{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T14:47:42Z","timestamp":1784645262357,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci. China Inf. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-022-3626-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T15:04:10Z","timestamp":1677078250000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["Reconfiguring wireless environments via intelligent surfaces for 6G: reflection, modulation, and security"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Jindan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chau","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chongwen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveed","family":"Ul Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George C.","family":"Alexandropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Di Renzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9rouane","family":"Debbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3626_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"L Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang L, Liang Y C, Niyato D. 6G visions: mobile ultra-broadband, super Internet-of-Things, and artificial intelligence. China Commun, 2019, 16: 1\u201314","journal-title":"China Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR2","first-page":"021301","volume":"59","author":"C-X Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang C-X, Wu S B, Bai L, et al. Recent advances and future challenges for massive MIMO channel measurements and models. Sci China Inf Sci, 2016, 59: 021301","journal-title":"Sci China Inf Sci"},{"key":"3626_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2886346","volume":"68","author":"J D Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu J D, Xu W, Gong F K, et al. Optimal multiuser loading in quantized massive MIMO under spatially correlated channels. IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 2019, 68: 1459\u20131471","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"3626_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2716928","volume":"6","author":"J D Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu J D, Xu W, Gong F K. On performance of quantized transceiver in multiuser massive MIMO downlinks. IEEE Wireless Commun Lett, 2017, 6: 562\u2013565","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun Lett"},{"key":"3626_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"G C Alexandropoulos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alexandropoulos G C, Lerosey G, Debbah M, et al. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces and metamaterials: the potential of wave propagation control for 6G wireless communications. IEEE Comsoc TCCN Newsletter, 2020, 6: 1\u20139","journal-title":"IEEE Comsoc TCCN Newsletter"},{"key":"3626_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.23919\/ICN.2022.0005","volume":"3","author":"M N Jian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jian M N, Alexandropoulos G C, Basar E, et al. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for wireless communications: overview of hardware designs, channel models, and estimation techniques. Intell Converged Netw, 2022, 3: 1\u201332","journal-title":"Intell Converged Netw"},{"key":"3626_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-020-3261-5","volume":"64","author":"Y-C Liang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liang Y-C, Chen J, Long R Z, et al. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for smart wireless environments: channel estimation, system design and applications in 6G networks. Sci China Inf Sci, 2021, 64: 200301","journal-title":"Sci China Inf Sci"},{"key":"3626_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3007211","volume":"38","author":"M D Renzo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Renzo M D, Zappone A, Debbah M, et al. Smart radio environments empowered by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: how it works, state of research, and the road ahead. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 2020, 38: 2450\u20132525","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2022.3195671","volume":"16","author":"C H Pan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pan C H, Zhou G, Zhi K D, et al. An overview of signal processing techniques for RIS\/IRS-aided wireless systems. IEEE J Sel Top Signal Process, 2022, 16: 883\u2013917","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Top Signal Process"},{"key":"3626_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albanese A, Devoti F, Sciancalepore V, et al. MARISA: a self-configuring metasurfaces absorption and reflection solution towards 6G. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, London, 2022. 250\u2013259","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM48880.2022.9796976"},{"key":"3626_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2001117","volume":"59","author":"G C Alexandropoulos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alexandropoulos G C, Shlezinger N, Hougne P D. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for rich scattering wireless communications: recent experiments, challenges, and opportunities. IEEE Commun Mag, 2021, 59: 28\u201334","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Mag"},{"key":"3626_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"You L, Xu J, Alexandropoulos G C, et al. Energy efficiency maximization of massive MIMO communications with dynamic metasurface antennas. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun, 2022. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TWC.2022.3194070","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3194070"},{"key":"3626_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2022.3176140","volume":"16","author":"L Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei L, Huang C W, Alexandropoulos G C, et al. Multi-user holographic MIMO surfaces: channel modeling and spectral efficiency analysis. IEEE J Sel Top Signal Process, 2022, 16: 1112\u20131124","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Top Signal Process"},{"key":"3626_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2100070","volume":"59","author":"E C Strinati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Strinati E C, Alexandropoulos G C, Wymeersch H, et al. Reconfigurable, Intelligent, and Sustainable Wireless Environments for 6G Smart Connectivity. IEEE Commun Mag, 2021, 59: 99\u2013105","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Mag"},{"key":"3626_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strinati E C, Alexandropoulos G, Sciancalepore V, et al. Wireless environment as a service enabled by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: the RISE-6G perspective. In: Proceedings of Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC\/6G Summit), Porto, 2021. