{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T17:59:47Z","timestamp":1776362387598,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002702","name":"Aalborg University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002702","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern. J. Comput.-Support. Collab. Learn"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The development of immersive virtual reality (IVR) hardware and software has accelerated in recent years. The conceptual vocabulary has, however, not received the same amount of attention, especially in the context of collaborative learning settings. Existing concepts such as immersion, presence and interactivity focus predominantly on the individual user\u2019s experience, neglecting the social and collaborative dimensions of learning supported by IVR. This limitation is particularly evident in the context of collaborative 360-degree virtual reality (360VR), in which learners must interact with each other to understand the recorded activity rather than interact directly with the environment itself. This paper challenges the current conceptualisations of IVR learning processes and proposes a new conceptual framework: Activity-based collaborative virtual reality (ABC-VR). ABC-VR builds on activity theory and is aligned with a dual sense of activity \u2013 the \u2018original\u2019 activity recorded with 360-degree video cameras and the activity produced by learners collaboratively and interactively immersing themselves in an ABC-VR session. In this dual sense of activity, ABC-VR is oriented to activities and the ways learners inhabit activities from educational, social and work practices, where actions and operations occur in a situated context shaped by the learners\u2019 embodied actions and use of material resources. In ABC-VR, learners can question each other and imagine future actions \u2013 but they can also figuratively reason, imagine and reflect with the participants in the original activity. Through this paper, we unfold a conceptualisation of collaborative 360VR that can support the design of pedagogical activities and future research on IVR in collaborative learning activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-025-09446-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T06:49:23Z","timestamp":1746427763000},"page":"317-341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Activity-based collaborative virtual reality: Conceptualising immersive virtual reality for collaborative learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1504-8299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Paulsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5240-9452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Davidsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"9446_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-006-8874-3","volume":"1","author":"HC Arnseth","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arnseth, H. C., & Ludvigsen, S. (2006). Approaching institutional contexts: Systemic versus dialogic research in CSCL. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 1(2), 167\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-006-8874-3","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"9446_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-007-9022-4","volume":"2","author":"M Baker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baker, M., Andriessen, J., Lund, K., van Amelsvoort, M., & Quignard, M. (2007). Rainbow: A framework for analysing computer-mediated pedagogical debates. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 2(2), 315\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-007-9022-4","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"9446_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls1301_1","volume":"13","author":"S Barab","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barab, S., & Squire, K. (2004). Design-based research: Putting a stake in the ground. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 13(1), 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327809jls1301_1","journal-title":"Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"9446_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1302_01","volume":"13","author":"J Blascovich","year":"2002","unstructured":"Blascovich, J., Loomis, J., Beall, A. C., Swinth, K. R., Hoyt, C. L., & Bailenson, J. N. (2002). Immersive virtual environment technology as a methodological tool for social psychology. Psychological Inquiry, 13(2), 103\u2013124.","journal-title":"Psychological Inquiry"},{"issue":"3","key":"9446_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0403_1","volume":"4","author":"S B\u00f8dker","year":"1989","unstructured":"B\u00f8dker, S. (1989). A human activity approach to user interfaces. Human-Computer Interaction, 4(3), 171\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327051hci0403_1","journal-title":"Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"9446_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2137.003.0013","volume-title":"Context and Consciousness","author":"S B\u00f8dker","year":"1995","unstructured":"B\u00f8dker, S. (1995). Applying activity theory to video analysis: How to make sense of video data in human\u2013computer interaction. In B. Nardi (Ed.), Context and Consciousness (pp. 147\u2013174). The MIT Press."