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"9356_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","volume":"22","author":"ML McHugh","year":"2012","unstructured":"McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276\u2013282","journal-title":"Biochemia Medica"},{"key":"9356_CR65","unstructured":"Miller, J. K., & Volz, M. (2013). Composing Arguments: An Argumentation and Debate Textbook for the Digital Age. CreateSpace"},{"key":"9356_CR66","unstructured":"Mirza, N. M., & Perret-Clermont, A. N. (2009). Argumentation and Education. In Muller, N., Mirza, & Perret-Clermont, A. N. (Eds.), Argumentation and Education: Theoretical Foundations and Practices. Springer US"},{"key":"9356_CR67","unstructured":"Mochalova, A., & Nanopoulos, A. (2013). On the role of centrality in information diffusion in social networks. ECIS 2013 - Proceedings of the 21st European Conference on Information Systems"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"9356_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-007-9021-5","volume":"2","author":"N Muller Mirza","year":"2007","unstructured":"Muller Mirza, N., Tartas, V., Perret-Clermont, A. N., & De Pietro, J. F. (2007). Using graphical tools in a phased activity for enhancing dialogical skills: An example with Digalo. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 2(2\u20133), 247\u2013272","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"10","key":"9356_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1037\/h0048216","volume":"12","author":"MD Nefzger","year":"1957","unstructured":"Nefzger, M. D., & Drasgow, J. (1957). The needless assumption of normality in Pearson\u2019s r. American Psychologist, 12(10), 623","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"2","key":"9356_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2011.11.006","volume":"7","author":"O Noroozi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Noroozi, O., Weinberger, A., Biemans, H. J. A. A., Mulder, M., & Chizari, M. (2012). Argumentation-Based Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (ABCSCL): A synthesis of 15 years of research. Educational Research Review, 7(2), 79\u2013106","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"9356_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-007-9025-1","volume":"2","author":"EM Nussbaum","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nussbaum, E. M., Winsor, D. L., Aqui, Y. M., & Poliquin, A. M. (2007). Putting the pieces together: Online argumentation vee diagrams enhance thinking during discussions. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 2(4), 479\u2013500","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"9356_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2010.03.006","volume":"32","author":"T Opsahl","year":"2010","unstructured":"Opsahl, T., Agneessens, F., & Skvoretz, J. (2010). Node centrality in weighted networks: Generalizing degree and shortest paths. Social Networks, 32(3), 245\u2013251","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"key":"9356_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.611.115","volume":"611","author":"E Ostertagova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ostertagova, E., Ostertag, O., & Kov\u00e1\u010d, J. (2014). Methodology and application of the Kruskal-Wallis test. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 611, 115\u2013120","journal-title":"Applied Mechanics and Materials"},{"issue":"3","key":"9356_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12647","volume":"50","author":"F Ouyang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ouyang, F., & Chang, Y. H. (2019). The relationships between social participatory roles and cognitive engagement levels in online discussions. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(3), 1396\u20131414","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"9356_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pei, S., Morone, F., & Makse, H. A. (2018). Theories for Influencer Identification in Complex Networks. In Complex spreading phenomena in social systems (pp.\u00a0125\u2013148). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-77332-2_8","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-77332-2_8"},{"issue":"2","key":"9356_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.84.2.373","volume":"84","author":"NL Peterson","year":"1977","unstructured":"Peterson, N. L. (1977). Effect of the violation of assumptions upon significance levels of the Pearson r. Psychological Bulletin, 84(2), 373\u2013377","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"9356_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/11774303_23","volume-title":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems","author":"N Pinkwart","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pinkwart, N., Aleven, V., Ashley, K., & Lynch, C. (2006). Toward Legal Argument Instruction with Graph Grammars and Collaborative Filtering Techniques. Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 227\u2013236). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer"},{"key":"9356_CR78","unstructured":"Poquet, O., Saqr, M., & Chen, B. (2021). Recommendations for Network Research in Learning Analytics: To Open a Conversation. In O. Poquet, B. Chen, M. Saqr, & T. Hecking (Eds.), Proceedings of the NetSciLA2021 Workshop \u201cUsing Network Science in Learning Analytics: Building Bridges towards a Common Agenda\u201d (NetSciLA2021) (Issue 2868, pp.\u00a034\u201341). http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2868\/"},{"key":"9356_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Poquet, O., Tupikina, L., & Santolini, M. (2020). Are forum networks social networks? Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge, 366\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3375462.3375531","DOI":"10.1145\/3375462.3375531"},{"issue":"3","key":"9356_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s10798-015-9318-z","volume":"26","author":"G Putnik","year":"2016","unstructured":"Putnik, G., Costa, E., Alves, C., Castro, H., Varela, L., & Shah, V. (2016). Analysing the correlation between social network analysis measures and performance of students in social network-based engineering education. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 26(3), 413\u2013437","journal-title":"International Journal of Technology and Design Education"},{"issue":"04","key":"9356_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218213004001922","volume":"13","author":"C Reed","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reed, C., & Rowe, G. (2004). Araucaris: Software for Argument Analysis, Diagramming and Representation. International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools, 13(04), 961\u2013979","journal-title":"International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools"},{"issue":"4","key":"9356_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633117715749","volume":"56","author":"I Reychav","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reychav, I., Raban, D. R., & McHaney, R. (2018). Centrality Measures and Academic Achievement in Computerized Classroom Social Networks. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 56(4), 589\u2013618","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"9356_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1355","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1355","volume":"10","author":"C Romero","year":"2020","unstructured":"Romero, C., & Ventura, S. (2020). Educational data mining and learning analytics: An updated survey. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 10(3), e1355","journal-title":"WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery"},{"issue":"1","key":"9356_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-019-1599-6","volume":"19","author":"M Saqr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saqr, M., & Alamro, A. (2019). The role of social network analysis as a learning analytics tool in online problem based learning. BMC Medical Education, 19(1), 160","journal-title":"BMC Medical Education"},{"key":"9356_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saqr, M., Fors, U., & Nouri, J. (2018a). Using social network analysis to understand online Problem-Based Learning and predict performance.PLOS ONE, 13(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0203590","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203590"},{"issue":"1","key":"9356_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-018-1126-1","volume":"18","author":"M Saqr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saqr, M., Fors, U., & Tedre, M. (2018b). How the study of online collaborative learning can guide teachers and predict students\u2019 performance in a medical course. BMC Medical Education, 18(1), 24","journal-title":"BMC Medical Education"},{"key":"9356_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saqr, M., Fors, U., Tedre, M., & Nouri, J. (2018c). How social network analysis can be used to monitor online collaborative learning and guide an informed intervention.PLOS ONE, 13(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0194777","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194777"},{"key":"9356_CR88","unstructured":"Saqr, M., & L\u00f3pez-Pernas, S. (2021). The curious case of centrality measures: a large-scale empirical investigation. Journal of Learning Analytics, 8(3), in-press"},{"key":"9356_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saqr, M., & Montero, C. S. (2020). Learning and Social Networks -Similarities, Differences and Impact. IEEE 20th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT49669.2020.00047"},{"key":"9356_CR90","first-page":"466","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"M Saqr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saqr, M., Nouri, J., & Jormanainen, I. (2019). A Learning Analytics Study of the Effect of Group Size on Social Dynamics and Performance in Online Collaborative Learning. In Scheffel, M., Broisin, J., Pammer-Schindler, V., Ioannou, A., & Schneider, J. (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (11722 vol., pp. 466\u2013479). Cham: Springer"},{"key":"9356_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saqr, M., & Viberg, O. (2020). Using Diffusion Network Analytics to Examine and Support Knowledge Construction in CSCL Settings. In C. Alario-Hoyos, M. J. Rodr\u00edguez-Triana, l M. Scheffe, I. Arnedillo-S\u00e1nchez, & D. S.M. (Eds.), Proceedings of EC-TEL 2020: Addressing Global Challenges and Quality Education (Vol.\u00a012315, Issue 1, pp.\u00a0158\u2013172). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-57717-9_12","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-57717-9_12"},{"issue":"2","key":"9356_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-020-09322-6","volume":"15","author":"M Saqr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saqr, M., Viberg, O., & Vartiainen, H. (2020). Capturing the participation and social dimensions of computer-supported collaborative learning through social network analysis: which method and measures matter? International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 15(2), 227\u2013248","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"9356_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-009-9080-x","volume":"5","author":"O Scheuer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scheuer, O., Loll, F., Pinkwart, N., & McLaren, B. M. (2010). Computer-supported argumentation: A review of the state of the art. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 5(1), 43\u2013102","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"9356_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-015-9216-0","volume":"10","author":"BB Schwarz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schwarz, B. B., de Groot, R., Mavrikis, M., & Dragon, T. (2015). Learning to learn together with CSCL tools. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 10(3), 239\u2013271","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"9356_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-007-9024-2","volume":"2","author":"BB Schwarz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schwarz, B. B., & Glassner, A. (2007). The role of floor control and of ontology in argumentative activities with discussion-based tools. In International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (Vol, 2(4), 449\u2013478","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (Vol"},{"key":"9356_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21416-0","author":"G Schwarzer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schwarzer, G., Carpenter, J. R., & R\u00fccker, G. (2015). Meta-Analysis with R.Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-21416-0","journal-title":"Springer International Publishing"},{"key":"9356_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shakarian, P., Bhatnagar, A., Aleali, A., Shaabani, E., & Guo, R. (2015). The Independent Cascade and Linear Threshold Models. In SpringerBriefs in Computer Science (Issue 9783319231044, pp.\u00a035\u201348). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-23105-1_4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23105-1_4"},{"key":"9356_CR98","unstructured":"Siemens, G. (2004). Connectivism: A Learning Theory for the Digital Age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2"},{"key":"9356_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh, S. S. (2018). A Survey on Information Diffusion Models in Social Networks. In International Conference on Advanced Informatics for Computing Research (Vol. 956). Springer Singapore. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-13-3143-5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-3143-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"9356_CR100","first-page":"261","volume":"15","author":"A Soller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Soller, A., Mon\u00e9s, A. M., Jermann, P., & Muehlenbrock, M. (2005). From Mirroring to Guiding: A Review of State of the Art Technology for Supporting Collaborative Learning. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 15(4), 261\u2013290","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"9356_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1348\/000711005X48266","volume":"59","author":"D Steinley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steinley, D. (2006). K-means clustering: a half\u2010century synthesis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 59(1), 1\u201334","journal-title":"British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9356_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2009.08.006","volume":"26","author":"JW Strijbos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Strijbos, J. W., & Weinberger, A. (2010). Emerging and scripted roles in computer-supported collaborative learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(4), 491\u2013494","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"9356_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.10.702","volume":"100","author":"CM Stuetzer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stuetzer, C. M., Koehler, T., Carley, K. M., & Thiem, G. (2013). \u201cBrokering\u201d Behavior in Collaborative Learning Systems. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 100, 94\u2013107","journal-title":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"9356_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.07.015","volume":"89","author":"N Sumith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sumith, N., Annappa, B., & Bhattacharya, S. (2018). Influence maximization in large social networks: Heuristics, models and parameters. Future Generation Computer Systems, 89, 777\u2013790","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"9356_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suthers, D. D. (2015). From contingencies to network-level phenomena. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Learning Analytics And Knowledge, 16-20-Marc, 368\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2723576.2723626","DOI":"10.1145\/2723576.2723626"},{"key":"9356_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suthers, D. D., & Desiato, C. (2012). Exposing Chat Features through Analysis of Uptake between Contributions. Proceedings of the 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 3368\u20133377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HICSS.2012.274","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2012.274"},{"key":"9356_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-009-9081-9","volume":"5","author":"DD Suthers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Suthers, D. D., Dwyer, N., Medina, R., & Vatrapu, R. (2010). A framework for conceptualizing, representing, and analyzing distributed interaction. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 5, 5\u201342","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"9356_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327809JLS1202_2","volume":"12","author":"DD Suthers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Suthers, D. D., & Hundhausen, C. D. (2003). An Experimental Study of the Effects of Representational Guidance on Collaborative Learning Processes. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 12(2), 183\u2013218","journal-title":"Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"key":"9356_CR109","first-page":"745","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"P Temdee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Temdee, P., Thipakorn, B., Sirinaovakul, B., & Schelhowe, H. (2006). Of Collaborative Learning Team: An Approach for Emergent Leadership Roles Identification by Using Social Network Analysis. In Pan, Z., Aylett, R., Diener, H., Jin, X., G\u00f6bel, S., & Li, L. (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (3942 vol., pp. 745\u2013754). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer"},{"issue":"21","key":"9356_CR110","first-page":"19","volume":"1","author":"M Tomczak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tomczak, M., & Tomczak, E. (2014). The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size. Trends in Sport Sciences, 1(21), 19\u201325","journal-title":"Trends in Sport Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"9356_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-011-9339-7","volume":"21","author":"CY Tsai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tsai, C. Y., Jack, B. M., Huang, T. C., & Yang, J. T. (2012). Using the Cognitive Apprenticeship Web-based Argumentation System to Improve Argumentation Instruction. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 21(4), 476\u2013486","journal-title":"Journal of Science Education and Technology"},{"key":"9356_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Gelder, T. (2003). Enhancing Deliberation Through Computer Supported Argument Visualization. In Visualizing Argumentation (pp.\u00a097\u2013115). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4471-0037-9_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-0037-9_5"},{"issue":"2","key":"9356_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2005.02368.x","volume":"40","author":"AJSF Visschers-Pleijers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Visschers-Pleijers, A. J. S. F., Dolmans, D. H. J. M., De Leng, B. A., Wolfhagen, I. H., A., P., & Van Der Vleuten, C. P. M. (2006). Analysis of verbal interactions in tutorial groups: A process study. Medical Education, 40(2), 129\u2013137","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"key":"9356_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2017.02.007","volume":"475","author":"J Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, J., Hou, X., Li, K., & Ding, Y. (2017). A novel weight neighborhood centrality algorithm for identifying influential spreaders in complex networks. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 475, 88\u2013105","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications"},{"key":"9356_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications. In Social network analysis: Methods and applications. (pp.\u00a0xxxi, 825\u2013xxxi, 825). Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511815478","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815478"},{"key":"9356_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weinberger, A., Fischer, F., & Stegmann, K. (2017). Computer-supported collaborative learning in higher education: Scripts for argumentative knowledge construction in distributed groups. Computer supported collaborative learning 2005: The next 10 years! (pp. 717\u2013726). Routledge","DOI":"10.3115\/1149293.1149387"},{"key":"9356_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wise, A. F., & Cui, Y. (2018). Unpacking the relationship between discussion forum participation and learning in MOOCs. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge, PG-330-339, 330\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3170358.3170403","DOI":"10.1145\/3170358.3170403"},{"key":"9356_CR118","unstructured":"Wise, A. F., Knight, S., & Shum, B. (2021). S. Collaborative Learning Analytics. International Handbook of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 1\u201319"},{"issue":"4","key":"9356_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-017-9267-5","volume":"12","author":"AF Wise","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wise, A. F., & Schwarz, B. B. (2017). Visions of CSCL: eight provocations for the future of the field. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 12(4), 423\u2013467","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"9356_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-008-9105-7","volume":"14","author":"EHJ Yew","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yew, E. H. J., & Schmidt, H. G. (2009). Evidence for constructive, self-regulatory, and collaborative processes in problem-based learning. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 14(2), 251\u2013273","journal-title":"Advances in Health Sciences Education"},{"key":"9356_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2016.07.002","volume":"651","author":"ZK Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. K., Liu, C., Zhan, X. X., Lu, X., Zhang, C. X., & Zhang, Y. C. (2016). Dynamics of information diffusion and its applications on complex networks. Physics Reports, 651, 1\u201334","journal-title":"Physics Reports"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11412-021-09356-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11412-021-09356-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11412-021-09356-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T03:38:40Z","timestamp":1643686720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11412-021-09356-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-021-09356-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-1607","1556-1615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-1607","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-1615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to report.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}