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCNC\/6GSummit51104.2021.9482474"},{"key":"3626_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandropoulos G C, Crozzoli M, Phan-Huy D-T, et al. Smart wireless environments enabled by RISs: deployment scenarios and two key challenges. In: Proceedings of Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC\/6G Summit), Grenoble, 2022. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCNC\/6GSummit54941.2022.9815617"},{"key":"3626_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2020.3047474","volume":"69","author":"L You","year":"2020","unstructured":"You L, Xiong J Y, Ng D W K, et al. Energy efficiency and spectral efficiency tradeoff in RIS-aided multiuser MIMO uplink transmission. IEEE Trans Signal Process, 2020, 69: 1407\u20131421","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Signal Process"},{"key":"3626_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2922609","volume":"18","author":"C W Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang C W, Zappone A, Alexandropoulos G C, et al. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for energy efficiency in wireless communication. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun, 2019, 18: 4157\u20134170","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Wireless Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.2990431","volume":"9","author":"S Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou S, Xu W, Wang K, et al. Spectral and energy efficiency of IRS-assisted MISO communication with hardware impairments. IEEE Wireless Commun Lett, 2020, 9: 1366\u20131369","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun Lett"},{"key":"3626_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3000813","volume":"38","author":"B Di","year":"2020","unstructured":"Di B, Zhang H L, Song L Y, et al. Hybrid beamforming for reconfigurable intelligent surface based multi-user communications: achievable rates with limited discrete phase shifts. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 2020, 38: 1809\u20131822","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.2987798","volume":"9","author":"L Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang L, Yang Y, Hasna M O, et al. Coverage, probability of SNR gain, and DOR analysis of RIS-aided communication systems. IEEE Wireless Commun Lett, 2020, 9: 1268\u20131272","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun Lett"},{"key":"3626_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3023759","volume":"25","author":"T van Chien","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Chien T, Tu L T, Chatzinotas S, et al. Coverage probability and ergodic capacity of intelligent reflecting surface-enhanced communication systems. IEEE Commun Lett, 2021, 25: 69\u201373","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Lett"},{"key":"3626_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He M X, Xu J D, Xu W, et al. RIS-assisted quasi-static broad coverage for wideband mmWave massive MIMO systems. 2022. ArXiv:2203.00400","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops50388.2021.9473674"},{"key":"3626_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2924214","volume":"23","author":"H Shen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shen H, Xu W, Gong S L, et al. Secrecy rate maximization for intelligent reflecting surface assisted multi-antenna communications. IEEE Commun Lett, 2019, 23: 1488\u20131492","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Lett"},{"key":"3626_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3028135","volume":"25","author":"Y Xiu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xiu Y, Zhao J, Yuen C, et al. Secure beamforming for multiple intelligent reflecting surfaces aided mmWave systems. IEEE Commun Lett, 2010, 25: 417\u2013421","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Lett"},{"key":"3626_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7851","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.3024621","volume":"68","author":"S Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong S, Pan C H, Ren H, et al. Artificial-noise-aided secure MIMO wireless communications via intelligent reflecting surface. IEEE Trans Commun, 2020, 68: 7851\u20137866","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3007043","volume":"38","author":"X H Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu X H, Xu D F, Sun Y, et al. Robust and secure wireless communications via intelligent reflecting surfaces. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 2020, 38: 2637\u20132652","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandropoulos G C, Katsanos K, Wen M W, et al. Safeguarding MIMO communications with reconfigurable metasurfaces and artificial noise. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Montreal, 2021. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC42927.2021.9501003"},{"key":"3626_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12296","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3007521","volume":"69","author":"L Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang L, Yang J X, Xie W W, et al. Secrecy performance analysis of RIS-aided wireless communication systems. IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 2020, 69: 12296\u201312300","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"3626_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3480","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3083409","volume":"16","author":"J Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang J Y, Du H Y, Sun Q, et al. Physical layer security enhancement with reconfigurable intelligent surface-aided networks. IEEE Trans Inform Forensic Secur, 2021, 16: 3480\u20133495","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inform Forensic Secur"},{"key":"3626_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3057850","volume":"25","author":"I Trigui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Trigui