{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:30:43Z","timestamp":1776439843182,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern. J. Comput.-Support. Collab. Learn"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Successful computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) relies on collaborative group engagement, a complex construct characterized by multifaceted, dynamic, socio-emotional, and socio-cognitive processes. This paper provides a detailed analysis of collaborative group engagement, with a particular focus on nonverbal behaviors as indicators of high versus low group engagement. Using video observations and a multi-method approach, we examine in detail the relationships between different dimensions of group engagement (i.e., behavioral, social, cognitive, and conceptual-to-consequential engagement) and nonverbal behaviors. Using qualitative case analysis, we also provide a rich examination of selected cases to identify the role that nonverbal behaviors play in high-engagement sequences compared with low-engagement sequences. Our findings shed light on specific nonverbal behaviors, including nodding, laughing, and eye contact, as significant indicators of high versus low collaborative group engagement. Notably, more of these nonverbal behaviors are evident in high-engagement sequences, suggesting mutual reinforcement on each dimension of engagement\u2014with the exception of behavioral engagement, where increased laughing or smiling is evident in low-engagement sequences, but still serves a productive group process. The paper concludes with a discussion and implications of the findings. By demonstrating the role of nonverbal behaviors as important indicators, this work contributes to the understanding of the complex, dynamic, and contextualized nature of collaborative group engagement in CSCL settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-024-09422-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T07:02:08Z","timestamp":1715842928000},"page":"187-229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Zooming in: The role of nonverbal behavior in sensing the quality of collaborative group engagement"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5041-1543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Paneth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loris T.","family":"Jeitziner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Rack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Opwis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Zahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"9422_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Allmendinger, K., Troitzsch, H., Hesse, F. W., & Spada, H. (2003). Nonverbal signs in virtual environments. In B. Wasson, S. Ludvigsen, & U. Hoppe (Eds.), Designing for Change in Networked Learning Environments: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning 2003 (pp. 431\u2013440) Springer Netherlands. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-017-0195-2_52","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-0195-2_52"},{"issue":"3","key":"9422_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327809JLS1203_1","volume":"12","author":"B Barron","year":"2003","unstructured":"Barron, B. (2003). When smart groups fail. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 12(3), 307\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327809JLS1203_1","journal-title":"Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"key":"9422_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bates, D., Kliegl, R., Vasishth, S., & Baayen, H. (2015a). Parsimonious Mixed Models. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.1506.04967","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1506.04967"},{"key":"9422_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bates, D., M\u00e4chler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015b). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1).\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"9422_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2015.04.003","volume":"39","author":"I Behoora","year":"2015","unstructured":"Behoora, I., & Tucker, C. S. (2015). Machine learning classification of design team members\u2019 body language patterns for real time emotional state detection. Design Studies, 39, 100\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.destud.2015.04.003","journal-title":"Design Studies"},{"key":"9422_CR6","first-page":"475","volume-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of: The Learning Sciences","author":"PC Blumenfeld","year":"2006","unstructured":"Blumenfeld, P. C., Kempler, T. M., & Krajcik, J. (2006). Motivation and cognitive engagement in learning environments. In R. K. Sawyer (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of: The Learning Sciences (pp. 475\u2013488). Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"9422_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brauner, E., Boos, M., & Kolbe, M. (Eds.). (2018). The Cambridge Handbook of Group Interaction Analysis (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781316286302","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316286302"},{"key":"9422_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burgoon, J. K., & Dunbar, N. E. (2018). Coding nonverbal behavior. In E. Brauner, M. Boos, & M. Kolbe (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Group Interaction Analysis (pp. 104\u2013120). Cambridge University Press; Cambridge Core. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781316286302.007","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316286302.007"},{"key":"9422_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Care, E. (2018). Twenty-first century skills: From theory to action. In E. Care, P. Griffin, & M. Wilson (Eds.), Assessment and Teaching of 21st Century Skills (pp. 3\u201317). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-65368-6_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65368-6_1"},{"issue":"6","key":"9422_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654318791584","volume":"88","author":"J Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, J., Wang, M., Kirschner, P. A., & Tsai, C.-C. (2018). The role of collaboration, computer use, learning environments, and supporting strategies in CSCL: a meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 88(6), 799\u2013843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0034654318791584","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"9422_CR11","unstructured":"Christensen, R. H. B. (2019). Ordinal\u2014Regression Models for Ordinal Data. R package version 2019. 