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This survey first provides a profound discussion about innovative network architectures of DSIN, encompassing distributed regenerative satellite network architecture, distributed satellite computing network architecture, and reconfigurable satellite formation flying, to enable flexible and scalable communication, computing and control, fundamentally enhancing network resilience. The DSIN faces challenges from network heterogeneity, unpredictable channel dynamics, sparse resources, and decentralized collaboration frameworks. To address these issues, a series of enabling technologies is identified, including channel modeling and estimation, cloud-native distributed MIMO cooperation, new waveform design, grant-free massive access, nonorthogonal multicast, distributed phased array antennas, high-speed inter-satellite communication, network routing, and the proper combination of all these diversity techniques. Furthermore, to heighten the overall resource efficiency, the cross-layer optimization techniques are further developed to meet upper-layer deterministic, adaptive and secure information services requirements. In addition, emerging research directions and new opportunities are highlighted on the way to achieving the DSIN vision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-024-4408-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T01:41:45Z","timestamp":1758073305000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Distributed satellite information networks: architecture, enabling technologies, and trends"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Qinyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jianhao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chiya","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xingjian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yupeng","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Na","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shujun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Li","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dongming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dixian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Liujun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiongwen","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yonghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiqi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiaohu","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"4408_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-020-2955-6","volume":"64","author":"X You","year":"2021","unstructured":"You X, Wang C X, Huang J, et al. 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