I, Ajib W, Zhu W P. Secrecy outage probability and average rate of RIS-aided communications using quantized phases. IEEE Commun Lett, 2021, 25: 1820\u20131824","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Lett"},{"key":"3626_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2001146","volume":"59","author":"X L Cao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao X L, Yang B, Huang C W, et al. AI-assisted MAC for reconfigurable intelligent-surface-aided wireless networks: challenges and opportunities. IEEE Commun Mag, 2021, 59: 21\u201327","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Mag"},{"key":"3626_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14171","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3068492","volume":"8","author":"X L Cao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao X L, Yang B, Zhang H L, et al. Reconfigurable-intelligent-surface-assisted MAC for wireless networks: protocol design, analysis, and optimization. IEEE Internet Things J, 2021, 8: 14171\u201314186","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"3626_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2013.011513.122213","volume":"17","author":"V N Q Bao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bao V N Q, Duong T Q, da Costa D B, et al. Cognitive amplify-and-forward relaying with best relay selection in non-identical rayleigh fading. IEEE Commun Lett, 2013, 17: 475\u2013478","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Lett"},{"key":"3626_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2015.000030","volume":"17","author":"K Ho-Van","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ho-Van K, Sofotasios P C, Alexandropoulos G C, et al. Bit error rate of underlay decode-and-forward cognitive networks with best relay selection. J Commun Netw, 2015, 17: 162\u2013171","journal-title":"J Commun Netw"},{"key":"3626_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2016.2638819","volume":"24","author":"J Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu J, Xu J D, Xu W, et al. Multiuser massive MIMO relaying with mixed-ADC receiver. IEEE Signal Process Lett, 2016, 24: 76\u201380","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Lett"},{"key":"3626_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Z J, Dai L L, Chen X B, et al. Active RIS vs. passive RIS: which will prevail in 6G? 2022. ArXiv:2103.15154","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3231893"},{"key":"3626_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4962","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3064024","volume":"20","author":"R Z Long","year":"2021","unstructured":"Long R Z, Liang Y C, Pei Y Y, et al. Active reconfigurable intelligent surface-aided wireless communications. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun, 2021, 20: 4962\u20134975","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Wireless Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2328154","volume":"32","author":"M R Akdeniz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Akdeniz M R, Liu Y, Samimi M K, et al. Millimeter wave channel modeling and cellular capacity evaluation. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 2014, 32: 1164\u20131179","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2018.2874963","volume":"67","author":"J D Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu J D, Xu W, Zhang H, et al. Performance analysis of multi-cell millimeter-wave massive MIMO networks with low-precision ADCs. IEEE Trans Commun, 2019, 67: 302\u2013317","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3057379","volume":"25","author":"Y Xiu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiu Y, Zhao J, Sun W, et al. Secrecy rate maximization for reconfigurable intelligent surface aided millimeter wave system with low-resolution DACs. IEEE Commun Lett, 2021, 25: 2166\u20132170","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Lett"},{"key":"3626_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4732","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3064949","volume":"69","author":"Z W Wan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wan Z W, Gao Z, Gao F F, et al. Terahertz massive MIMO with holographic reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. IEEE Trans Commun, 2021, 69: 4732\u20134750","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2021.3071836","volume":"39","author":"C W Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang C W, Yang Z H, Alexandropoulos G C, et al. Multi-hop RIS-empowered terahertz communications: a DRL-based hybrid beamforming design. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 2021, 39: 1663\u20131677","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR44","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"J D Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu J D, Xu W, Zhang H, et al. Asymmetrically reconstructed optical OFDM for visible light communications. IEEE Photonics J, 2016, 8: 1\u201318","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J"},{"key":"3626_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.3010809","volume":"9","author":"L Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang L, Yan X Q, da Costa D B, et al. Indoor mixed dual-hop VLC\/RF systems through reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. IEEE Wireless Commun Lett, 2020, 9: 1995\u20131999","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun Lett"},{"key":"3626_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2021.3121647","volume":"17","author":"H Abumarshoud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abumarshoud H, Mohjazi L, Dobre O A, et al. LiFi through reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: a new frontier for 6G? IEEE Veh Technol Mag, 2022, 17: 37\u201346","journal-title":"IEEE Veh Technol Mag"},{"key":"3626_CR47","unstructured":"Keykhosravi K, Denis B, Alexandropoulos G C, et al. Leveraging RIS-enabled smart signal propagation for solving infeasible localization problems. 2022. ArXiv:2204.11538"},{"key":"3626_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3155548","volume":"40","author":"H B Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang H B, Zhang H L, Di B, et al. Holographic integrated sensing and communication. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 2022, 40: 2114\u20132130","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shi W, Xu W, You X, et al. Intelligent reflection enabling technologies for integrated and green Internet-of-Everything beyond 5G: communication, sensing, and security. IEEE Wireless Commun, 2022. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MWC.018.2100717","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.018.2100717"},{"key":"3626_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2100049","volume":"35","author":"X L Cao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao X L, Yang B, Huang C W, et al. Converged reconfigurable intelligent surface and mobile edge computing for space information networks. IEEE Network, 2021, 35: 42\u201348","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"3626_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merluzzi M, Costanzo F, Katsanos K D, et al. Power minimizing MEC offloading with probabilistic QoS constraints for RIS-empowered communication systems. In: Proceedings of IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Rio de Janeiro, 2022. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10001259"},{"key":"3626_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3145908","volume":"40","author":"X L Cao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cao X L, Yang B, Huang C W, et al. Massive access of static and mobile users via reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: protocol design and performance analysis. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 2022, 40: 1253\u20131269","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-019-2650-4","volume":"63","author":"Q Qi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qi Q, Chen X M, Zhong C J, et al. Physical layer security for massive access in cellular Internet of Things. Sci China Inf Sci, 2020, 63: 121301","journal-title":"Sci China Inf Sci"},{"key":"3626_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2895023","volume":"67","author":"J D Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu J D, Xu W, Zhu J, et al. Secure massive MIMO communication with low-resolution DACs. IEEE Trans Commun, 2019, 67: 3265\u20133278","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182304","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-021-3259-0","volume":"65","author":"L Lv","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lv L, Li Z, Ding H Y, et al. Secure coordinated direct and untrusted relay transmissions via interference engineering. Sci China Inf Sci, 2022, 65: 182304","journal-title":"Sci China Inf Sci"},{"key":"3626_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119302","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-020-3232-4","volume":"65","author":"Y Teng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teng Y, Li J Y, Huang M X, et al. Low-complexity and high-performance receive beamforming for secure directional modulation networks against an eavesdropping-enabled full-duplex attacker. Sci China Inf Sci, 2022, 65: 119302","journal-title":"Sci China Inf Sci"},{"key":"3626_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1949.tb00928.x","volume":"28","author":"C E Shannon","year":"1949","unstructured":"Shannon C E. Communication theory of secrecy systems. Bell Syst Technical J, 1949, 28: 656\u2013715","journal-title":"Bell Syst Technical J"},{"key":"3626_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2954517","volume":"68","author":"J D Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu J D, Xu W, Ng D W K, et al. Secure communication for spatially sparse millimeter-wave massive MIMO channels via hybrid precoding. IEEE Trans Commun, 2020, 68: 887\u2013901","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.3000490","volume":"9","author":"G Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou G, Pan C H, Ren H, et al. Robust beamforming design for intelligent reflecting surface aided MISO communication systems. IEEE Wireless Commun Lett, 2020, 9: 1658\u20131662","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun Lett"},{"key":"3626_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5092","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2020.3019666","volume":"68","author":"G Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou G, Pan C H, Ren H, et al. A framework of robust transmission design for IRS-aided MISO communications with imperfect cascaded channels. IEEE Trans Signal Process, 2020, 68: 5092\u20135106","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Signal Process"},{"key":"3626_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4640","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3179771","volume":"70","author":"L Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei L, Huang C W, Guo Q H, et al. Joint channel estimation and signal recovery for RIS-empowered multiuser communications. IEEE Trans Commun, 2022, 70: 4640\u20134655","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2022.3173749","volume":"16","author":"Y Q Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao Y Q, Xu W, You X H, et al. Cooperative reflection and synchronization design for distributed multiple-RIS communications. IEEE J Sel Top Signal Process, 2022, 16: 980\u2013994","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Top Signal Process"},{"key":"3626_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8238","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2923997","volume":"68","author":"Y Han","year":"2019","unstructured":"Han Y, Tang W K, Jin S, et al. Large intelligent surface-assisted wireless communication exploiting statistical CSI. IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 2019, 68: 8238\u20138242","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"3626_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3062710","volume":"70","author":"Z J Peng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peng Z J, Li T S, Pan C H, et al. Analysis and optimization for RIS-aided multi-pair communications relying on statistical CSI. IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 2021, 70: 3897\u20133901","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"3626_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.3024952","volume":"10","author":"Y W Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao Y W, Xu J D, Xu W, et al. Distributed IRS with statistical passive beamforming for MISO communications. IEEE Wireless Commun Lett, 2021, 10: 221\u2013225","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun Lett"},{"key":"3626_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-020-3033-3","volume":"63","author":"X L Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu X L, Wang J W, Zhong C J. Statistical CSI based design for intelligent reflecting surface assisted MISO systems. Sci China Inf Sci, 2020, 63: 222303","journal-title":"Sci China Inf Sci"},{"key":"3626_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2020.08.012","volume":"17","author":"J Dang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dang J, Zhang Z C, Wu L. Joint beamforming for intelligent reflecting surface aided wireless communication using statistical CSI. China Commun, 2020, 17: 147\u2013157","journal-title":"China Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3022297","volume":"20","author":"M M Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao M M, Wu Q Q, Zhao M J, et al. Intelligent reflecting surface enhanced wireless networks: two-timescale beamforming optimization. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun, 2021, 20: 2\u201317","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Wireless Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.021.2000376","volume":"28","author":"Q Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Q, Wen M W, Renzo M D. Single-RF MIMO: from spatial modulation to metasurface-based modulation. IEEE Wireless Commun, 2021, 28: 88\u201395","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7320","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3100621","volume":"69","author":"R Karasik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karasik R, Simeone O, Renzo M D, et al. Adaptive coding and channel shaping through reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: an information-theoretic analysis. IEEE Trans Commun, 2021, 69: 7320\u20137334","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3007060","volume":"38","author":"S S Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo S S, Lv S H, Zhang H X, et al. Reflecting modulation. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 2020, 38: 2548\u20132561","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng H V, Yu W. Degree-of-freedom of modulating information in the phases of reconfigurable intelligent surface. 2021. ArXiv:2112.13787","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIT45174.2021.9517711"},{"key":"3626_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3000811","volume":"38","author":"W J Yan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yan W J, Yuan X J, He Z-Q, et al. Passive beamforming and information transfer design for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces aided multiuser MIMO systems. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 2020, 38: 1793\u20131808","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3028198","volume":"20","author":"S Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin S, Zheng B X, Alexandropoulos G C, et al. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces with reflection pattern modulation: beamforming design and performance analysis. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun, 2021, 20: 741\u2013754","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Wireless Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3104059","volume":"21","author":"S Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin S, Chen F J, Wen M W, et al. Reconfigurable intelligent surface-aided quadrature reflection modulation for simultaneous passive beamforming and information transfer. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun, 2022, 21: 1469\u20131481","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Wireless Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5121","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3073161","volume":"70","author":"J Yuan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yuan J, Wen M W, Li Q, et al. Receive quadrature reflecting modulation for RIS-empowered wireless communications. IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 2021, 70: 5121\u20135125","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"3626_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3007055","volume":"38","author":"W K Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang W K, Dai J Y, Chen M Z, et al. MIMO transmission through reconfigurable intelligent surface: system design, analysis, and implementation. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 2020, 38: 2683\u20132699","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5386","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2021.3101644","volume":"69","author":"A Elzanaty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elzanaty A, Guerra A, Guidi F, et al. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for localization: position and orientation error bounds. IEEE Trans Signal Process, 2021, 69: 5386\u20135402","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Signal Process"},{"key":"3626_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3155542","volume":"40","author":"Z Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Z Y, Liu Z Y, Shen Y, et al. Location awareness in beyond 5G networks via reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 2022, 40: 2011\u20132025","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen-Hu K, Alexandropoulos G C, Armada A G. Differential data-aided beam training for RIS-empowered multi-antenna communications. 2022. ArXiv:2204.13029","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3217204"},{"key":"3626_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.52953\/IZLY2764","volume":"3","author":"K Chen-Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen-Hu K, Alexandropoulos G C, Armada A G. Non-coherent modulation with random phase configurations in RIS-empowered cellular MIMO systems. ITU J Future Evolving Technol, 2022, 3: 374\u2013387","journal-title":"ITU J Future Evolving Technol"},{"key":"3626_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song X X, Zhao D, Hua H C, et al. Joint transmit and reflective beamforming for IRS-assisted integrated sensing and communication. 2021. ArXiv:2111.13511","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC51071.2022.9771801"},{"key":"3626_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu R, Li M, Swindlehurst A L. Joint beamforming and reflection design for RIS-assisted ISAC systems. 