3-9. [Computer software]. http:\/\/www.cran.r-project.org\/package=ordinal\/"},{"key":"9422_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2020.101838","volume":"78","author":"PL Cur\u015feu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cur\u015feu, P. L., Rusu, A., Maricu\u0163oiu, L. P., V\u00eerg\u0103, D., & M\u0103gurean, S. (2020). Identified and engaged: A multi-level dynamic model of identification with the group and performance in collaborative learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 78, 101838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lindif.2020.101838","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"9422_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104094","volume":"162","author":"G Deeva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deeva, G., Bogdanova, D., Serral, E., Snoeck, M., & De Weerdt, J. (2021). A review of automated feedback systems for learners: Classification framework, challenges and opportunities. Computers & Education, 162, 104094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104094","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9422_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dillenbourg, P., J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S., & Fischer, F. (2009). The evolution of research on computer-supported collaborative learning. In N. Balacheff, S. Ludvigsen, T. de Jong, A. Lazonder, & S. Barnes (Eds.), Technology-Enhanced Learning: Principles and Products (pp. 3\u201319). Springer Netherlands. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4020-9827-7_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9827-7_1"},{"issue":"2","key":"9422_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2017.1281747","volume":"52","author":"S D\u2019Mello","year":"2017","unstructured":"D\u2019Mello, S., Dieterle, E., & Duckworth, A. (2017). Advanced, analytic, automated (AAA) measurement of engagement during learning. Educational Psychologist, 52(2), 104\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00461520.2017.1281747","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"issue":"2","key":"9422_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407505050944","volume":"22","author":"NE Dunbar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dunbar, N. E., & Burgoon, J. K. (2005). Perceptions of power and interactional dominance in interpersonal relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22(2), 207\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0265407505050944","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships"},{"issue":"4","key":"9422_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532690XCI2004_1","volume":"20","author":"RA Engle","year":"2002","unstructured":"Engle, R. A., & Conant, F. R. (2002). Guiding principles for fostering productive disciplinary engagement: explaining an emergent argument in a community of learners classroom. Cognition and Instruction, 20(4), 399\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S1532690XCI2004_1","journal-title":"Cognition and Instruction"},{"key":"9422_CR18","unstructured":"eTeks. (2022). Sweet Home 3D (7.0) [Computer software]. http:\/\/www.sweethome3d.com\/"},{"key":"9422_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/00346543074001059","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543074001059"},{"key":"9422_CR20","unstructured":"Gamer, M., Lemon, J., & Singh, I. F. P. (2019). irr: Various Coefficients of Interrater Reliability and Agreement. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=irr"},{"key":"9422_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203877258","volume-title":"Video research in the learning sciences","author":"R Goldman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goldman, R., Pea, R., Barron, B., & Derry, S. J. (2014). Video research in the learning sciences. Routledge."},{"key":"9422_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e9rez, L. I., & Ram\u00edrez-Montoya, M. S. (2022). Components of education 4.0 in 21st century skills frameworks: systematic review. Sustainability, 14(3), 1493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14031493","DOI":"10.3390\/su14031493"},{"key":"9422_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grafsgaard, J. F., Wiggins, J. B., Vail, A. K., Boyer, K. E., Wiebe, E. N., & Lester, J. C. (2014). The additive value of multimodal features for predicting engagement, frustration, and learning during tutoring. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, 42\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2663204.2663264","DOI":"10.1145\/2663204.2663264"},{"issue":"2","key":"9422_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s11618-022-01090-3","volume":"25","author":"A Heinle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heinle, A., Schiepe-Tiska, A., Reinhold, F., Heine, J.-H., & Holzberger, D. (2022). Supporting student motivation in class: The motivational potential of tasks. Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Erziehungswissenschaft, 25(2), 453\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11618-022-01090-3","journal-title":"Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Erziehungswissenschaft"},{"key":"9422_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.09.005","volume":"90","author":"CR Henrie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Henrie, C. R., Halverson, L. R., & Graham, C. R. (2015). Measuring student engagement in technology-mediated learning: A review. Computers & Education, 90, 36\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.09.005","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9422_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hmelo-Silver, C. E., & Jeong, H. (2021). An overview of CSCL methods. In U. Cress, C. Ros\u00e9, A. F. Wise, & J. Oshima (Eds.), International Handbook of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (Vol. 19). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-65291-3_4"},{"key":"9422_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hmelo-Silver, C. E., & Jeong, H. (2023). Synergies among the pillars: Designing for computer-supported collaborative learning. In O. Zawacki-Richter & I. Jung (Eds.), Handbook of Open, Distance and Digital Education (pp. 1357\u20131372). Springer Nature Singapore. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-19-2080-6_83","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-2080-6_83"},{"key":"9422_CR28","unstructured":"Holm, S. (1979). A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 65\u201370"},{"issue":"2","key":"9422_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/14729670385200351","volume":"3","author":"J Hovelynck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hovelynck, J., & Peeters, L. (2003). Laughter, smiles and grins: The role of humor in learning and facilitating. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 3(2), 171\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14729670385200351","journal-title":"Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"9422_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.4.4.403","volume":"4","author":"WT Hoyt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hoyt, W. T., & Kerns, M.-D. (1999). Magnitude and moderators of bias in observer ratings: A meta-analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(4), 403\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.4.4.403","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"9422_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu, W., Huang, Y., Jia, Y., & Ma, N. (2021). Exploring the relationship between socio-emotional process and collaborative problem solving. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Education Technology and Computers, 437\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3498765.3498834","DOI":"10.1145\/3498765.3498834"},{"issue":"10","key":"9422_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2011.05629.x","volume":"67","author":"SE Huseb\u00f8","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huseb\u00f8, S. E., Rystedt, H., & Friberg, F. (2011). Educating for teamwork - nursing students\u2019 coordination in simulated cardiac arrest situations: Educating for teamwork. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(10), 2239\u20132255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2011.05629.x","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"issue":"1","key":"9422_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2012.748006","volume":"48","author":"S J\u00e4rvel\u00e4","year":"2013","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S., & Hadwin, A. F. (2013). New frontiers: regulating learning in CSCL. Educational Psychologist, 48(1), 25\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00461520.2012.748006","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"9422_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2015.10.006","volume":"42","author":"S J\u00e4rvel\u00e4","year":"2016","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S., Malmberg, J., & Koivuniemi, M. (2016). Recognizing socially shared regulation by using the temporal sequences of online chat and logs in CSCL. Learning and Instruction, 42, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2015.10.006","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"issue":"3","key":"9422_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-007-9047-6","volume":"11","author":"S J\u00e4rvel\u00e4","year":"2008","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S., Veermans, M., & Leinonen, P. (2008). Investigating student engagement in computer-supported inquiry: A process-oriented analysis. Social Psychology of Education, 11(3), 299\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11218-007-9047-6","journal-title":"Social Psychology of Education"},{"key":"9422_CR36","unstructured":"Jeitziner, L., Paneth, L., Rack, O., Zahn, C., & Wulff, D. U. (2024). Predicting collaborative group engagement using natural natural language processing. Manuscript in Preparation."},{"issue":"1","key":"9422_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0401_2","volume":"4","author":"B Jordan","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jordan, B., & Henderson, A. (1995). Interaction analysis: foundations and practice. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 4(1), 39\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327809jls0401_2","journal-title":"Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"key":"9422_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kendon, A. (2000). Language and gesture: Unity or duality? In D. McNeill (Ed.), Language and Gesture (pp. 47\u201363). Cambridge University Press; Cambridge Core. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511620850.004","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511620850.004"},{"issue":"7","key":"9422_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0093","volume":"60","author":"AP-H Kong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kong, A.P.-H., Law, S.-P., & Chak, G.W.-C. (2017). A comparison of coverbal gesture use in oral discourse among speakers with fluent and nonfluent aphasia. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 60(7), 2031\u20132046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0093","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"9422_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","journal-title":"Journal of Chiropractic Medicine"},{"key":"9422_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koschmann, T., & Schwarz, B. B. (2021). Case studies in theory and practice. In J. N. Lester, C. Ros\u00e9, A. F. Wise, & J. Oshima (Eds.), International Handbook of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (Vol. 19). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-65291-3_25"},{"issue":"3","key":"9422_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(02)00057-2","volume":"19","author":"K Kreijns","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kreijns, K., Kirschner, P. A., & Jochems, W. (2003). Identifying the pitfalls for social interaction in computer-supported collaborative learning environments: A review of the research. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(3), 335\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0747-5632(02)00057-2","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"9422_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104461","volume":"181","author":"S Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, S., Liu, S., Liu, Z., Peng, X., & Yang, Z. (2022). Automated detection of emotional and cognitive engagement in MOOC discussions to predict learning achievement. Computers & Education, 181, 104461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2022.104461","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"9422_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2017.01.009","volume":"49","author":"J Malmberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Malmberg, J., J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S., & J\u00e4rvenoja, H. (2017). Capturing temporal and sequential patterns of self-, co-, and socially shared regulation in the context of collaborative learning. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 49, 160\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2017.01.009","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"key":"9422_CR45","unstructured":"Negr\u00f3n, A. P. P., & de Antonio Jim\u00e9nez, A. (2009). Nonverbal Communication to Support Collaborative Interaction in Collaborative Virtual Environments for Learning."