},{"key":"9446_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chheang, V., Fischer, V., Buggenhagen, H., Huber, T., Huettl, F., Kneist, W., Preim, B., Saalfeld, P., and Hansen, C. (2020). Toward interprofessional team training for surgeons and anesthesiologists using virtual reality. International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery, 15(12), 2109\u20132118. Scopus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-020-02276-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-020-02276-y"},{"key":"9446_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cress, U., Oshima, J., Ros\u00e9, C., and Wise, A. F. (2021). Foundations, processes, technologies, and methods: An overview of CSCL through its handbook. In U. Cress, C. Ros\u00e9, A. F. Wise, and J. Oshima (Eds.), International Handbook of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (pp. 3\u201322). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-65291-3_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-65291-3_1"},{"key":"9446_CR9","unstructured":"Davidsen, J., & McIlvenny, P. (2022). Towards collaborative immersive qualitative analysis. In A. Weinberger, W. Chen, D. Hern\u00e1ndez-Leo, & B. Chen (Eds.), Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning - CSCL 2022. International Society of the Learning Sciences."},{"key":"9446_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Davidsen, J., & Steier, R. (2024). Near future practices of interaction analysis: Technology-mediated trends in educational research. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1743727X.2024.2410306","DOI":"10.1080\/1743727X.2024.2410306"},{"key":"9446_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Davidsen, J., Larsen, D. V., Paulsen, L., & Rasmussen, S. (2022). 360VR PBL: A New Format of Digital Cases in Clinical Medicine. Journal of Problem Based Learning in Higher Education, 10(1), Article 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54337\/ojs.jpblhe.v10i1.7097","DOI":"10.54337\/ojs.jpblhe.v10i1.7097"},{"key":"9446_CR12","unstructured":"Davidsen, J., McIlvenny, P., Paulsen, L., & Larsen, A. C. M. (2024a). CAVA360VR2.0 [Computer software]. https:\/\/github.com\/BigSoftVideo\/CAVA360VR2.0\/releases\/tag\/v2.0"},{"key":"9446_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Davidsen, J., Larsen, D. V., Rasmussen, S., & Paulsen, L. (2024b). Collaborative 360\u00b0 virtual reality training of medical students in clinical examinations. Medical Education Online, 29(1), 2412398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10872981.2024.2412398","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2024.2412398"},{"key":"9446_CR14","unstructured":"Dede, C., Salzman, M. C., and Loftin, R. B. (1996). MaxwellWorld: learning complex scientific concepts via immersion in virtual reality. In D. C. Edelson and E. A. Domeshek (Eds.), International Conference on the Learning Sciences, 1996. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https:\/\/repository.isls.org\/\/handle\/1\/4090"},{"key":"9446_CR15","unstructured":"Dillenbourg, P. (1999). Introduction: what do you mean by \u2018collaborative learning\u2019? In P. Dillenbourg (Ed.), Collaborative Learning: Cognitive and Computational Approaches (1st ed., pp. 1\u201319). Pergamon."},{"key":"9446_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dohn, N. B., and Markauskaite, L. (2019). Conceptions of transfer, transformation and resituation. In N. B. Dohn, S. B. Hansen, and J. J. Hansen (Eds.), Designing for Situated Knowledge Transformation. Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429275692"},{"key":"9446_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Doyle, W. (2013). Ecological approaches to classroom management. In C. M. Evertson and C. S. Weinstein (Eds.), Handbook of Classroom Management: Research, Practice, and Contemporary Issues (pp. 97\u2013126). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203874783","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203874783"},{"key":"9446_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Durlach, N., and Slater, M. (2000). Presence in shared virtual environments and virtual togetherness. PRESENCE: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 9(2), 214\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/105474600566736","DOI":"10.1162\/105474600566736"},{"key":"9446_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Enyedy, N., and Yoon, S. (2021). Immersive environments: Learning in augmented\u00a0+\u00a0virtual reality. In U. Cress, C. Ros\u00e9, A. F. Wise, and J. Oshima (Eds.), International Handbook of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (pp. 389\u2013405). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-65291-3_21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-65291-3_21"},{"key":"9446_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42438-022-00302-7","author":"T Fawns","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fawns, T. (2022). An entangled pedagogy: Looking beyond the pedagogy \u2013 technology dichotomy. Postdigital Science and Education. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42438-022-00302-7","journal-title":"Postdigital Science and Education"},{"issue":"8649","key":"9446_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2005484","volume":"2013","author":"A Febretti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Febretti, A., Nishimoto, A., Thigpen, T., Talandis, J., Long, L., Pirtle, J. D., Peterka, T., Verlo, A., Brown, M., Plepys, D., Sandin, D., Renambot, L., Johnson, A., & Leigh, J. (2013). CAVE2: A hybrid reality environment for immersive simulation and information analysis. The Engineering Reality of Virtual Reality, 2013(8649), 9\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2005484","journal-title":"The Engineering Reality of Virtual Reality"},{"key":"9446_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Foo, J. J., Chen, W., and Teo, W.