2022. ArXiv:2203.00265","DOI":"10.23919\/EUSIPCO55093.2022.9909807"},{"key":"3626_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3920","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3064042","volume":"70","author":"B Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang B, Cao X L, Huang C W, et al. Intelligent spectrum learning for wireless networks with reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 2021, 70: 3920\u20133925","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"3626_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9610","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3178445","volume":"21","author":"B Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang B, Cao X L, Huang C W, et al. Federated spectrum learning for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces-aided wireless edge networks. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun, 2022, 21: 9610\u20139626","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Wireless Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.110.2100301","volume":"35","author":"B Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang B, Cao X L, Huang C W, et al. Spectrum-learning-aided reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for \u201cGreen\u201d 6G networks. IEEE Network, 2021, 35: 20\u201326","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"3626_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-020-3030-2","volume":"64","author":"Q H Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song Q H, Zeng Y, Xu J, et al. A survey of prototype and experiment for UAV communications. Sci China Inf Sci, 2021, 64: 140301","journal-title":"Sci China Inf Sci"},{"key":"3626_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2021.3088634","volume":"39","author":"X L Cao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao X L, Yang B, Huang C W, et al. Reconfigurable intelligent surface-assisted aerial-terrestrial communications via multitask learning. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 2021, 39: 3035\u20133050","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6656","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3151702","volume":"21","author":"Y J Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng Y J, Peng W, Huang C W, et al. RIS-aided wireless communications: extra degrees of freedom via rotation and location optimization. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun, 2022, 21: 6656\u20136671","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Wireless Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3131332","volume":"24","author":"H Z Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo H Z, Li J Y, Liu J J, et al. A survey on space-air-ground-sea integrated network security in 6G. IEEE Commun Surv Tutorials, 2022, 24: 53\u201387","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutorials"},{"key":"3626_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-019-2907-4","volume":"63","author":"J Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang J, Johansson T. An overview of cryptographic primitives for possible use in 5G and beyond. Sci China Inf Sci, 2020, 63: 220301","journal-title":"Sci China Inf Sci"},{"key":"3626_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3138612","volume":"17","author":"G Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li G Y, Sun C, Xu W, et al. On maximizing the sum secret key rate for reconfigurable intelligent surface-assisted multiuser systems. IEEE Trans Inform Forensic Secur, 2022, 17: 211\u2013225","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inform Forensic Secur"},{"key":"3626_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1978.1055892","volume":"24","author":"I Csiszar","year":"1978","unstructured":"Csiszar I, K\u00f6rner J. Broadcast channels with confidential messages. IEEE Trans Inform Theor, 1978, 24: 339\u2013348","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inform Theor"},{"key":"3626_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10173","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3182347","volume":"71","author":"C Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang C, Xu J D, Zhang W H, et al. Semi-blind channel estimation for RIS-assisted MISO systems using expectation maximization. IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 2022, 71: 10173\u201310178","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"3626_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2022.3145885","volume":"11","author":"J C An","year":"2022","unstructured":"An J C, Wu Q Q, Yuen C. Scalable channel estimation and reflection optimization for reconfigurable intelligent surface-enhanced OFDM systems. IEEE Wireless Commun Lett, 2022, 11: 796\u2013800","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun Lett"},{"key":"3626_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra D, Johansson H. Channel estimation and low-complexity beamforming design for passive intelligent surface assisted MISO wireless energy transfer. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Brighton, 2019. 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2019.8683663"},{"key":"3626_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3007056","volume":"38","author":"C S You","year":"2020","unstructured":"You C S, Zheng B X, Zhang R. Channel estimation and passive beamforming for intelligent reflecting surface: discrete phase shift and progressive refinement. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 2020, 38: 2604\u20132620","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2020.2992791","volume":"1","author":"Q U A Nadeem","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nadeem Q U A, Alwazani H, Kammoun A, et al. Intelligent reflecting surface-assisted multi-user MISO communication: channel estimation and beamforming design. IEEE Open J Commun Soc, 2020, 1: 661\u2013680","journal-title":"IEEE Open J Commun Soc"},{"key":"3626_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6607","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3004330","volume":"19","author":"Z R Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Z R, Liu L, Cui S G. Channel estimation for intelligent reflecting surface assisted multiuser communications: framework, algorithms, and analysis. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun, 2020, 19: 6607\u20136620","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Wireless Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2019.2948632","volume":"9","author":"Z Q He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He Z Q, Yuan X J. Cascaded channel estimation for large intelligent metasurface assisted massive MIMO. IEEE Wireless Commun Lett, 2020, 9: 210\u2013214","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun Lett"},{"key":"3626_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia S H, Shi Y M. Intelligent reflecting surface for massive device connectivity: joint activity detection and channel estimation. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Barcelona, 2020. 5175\u20135179","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP40776.2020.9054415"},{"key":"3626_CR102","unstructured":"Araujo G T D, Almeida A L F D. PARAFAC-based channel estimation for intelligent reflective surface assisted MIMO system. In: Proceedings of IEEE Sensor Array Multichannel Signal Process, Hangzhou, 2020. 1\u20136"},{"key":"3626_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4144","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3063236","volume":"69","author":"L Wei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wei L, Huang C W, Alexandropoulos G C, et al. Channel estimation for RIS-empowered multi-user MISO wireless communications. IEEE Trans Commun, 2021, 69: 4144\u20134157","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan J, Alexandropoulos G C, Kofidis E, et al. Channel tracking for RIS-enabled multi-user SIMO systems in time-varying wireless channels. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Seoul, 2022. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops53468.2022.9814591"},{"key":"3626_CR105","unstructured":"Alexandropoulos G C, Shlezinger N, Alamzadeh I, et al. Hybrid reconfigurable intelligent metasurfaces: enabling simultaneous tunable reflections and sensing for 6G wireless communications. 2021. ArXiv:2104.04690"},{"key":"3626_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99722-x","volume":"11","author":"I Alamzadeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alamzadeh I, Alexandropoulos G C, Shlezinger N, et al. A reconfigurable intelligent surface with integrated sensing capability. Sci Rep, 2021, 11: 1\u201310","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3626_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandropoulos G C, Vlachos E. A hardware architecture for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces with minimal active elements for explicit channel estimation. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Barcelona, 2020. 9175\u20139179","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP40776.2020.9053976"},{"key":"3626_CR108","unstructured":"Zhang H Y, Shlezinger N, Alexandropoulos G C, et al. Channel estimation with hybrid reconfigurable intelligent metasurfaces. 2022. ArXiv:2206.03913"},{"key":"3626_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44304","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3064073","volume":"9","author":"A Taha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taha A, Alrabeiah M, Alkhateeb A. Enabling large intelligent surfaces with compressive sensing and deep learning. IEEE Access, 2021, 9: 44304\u201344321","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3626_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8670","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2999345","volume":"69","author":"J D Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu J D, Wang Y C, Xu W, et al. On uplink performance of multiuser massive MIMO relay network with limited RF chains. IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 2020, 69: 8670\u20138683","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"3626_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-019-1438-9","volume":"2019","author":"M D Renzo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Renzo M D, Debbah M, Phan-Huy D T, et al. Smart radio environments empowered by reconfigurable AI meta-surfaces: an idea whose time has come. J Wireless Com Network, 2019, 2019: 129","journal-title":"J Wireless Com Network"},{"key":"3626_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2022.3174030","volume":"110","author":"G C Alexandropoulos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alexandropoulos G C, Stylianopoulos K, Huang C, et al. Pervasive machine learning for smart radio environments enabled by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. Proc IEEE, 2022, 110: 1494\u20131525","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"3626_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu W, Yang Z H, Ng D W K, et al. Edge learning for B5G networks with distributed signal processing: semantic communication, edge computing, and wireless sensing. 2022. ArXiv:2206.00422","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2023.3239189"},{"key":"3626_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"021301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-018-9596-5","volume":"62","author":"X H You","year":"2019","unstructured":"You X H, Zhang C, Tan X S, et al. AI for 5G: research directions and paradigms. Sci China Inf Sci, 2019, 62: 021301","journal-title":"Sci China Inf Sci"},{"key":"3626_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang C W, Alexandropoulos G C, Yuen C, et al. Indoor signal focusing with deep learning designed reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications, Cannes, 2019. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC.2019.8815412"},{"key":"3626_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stylianopoulos K, Alexandropoulos G C, Huang C W, et al. Deep contextual bandits for orchestrating multi-user MISO systems with multiple RISs. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Seoul, 2022. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC45855.2022.9838369"},{"key":"3626_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stylianopoulos K, Shlezinger N, Hougne P D, et al. Deep-learning-assisted configuration of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces in dynamic rich-scattering environments. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Singapore, 2022. 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP43922.2022.9746311"},{"key":"3626_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3000835","volume":"38","author":"C W Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang C W, Mo R H, Yuen C. Reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted multiuser MISO systems exploiting deep reinforcement learning. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 2020, 38: 1839\u20131850","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee G, Jung M, Kasgari A T Z, et al. Deep reinforcement learning for energy-efficient networking with reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Dublin, 2020. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC40277.2020.9149380"},{"key":"3626_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandropoulos G C, Samarakoon S, Bennis M, et al. Phase configuration learning in wireless networks with multiple reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. In: Proceedings of IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Taipei, 2020. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshps50303.2020.9367575"},{"key":"3626_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stylianopoulos K, Alexandropoulos G C. Online RIS configuration learning for arbitrary large numbers of 1-bit phase resolution elements. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications, Oulu, 2022. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC51304.2022.9833930"},{"key":"3626_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang L H, Shlezinger N, Alexandropoulos G C, et al. Jointly learned symbol detection and signal reflection in RIS-aided multi-user MIMO systems. In: Proceedings of IEEE Asilomar Signals, Systems and Computer Conference, Pacific Grove, 2021. 1\u20137","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEECONF53345.2021.9723108"},{"key":"3626_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3063464","volume":"25","author":"S Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao S, Dong P H, Pan Z W, et al. Deep multi-stage CSI acquisition for reconfigurable intelligent surface aided MIMO systems. IEEE Commun Lett, 2021, 25: 2024\u20132028","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Lett"},{"key":"3626_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu J, Renzo D R. Data-driven and model-driven deep learning detection for RIS-aided spatial modulation. In: Proceedings of IEEE 4th 5G World Forum (5GWF), Montreal, 2021. 88\u201392","DOI":"10.1109\/5GWF52925.2021.00023"},{"key":"3626_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.007.00345","volume":"29","author":"R Fara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fara R, Ratajczak P, Phan-Huy D T, et al. A prototype of reconfigurable intelligent surface with continuous control of the reflection phase. IEEE Wireless Commun, 2022, 29: 70\u201377","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5849","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.3001125","volume":"68","author":"S Abeywickrama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abeywickrama S, Zhang R, Wu Q, et al. Intelligent reflecting surface: practical phase shift model and beamforming optimization. IEEE Trans Commun, 2020, 68: 5849\u20135863","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44804","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3167841","volume":"10","author":"R A Tasci","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tasci R A, Kilinc F, Basar E, et al. A new RIS architecture with a single power amplifier: energy efficiency and error performance analysis. IEEE Access, 2022, 10: 44804\u201344815","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"3626_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0724-3","volume":"15","author":"C S Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu C S, Chen H W, Wang S Y, et al. Two-dimensional materials for next-generation computing technologies. Nat Nanotechnol, 2020, 15: 545\u2013557","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"3626_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900534","volume":"27","author":"C W Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang C W, Hu S, Alexandropoulos G C, et al. Holographic MIMO surfaces for 6G wireless networks: opportunities, challenges, and trends. IEEE Wireless Commun, 2020, 27: 118\u2013125","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR130","unstructured":"Xu J, You L, Alexandropoulos G C, et al. Near-field wideband extremely large-scale MIMO transmission with holographic metasurface antennas. 2022. ArXiv:2205.02533"},{"key":"3626_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3000877","volume":"38","author":"A Pizzo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pizzo A, Marzetta T L, Sanguinetti L. Spatially-stationary model for holographic MIMO small-scale fading. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 2020, 38: 1964\u20131979","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2100204","volume":"28","author":"R Q Deng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deng R Q, Di B Y, Zhang H L, et al. Reconfigurable holographic surfaces for future wireless communications. IEEE Wireless Commun, 2021, 28: 126\u2013131","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun"},{"key":"3626_CR133","volume-title":"Table of Integrals, Series, and Products","author":"I S Gradshteyn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gradshteyn I S, Ryzhik I M. Table of Integrals, Series, and Products. Burlington: Academic Press, 2014"},{"key":"3626_CR134","volume-title":"Handbook of Mathematical Functions","author":"M Abramowitz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abramowitz M, Stegun I A. Handbook of Mathematical Functions. New York: Martino Publishing, 2014"}],"container-title":["Science China Information Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11432-022-3626-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11432-022-3626-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11432-022-3626-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T21:02:40Z","timestamp":1713474160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11432-022-3626-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["3626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11432-022-3626-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1674-733X","1869-1919"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1674-733X","type":"print"},{"value":"1869-1919","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 November 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"130304"}}