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(2015), namely behavioural, social, cognitive, and conceptual-to-consequential collaborative group engagement, and demonstrate that the QCGE-SAS can successfully capture the multidimensional nature of QCGE. Construct and criterion validity were supported by significant correlations with related scales and with self-reported and objective learning outcomes. However, while three subscales proved reliable, the social engagement dimension subscale showed unsatisfactory reliability, indicating further refinement of the scale in future research. 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