},{"issue":"2","key":"9422_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2018.2874986","volume":"12","author":"F Noroozi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noroozi, F., Corneanu, C. A., Kaminska, D., Sapinski, T., Escalera, S., & Anbarjafari, G. (2018). Survey on emotional body gesture recognition. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 12(2), 505\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAFFC.2018.2874986","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing"},{"key":"9422_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paneth, L., Jeitziner, L., Rack, O., & Zahn, C. (2023). A multi-method approach to capture quality of collaborative group engagement. In C. Damsa, M. Borge, E. Koh, & M. Worsley (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning\u2014CSCL 2023 (pp. 91\u201398). International Society of the Learning Sciences. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22318\/cscl2023.134087","DOI":"10.22318\/cscl2023.134087"},{"issue":"1","key":"9422_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/10904018.2022.2063868","volume":"38","author":"ES Parks","year":"2024","unstructured":"Parks, E. S., & Bennett, K. E. (2024). A transcriptions system for nonverbal listening behavior. International Journal of Listening, 38(1), 41\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10904018.2022.2063868","journal-title":"International Journal of Listening"},{"issue":"2","key":"9422_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919-018-00292-w","volume":"43","author":"ML Patterson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patterson, M. L. (2019). A systems model of dyadic nonverbal interaction. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 43(2), 111\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10919-018-00292-w","journal-title":"Journal of Nonverbal Behavior"},{"key":"9422_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patterson, M. L., Fridlund, A. J., & Crivelli, C. (2023). Four misconceptions about nonverbal communication. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 174569162211481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17456916221148142","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916221148142"},{"issue":"4","key":"9422_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919-019-00310-5","volume":"43","author":"Z Pi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pi, Z., Zhang, Y., Yang, J., Hu, W., & Yang, H. H. (2019). All roads lead to rome: instructors\u2019 pointing and depictive gestures in video lectures promote learning through different patterns of attention allocation. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 43(4), 549\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10919-019-00310-5","journal-title":"Journal of Nonverbal Behavior"},{"key":"9422_CR52","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2023). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org"},{"key":"9422_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rack, O., Zahn, C., & Mateescu, M. (2018). Coding and counting: Frequency analysis for group interaction research. In E. Brauner, M. Boos, & M. Kolbe (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Group Interaction Analysis (pp. 277\u2013294). Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781316286302.015","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316286302.015"},{"key":"9422_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.01.026","volume":"52","author":"TK Rogat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rogat, T. K., & Adams-Wiggins, K. R. (2015). Interrelation between regulatory and socioemotional processes within collaborative groups characterized by facilitative and directive other-regulation. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 589\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2015.01.026","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"9422_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rogat, T. K., Hmelo-Silver, C. E., Cheng, B. H., Traynor, A., Adeoye, T. F., Gomoll, A., & Downing, B. K. (2022). A multidimensional framework of collaborative groups\u2019 disciplinary engagement. Frontline Learning Research, 10(2), 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14786\/flr.v10i2.863","DOI":"10.14786\/flr.v10i2.863"},{"key":"9422_CR56","unstructured":"RStudio Team. (2020). RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. RStudio, PBC. http:\/\/www.rstudio.com\/"},{"key":"9422_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salomon, G., & Globerson, T. (1989). When teams do not function the way they ought to. International Journal of Educational Research, 13, 89\u201399","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-0355(89)90018-9"},{"key":"9422_CR58","unstructured":"Schneider, B., & Blikstein, P. (2015). Unraveling Students\u2019 Interaction Around a Tangible Interface Using Multimodal Learning Analytics., 7(3), 28"},{"issue":"4","key":"9422_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-014-9202-y","volume":"9","author":"B Schneider","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schneider, B., & Pea, R. (2014). Toward collaboration sensing. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 9(4), 371\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-014-9202-y","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"9422_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-018-9281-2","volume":"13","author":"B Schneider","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schneider, B., Sharma, K., Cuendet, S., Zufferey, G., Dillenbourg, P., & Pea, R. (2018). Leveraging mobile eye-trackers to capture joint visual attention in co-located collaborative learning groups. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 13(3), 241\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-018-9281-2","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"key":"9422_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schneider, B., Worsley, M., & Martinez-Maldonado, R. (2021). Gesture and gaze: Multimodal data in dyadic interactions. In U. Cress, C. Ros\u00e9, A. F. Wise, & J. Oshima (Eds.), International Handbook of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (pp. 625\u2013641). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-65291-3_34","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-65291-3_34"},{"key":"9422_CR62","volume-title":"The Social Psychology of Telecommunications","author":"J Short","year":"1976","unstructured":"Short, J., Williams, E., & Christie, B. (1976). The Social Psychology of Telecommunications. Wiley."