-P. (2024). Design, development, and evaluation of an immersive virtual reality learning environment (IVRLE) for motor learning in fencing. In J. Clarke-Midura, I. Kollar, X. Gu, and C. D\u2019Angelo (Eds.), Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) 2024 (pp. 405\u2013406). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22318\/cscl2024.756408","DOI":"10.22318\/cscl2024.756408"},{"key":"9446_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-023-09404-1","author":"J Fortman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fortman, J., & Quintana, R. (2023). Fostering collaborative and embodied learning with extended reality: Special issue introduction. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-023-09404-1","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"key":"9446_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2015.06.001","volume":"16","author":"C Gaudin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gaudin, C., & Chali\u00e8s, S. (2015). Video viewing in teacher education and professional development: A literature review. Educational Research Review, 16, 41\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.edurev.2015.06.001","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"9446_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1994.96.3.02a00100","volume":"96","author":"C Goodwin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Goodwin, C. (1994). Professional vision. American Anthropologist, 96(3), 606\u2013633.","journal-title":"American Anthropologist"},{"key":"9446_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goodwin, C. (2003). The body in action. In J. Coupland and R. Gwyn (Eds.), Discourse, the Body, and Identity (pp. 19\u201342). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/9781403918543_2","DOI":"10.1057\/9781403918543_2"},{"key":"9446_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781139016735","volume-title":"Co-operative Action","author":"C Goodwin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goodwin, C. (2017). Co-operative Action. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"9446_CR28","unstructured":"Greenwald, S. W., Corning, W., McDowell, G., Maes, P., and Belcher, J. (2019). ElectroVR: An electrostatic playground for collaborative, simulation-based exploratory learning in immersive virtual reality. In K. Lund, G. P. Niccolai, E. Lavou\u00e9, C. Hmelo-Silver, G. Gweon, and M. Baker (Eds.), A Wide Lens: Combining Embodied, Enactive, Extended, and Embedded Learning in Collaborative Settings, 13th International Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) 2019. International Society of the Learning Sciences. https:\/\/repository.isls.org\/\/handle\/1\/4597"},{"key":"9446_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harasim, L. (2017). Learning Theory and Online Technologies (2nd ed.). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315716831","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315716831"},{"key":"9446_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hatch, P., and Michaelis, J. E. (2024). A framework for collaborative learning in immersive virtual reality. In J. Clarke-Midura, I. Kollar, X. Gu, and C. D\u2019Angelo (Eds.), Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) 2024 (pp. 289\u2013292). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22318\/cscl2024.791972","DOI":"10.22318\/cscl2024.791972"},{"key":"9446_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heath, C., Hindmarsh, J., and Luff, P. (2010). Video in Qualitative Research: Analysing Social Interaction in Everyday Life. SAGE.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526435385"},{"key":"9446_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hekele, F., Spilski, J., Bender, S., and Lachmann, T. (2022). Remote vocational learning opportunities \u2013 a comparative eye-tracking investigation of educational 2D videos versus 360\u00b0 videos for car mechanics. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53(2), 248\u2013268. Scopus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13162","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13162"},{"issue":"10","key":"9446_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204494","volume":"13","author":"F Herrera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Herrera, F., Bailenson, J., Weisz, E., Ogle, E., & Zaki, J. (2018). Building long-term empathy: A large-scale comparison of traditional and virtual reality perspective-taking. PLoS ONE, 13(10), e0204494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0204494","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"9446_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-954X.2006.00672.x","volume":"54","author":"J Hindmarsh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hindmarsh, J., Heath, C., & Fraser, M. (2006). (Im)materiality, virtual reality and interaction: Grounding the \u2018virtual\u2019 in studies of technology in action. The Sociological Review, 54(4), 795\u2013817.","journal-title":"The Sociological Review"},{"key":"9446_CR35","volume-title":"The International Handbook of Collaborative Learning","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (Ed.). (2013). The International Handbook of Collaborative Learning. Routledge."},{"key":"9446_CR36","unstructured":"HTC. (n.d.). VIVE. VR headsets, games, and metaverse life. Retrieved 28 April 2023, from https:\/\/www.vive.com\/us\/"},{"key":"9446_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-023-09397-x","author":"W Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, W., Walkington, C., & Nathan, M. J. (2023). Coordinating modalities of mathematical collaboration in shared VR environments. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-023-09397-x","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"key":"9446_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutchins, E. (1995). Cognition in the Wild. MIT press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1881.001.0001"},{"key":"9446_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, R. L., and Winn, W. (1999). Collaboration and learning in immersive virtual environments. In C. M. Hoadley and J. Roschelle (Eds.), Proceedings of the Computer Support for Collaborative Learning (CSCL) 1999 Conference. International Society of the Learning Sciences. https:\/\/repository.isls.org\/\/handle\/1\/4326","DOI":"10.3115\/1150240.1150272"},{"key":"9446_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-023-09415-y","author":"S J\u00e4rvel\u00e4","year":"2023","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S., & Ros\u00e9, C. P. (2023). Reflecting on what counts as collaboration: Reaching forward without losing what is behind. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-023-09415-y","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"9446_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-017-9676-0","volume":"23","author":"L Jensen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jensen, L., & Konradsen, F. (2018). A review of the use of virtual reality head-mounted displays in education and training. Education and Information Technologies, 23(4), 1515\u20131529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-017-9676-0","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"9446_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jin, Q., Sodhi, I., Chen, A., and Yarosh, S. (2024). Interaction forms of collaborative VR video learning: An exploratory study. In J. Clarke-Midura, I. Kollar, X. Gu, and C. D\u2019Angelo (Eds.), Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) 2024 (pp. 91\u201398). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22318\/cscl2024.134087","DOI":"10.22318\/cscl2024.134087"},{"issue":"1","key":"9446_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0401_2","volume":"4","author":"B Jordan","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jordan, B., & Henderson, A. (1995). Interaction analysis: Foundations and practice. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 4(1), 39\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327809jls0401_2","journal-title":"Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"key":"9446_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kali, Y., and Hoadley, C. (2021). Design-based research methods in CSCL: Calibrating our epistemologies and ontologies. In U. Cress, C. Ros\u00e9, A. F. Wise, and J. Oshima (Eds.), International Handbook of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (pp. 479\u2013496). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-65291-3_26","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-65291-3_26"},{"key":"9446_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-02196-1","author":"V Kaptelinin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaptelinin, V., & Nardi, B. (2012). Activity Theory in HCI: Fundamentals and Reflections. Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-02196-1","journal-title":"Springer International Publishing"},{"key":"9446_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kohonen-Aho, L., and Haddington, P. (2023). From distributed ecologies to distributed bodies in interaction: Capturing and analysing \u201cdual embodiment\u201d in virtual environments. In Ethnomethodological Conversation Analysis in Motion (pp. 111\u2013131). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003424888-8\/distributed-ecologies-distributed-bodies-interaction-laura-kohonen-aho-pentti-haddington","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003424888-8\/distributed-ecologies-distributed-bodies-interaction-laura-kohonen-aho-pentti-haddington"},{"key":"9446_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuutti, K. (1995). Activity theory as a potential framework for human\u2013computer interaction research. In B. A. Nardi (Ed.), Context and Consciousness (pp. 17\u201344). The MIT Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7551\/mitpress\/2137.003.0006","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2137.003.0006"},{"key":"9446_CR48","unstructured":"Lave, J., and Wenger, E. (2003). Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"9446_CR49","volume-title":"Activity, Consciousness, and Personality","author":"AN Leontyev","year":"1978","unstructured":"Leontyev, A. N. (1978). Activity, Consciousness, and Personality. Prentice-Hall."},{"issue":"4","key":"9446_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-019-09312-3","volume":"14","author":"S Ludvigsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ludvigsen, S., & Steier, R. (2019). Reflections and looking ahead for CSCL: Digital infrastructures, digital tools, and collaborative learning. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 14(4), 415\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-019-09312-3","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9446_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327051HCI1812_3","volume":"18","author":"P Luff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Luff, P., Heath, C., Kuzuoka, H., Hindmarsh, J., Yamazaki, K., & Oyama, S. (2003). Fractured ecologies: Creating environments for collaboration. Human-Computer Interaction, 18(1\u20132), 51\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327051HCI1812_3","journal-title":"Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"2","key":"9446_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-023-09396-y","volume":"18","author":"M Lui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lui, M., Chong, K.-Y.A., Mullally, M., & McEwen, R. (2023). Facilitated model-based reasoning in immersive virtual reality: Meaning-making and embodied interactions with dynamic processes. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 18(2), 203\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-023-09396-y","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"9446_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-023-09822-5","volume":"35","author":"G Makransky","year":"2023","unstructured":"Makransky, G., & Petersen, G. B. (2023). The theory of immersive collaborative learning (TICOL). Educational Psychology Review, 35(4), 103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-023-09822-5","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"9446_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lcsi.2020.100382","volume":"31","author":"L Markauskaite","year":"2021","unstructured":"Markauskaite, L., Goodyear, P., & Sutherland, L. (2021). Learning for knowledgeable action: The construction of actionable conceptualisations as a unit of analysis in researching professional learning. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction, 31, 100382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lcsi.2020.100382","journal-title":"Learning, Culture and Social Interaction"},{"key":"9446_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199756841-0222","volume-title":"Virtual reality and communication","author":"D Markowitz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Markowitz, D., & Bailenson, J. (2019). Virtual reality and communication. Markowitz and J. Bailenson, Communication. Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199756841-0222"},{"issue":"6","key":"9446_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1177\/1468794120905460","volume":"20","author":"P McIlvenny","year":"2020","unstructured":"McIlvenny, P. (2020). The future of \u2018video\u2019 in video-based qualitative research is not \u2018dumb\u2019 flat pixels! Exploring volumetric performance capture and immersive performative replay. Qualitative Research, 20(6), 800\u2013818.","journal-title":"Qualitative Research"},{"key":"9446_CR57","unstructured":"McIlvenny, P., & Davidsen, J. (2023). Beyond video: Using practice-based VolCap analysis to understand analytical practices volumetrically. In P. Haddington, T. Eilitt\u00e4, K. Antti, L. Kohonen-Aho, T. Oittinen, R. Iira, & A. Vatanen (Eds.), Ethnomethodological Conversation Analysis in Motion. Routledge."},{"key":"9446_CR58","unstructured":"Meta. (n.d.). Meta Quest Pro. Our most advanced new VR headset. Retrieved 14 April 2023, from https:\/\/www.meta.com\/gb\/quest\/quest-pro\/"},{"key":"9446_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, C., Streeck, J., and Jordan, J. S. (Eds.). (2017). Intercorporeality: Emerging Socialities in Interaction. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190210465.001.0001"},{"key":"9446_CR60","unstructured":"Milgram, P., and Kishino, F. (1994). A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays. IEICE Trans. Information Systems, E77-D, no. 12, 1321\u20131329."},{"key":"9446_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nardi, B. A. (1995). Studying context: a comparison of activity theory, situated action models, and distributed cognition. In B. A. Nardi (Ed.), Context and Consciousness (pp. 69\u2013102). The MIT Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7551\/mitpress\/2137.003.0006","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2137.003.0006"},{"key":"9446_CR62","unstructured":"Nicolini, D. (2013). Practice Theory, Work, and Organization: An Introduction (First Edition). Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9446_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paulsen, L., & Davidsen, J. (2024). A model for collaborative immersive classroom management development using multi-user virtual reality. In F. Moriera (Ed.), Proceedings of the 23rd European Conference on e-Learning\u2014ECEL2024 (pp. 280\u2013288). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34190\/ecel.23.1.2748","DOI":"10.34190\/ecel.23.1.2748"},{"key":"9446_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paulsen, L., Dau, S., & Davidsen, J. (2024). Designing for collaborative learning in immersive virtual reality: A systematic literature review. Virtual Reality, 28(1), 63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-024-00975-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-024-00975-4"},{"key":"9446_CR65","unstructured":"Paulsen, L., Davidsen, J., & Steier, R. (2022). \u201cDo you see what we see\u201d\u2014Perspective-taking across realities. In A. Weinberger, W. Chen, D. Hernandez-Leo, & B. Chen (Eds.), Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning - CSCL 2022. International Society of the Learning Sciences."},{"key":"9446_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pirker, J., and Dengel, A. (2021). The potential of 360\u00b0 virtual reality videos and real VR for education \u2013 a literature review. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 41(4), 76\u201389. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCG.2021.3067999","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2021.3067999"},{"key":"9446_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prasolova-F\u00f8rland, E., Steinsbekk, A., Fominykh, M., and Lindseth, F. (2018). Practicing interprofessional team communication and collaboration in a smart virtual university hospital. In Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies. (Vol. 70, pp. 191\u2013224). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-59454-5_7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59454-5_7"},{"key":"9446_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Radianti, J., Majchrzak, T. A., Fromm, J., and Wohlgenannt, I. (2020). A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: Design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda. Computers and Education, 147. Scopus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103778"},{"key":"9446_CR69","unstructured":"Raeithel, A., and Velichovsky, B. M. (1995). Joint attention and co-construction of tasks. In B. A. Nardi (Ed.), Context and Consciousness. The MIT Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"9446_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.1440380103","volume":"38","author":"Y Rogers","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rogers, Y. (2004). New theoretical approaches for human\u2013computer interaction. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 38(1), 87\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aris.1440380103","journal-title":"Annual Review of Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"9446_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roschelle, J., and Teasley, S. D. (1995). The construction of shared knowledge in collaborative problem solving. In C. O\u2019Malley (Ed.), Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (pp. 69\u201397). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-85098-1_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-85098-1_5"},{"key":"9446_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11549-9","author":"P Rosendahl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rosendahl, P., & Wagner, I. (2023). 360\u00b0 videos in education \u2013 a systematic literature review on application areas and future potentials. Education and Information Technologies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11549-9","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"2","key":"9446_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/17439884.2016.1160927","volume":"42","author":"J Ross","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ross, J. (2017). Speculative method in digital education research. Learning, Media and Technology, 42(2), 214\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17439884.2016.1160927","journal-title":"Learning, Media and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9446_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520903029030","volume":"44","author":"R S\u00e4lj\u00f6","year":"2009","unstructured":"S\u00e4lj\u00f6, R. (2009). Learning, theories of learning, and units of analysis in research. Educational Psychologist, 44(3), 202\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00461520903029030","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"9446_CR75","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6n, D. A. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. Ashgate."},{"key":"9446_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.09.012","volume":"78","author":"D Shin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shin, D. (2018). Empathy and embodied experience in virtual environment: To what extent can virtual reality stimulate empathy and embodied experience? Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 64\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.09.012","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"9446_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-023-09413-0","author":"K Silseth","year":"2024","unstructured":"Silseth, K., Steier, R., & Arnseth, H. C. (2024). Exploring students\u2019 immersive VR experiences as resources for collaborative meaning making and learning. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-023-09413-0","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"key":"9446_CR78","unstructured":"Slater, M. (2003). Notes on Presence."},{"issue":"3","key":"9446_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-019-00474-3","volume":"64","author":"C Snelson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Snelson, C., & Hsu, Y.-C. (2020). Educational 360-degree videos in virtual reality: A scoping review of the emerging research. TechTrends, 64(3), 404\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11528-019-00474-3","journal-title":"TechTrends"},{"key":"9446_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sormani, P. (2016). Practice-based video analysis: A position statement. Societ\u00e0MutamentoPolitica, 7(14), Article 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13128\/SMP-19698","DOI":"10.13128\/SMP-19698"},{"key":"9446_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stahl, G. (2006a). Group Cognition: Computer Support for Building Collaborative Knowledge. MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3372.001.0001"},{"key":"9446_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stahl, G. (2006b). In a moment of collaboration. In Group Cognition: Computer Support for Building Collaborative Knowledge (pp. 245\u2013256). MIT Press. http:\/\/gerrystahl.net\/mit\/ch12.htm","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3372.003.0016"},{"key":"9446_CR83","unstructured":"Steier, R. (2020). Designing for joint attention and co-presence across parallel realities. In M. Gresalfi and I. Horn (Eds.), The Interdisciplinarity of the Learning Sciences, 14th International Conference of the Learning Sciences (ICLS) 2020 (Vol. 3, pp. 1309\u20131316). International Society of the Learning Sciences."