},{"key":"9422_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrestha, N. (2020). Detecting multicollinearity in regression analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 8(2), 39\u201342","DOI":"10.12691\/ajams-8-2-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"9422_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-015-9218-y","volume":"10","author":"S Sinha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sinha, S., Rogat, T. K., Adams-Wiggins, K. R., & Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (2015). Collaborative group engagement in a computer-supported inquiry learning environment. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 10(3), 273\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-015-9218-y","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"key":"9422_CR65","volume-title":"Using Multimodal Learning Analytics to Identify Aspects of Collaboration in Project-Based Learning","author":"D Spikol","year":"2017","unstructured":"Spikol, D., Ruffaldi, E., & Cukurova, M. (2017). Using Multimodal Learning Analytics to Identify Aspects of Collaboration in Project-Based Learning. International Society of the Learning Sciences."},{"issue":"5","key":"9422_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/1046496406292938","volume":"37","author":"P Van den Bossche","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van den Bossche, P., Gijselaers, W. H., Segers, M., & Kirschner, P. A. (2006). Social and cognitive factors driving teamwork in collaborative learning environments: team learning beliefs and behaviors. Small Group Research, 37(5), 490\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1046496406292938","journal-title":"Small Group Research"},{"key":"9422_CR67","unstructured":"VERBI Software. (2021). MAXQDA 2022 [Computer software]. VERBI Software. maxqda.com"},{"key":"9422_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vuorenmaa, E., J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S., Dindar, M., & J\u00e4rvenoja, H. (2022). Sequential patterns in social interaction states for regulation in collaborative learning. Small Group Research, 104649642211375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10464964221137524","DOI":"10.1177\/10464964221137524"},{"issue":"5","key":"9422_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2017.1409334","volume":"43","author":"L Wilson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilson, L., Ho, S., & Brookes, R. H. (2018). Student perceptions of teamwork within assessment tasks in undergraduate science degrees. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 43(5), 786\u2013799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02602938.2017.1409334","journal-title":"Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"9422_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.5.967","volume":"77","author":"GM Wittenbaum","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wittenbaum, G. M., Hubbell, A. P., & Zuckerman, C. (1999). Mutual enhancement: Toward an understanding of the collective preference for shared information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(5), 967\u2013978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.77.5.967","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"9422_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-022-09343-0","author":"W Xing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xing, W., Zhu, G., Arslan, O., Shim, J., & Popov, V. (2022). Using learning analytics to explore the multifaceted engagement in collaborative learning. Journal of Computing in Higher Education. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12528-022-09343-0","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education"},{"key":"9422_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49077-9_8","volume-title":"The Psychology of Digital Learning: Constructing, Exchanging and Acquiring Knowledge with Digital Media","author":"C Zahn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zahn, C. (2017). Digital Design and Learning: Cognitive-Constructivist Perspectives. In S. Schwan & U. Cress (Eds.), The Psychology of Digital Learning: Constructing, Exchanging and Acquiring Knowledge with Digital Media (pp. 147\u2013170). Springer International Publishing AG."},{"issue":"3","key":"9422_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/10508401003708399","volume":"19","author":"C Zahn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zahn, C., Pea, R., Hesse, F. W., & Rosen, J. (2010). Comparing simple and advanced video tools as supports for complex collaborative design processes. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 19(3), 403\u2013440.","journal-title":"Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"key":"9422_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahn, C., Ruf, A., & Goldman, R. (2021). Video data collection and video analyses in CSCL research. In U. Cress, C. Ros\u00e9, A. Wise, & J. Oshima (Eds.), International Handbook of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-65291-3_35"},{"issue":"1","key":"9422_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-023-09386-0","volume":"18","author":"L Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Long, M., Niu, J., & Zhong, L. (2023). An automated group learning engagement analysis and feedback approach to promoting collaborative knowledge building, group performance, and socially shared regulation in CSCL. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 18(1), 101\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-023-09386-0","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11412-024-09422-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11412-024-09422-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11412-024-09422-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T08:33:00Z","timestamp":1718872380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11412-024-09422-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-024-09422-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-1607","1556-1615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-1607","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-1615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the ethics committee of the School of Applied Psychology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland. Approved application number: EAaFE200622a.\u00a0Written informed consent was obtained from the participants who appear in the screenshots of video footage captured as part of this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics vote"}}]}}