},{"key":"9446_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-019-09295-1","author":"R Steier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Steier, R., Kersting, M., & Silseth, K. (2019). Imagining with improvised representations in CSCL environments. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-019-09295-1","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"9446_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/08351813.2013.780341","volume":"46","author":"E Stokoe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stokoe, E. (2013). The (in)authenticity of simulated talk: Comparing role-played and actual interaction and the implications for communication training. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 46(2), 165\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08351813.2013.780341","journal-title":"Research on Language and Social Interaction"},{"key":"9446_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suchman, L. (2006). Human-Machine Reconfigurations: Plans and Situated Actions (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511808418","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511808418"},{"key":"9446_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tak, N.-Y., Lim, H.-J., Lim, D.-S., Hwang, Y.-S., and Jung, I.-H. (2022). Effect of self-learning media based on 360\u00b0 virtual reality for learning periodontal instrument skills. European Journal of Dental Education. Scopus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eje.12769","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12769"},{"key":"9446_CR88","unstructured":"Teasley, S. D., & Roschelle, J. (1993). Constructing a joint problem space: The computer as a tool for sharing knowledge. In S. P. Lajoie, & S. J. Derry (Eds.), Computers as cognitive tools. Routledge."},{"key":"9446_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Meer, N., van der Werf, V., Brinkman, W.-P., and Specht, M. (2023). Virtual reality and collaborative learning: A systematic literature review. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 4. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2023.1159905","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2023.1159905"},{"key":"9446_CR90","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"9446_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Walsh, K. R., and Pawlowski, S. D. (2002). Virtual reality: A technology in need of IS research. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17705\/1CAIS.00820","DOI":"10.17705\/1CAIS.00820"},{"issue":"4","key":"9446_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-017-9267-5","volume":"12","author":"AF Wise","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wise, A. F., & Schwarz, B. B. (2017). Visions of CSCL: Eight provocations for the future of the field. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 12(4), 423\u2013467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-017-9267-5","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"key":"9446_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Young, G. W., O\u2019Dwyer, N., and Smolic, A. (2021). Exploring virtual reality for quality immersive empathy building experiences. Behaviour and Information Technology, 0(0), 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144929X.2021.1993336","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2021.1993336"},{"key":"9446_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu, F., and Khalid, M. S. (2019). Cross-location and cross-disciplinary collaborative prototyping using virtual reality in higher education. In Orngreen R., Buhl M., and Meyer B. (Eds.), Proc. Eur. Conf. E-Learn., ECEL (Vols 2019-November, pp. 609\u2013617). Academic Conferences Limited; Scopus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34190\/EEL.19.140","DOI":"10.34190\/EEL.19.140"},{"key":"9446_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Xie, T., and Liu, G. (2018). Affordances of virtual reality for collaborative learning. 2018 International Joint Conference on Information, Media and Engineering (ICIME), 6\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICIME.2018.00011","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIME.2018.00011"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11412-025-09446-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11412-025-09446-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11412-025-09446-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T07:25:57Z","timestamp":1757661957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11412-025-09446-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["9446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11412-025-09446-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-1607","1556-1615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-1607","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-1615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"LP funding is disclosed. JD has no conflict of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}