{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T12:00:32Z","timestamp":1781524832299,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]],"date-time":"2016-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468368000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Biol Eng Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-016-1536-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]],"date-time":"2016-07-13T03:30:16Z","timestamp":1468380616000},"page":"641-662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Effect of helmet liner systems and impact directions on severity of head injuries sustained in ballistic impacts: a finite element (FE) study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8170-0775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwong Ming","family":"Tse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long Bin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent Beng Chye","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heow Pueh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1536_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2005.08.001","volume":"34","author":"M Aare","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aare M, Kleiven S (2007) Evaluation of head response to ballistic helmet impacts using the finite element method. Int J Impact Eng 34:596\u2013608. doi: 10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2005.08.001","journal-title":"Int J Impact Eng"},{"key":"1536_CR2","unstructured":"Abaqus (2013) Abaqus Analysis User\u2019s Manual. 6.13 edn. Dassault Syst\u00e8mes Simulia Corp"},{"key":"1536_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2011.08.045","volume":"35","author":"AR Abu Talib","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abu Talib AR, Abbud LH, Ali A, Mustapha F (2012) Ballistic impact performance of Kevlar-29 and Al2O3 powder\/epoxy targets under high velocity impact. Mater Des 35:12\u201319. doi: 10.1016\/j.matdes.2011.08.045","journal-title":"Mater Des"},{"key":"1536_CR4","volume-title":"Computational analysis of brain injury","author":"AS Al-Bsharat","year":"2000","unstructured":"Al-Bsharat AS (2000) Computational analysis of brain injury. Wayne State University, Detroit"},{"key":"1536_CR5","first-page":"418","volume":"188","author":"RH Alley Jr","year":"1964","unstructured":"Alley RH Jr (1964) Head and neck injuries in high school football. JAMA 188:418\u2013422","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1536_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1324667","volume":"122","author":"AC Bain","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bain AC, Meaney DF (2000) Tissue-level thresholds for axonal damage in an experimental model of central nervous system white matter injury. J Biomech Eng 122:615\u2013622","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"1536_CR7","unstructured":"Baumgartner D, Willinger R (2003) Finite element modelling of human head injuries caused by ballistic projectiles. In: NATO Research and technology organisation (RTO) Specialist Meeting, Koblenz, Germany"},{"key":"1536_CR8","first-page":"74","volume-title":"Death from wounding","author":"G Beebe","year":"1952","unstructured":"Beebe G, DeBakey M (1952) Battle casualties: incidence, mortality, and logistic considerations. Death from wounding. Springfield, Charles C Thomas, IL, pp 74\u2013147"},{"key":"1536_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197812000-00007","volume":"188","author":"AW Carroll","year":"1978","unstructured":"Carroll AW, Soderstrom CA (1978) A new nonpenetrating ballistic injury. Ann Surg 188:753\u2013757","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"1536_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1080\/13588260802411523","volume":"13","author":"C Deck","year":"2008","unstructured":"Deck C, Willinger R (2008) Improved head injury criteria based on head FE model. Int J Crashworthiness 13:667\u2013678","journal-title":"Int J Crashworthiness"},{"key":"1536_CR11","first-page":"596","volume":"40","author":"CL Ewing","year":"1969","unstructured":"Ewing CL, Irving AM (1969) Evaluation of head protection in aircraft. Aerosp Med 40:596\u2013599","journal-title":"Aerosp Med"},{"key":"1536_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2010.08.025","volume":"93","author":"S Feli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Feli S, Yas MH, Asgari MR (2011) An analytical model for perforation of ceramic\/multi-layered planar woven fabric targets by blunt projectiles. Compos Struct 93:548\u2013556. doi: 10.1016\/j.compstruct.2010.08.025","journal-title":"Compos Struct"},{"key":"1536_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2895464","volume":"115","author":"JA Galbraith","year":"1993","unstructured":"Galbraith JA, Thibault LE, Matteson DR (1993) Mechanical and electrical responses of the squid giant axon to simple elongation. J Biomech Eng 115:13\u201322","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"1536_CR14","unstructured":"Ganpule S, Gu L, Chandra N (2010) Modeling shock response of helmeted head using fluid structure interaction. In: 16th US National congress of theoretical and applied mechanics, Pennsylvania, USA pp 1\u20133"},{"key":"1536_CR15","unstructured":"Goel R (2010) Study of an advanced helmet liner concept to reduce TBI: Experiments and simulation using sandwich structures. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Berkeley"},{"key":"1536_CR16","unstructured":"Goldsmith W, Khalil TB Effect of a protective device in the reduction of head injury. In: International conference on biokinetics of impacts, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1973"},{"key":"1536_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30625","volume":"78A","author":"W Grellmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grellmann W, Berghaus A, Haberland EJ, Jamali Y, Holweg K, Reincke K, Bier\u00f6gel C (2006) Determination of strength and deformation behavior of human cartilage for the definition of significant parameters. J Biomed Mater Res, Part A 78A:168\u2013174. doi: 10.1002\/jbm.a.30625","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res, Part A"},{"key":"1536_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2011.07.011","volume":"18","author":"C Ha-Minh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ha-Minh C, Boussu F, Kanit T, Cr\u00e9pin D, Imad A (2011) Analysis on failure mechanisms of an interlock woven fabric under ballistic impact. Eng Fail Anal 18:2179\u20132187. doi: 10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2011.07.011","journal-title":"Eng Fail Anal"},{"key":"1536_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2011.02.029","volume":"50","author":"C Ha-Minh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ha-Minh C, Kanit T, Boussu F, Imad A (2011) Numerical multi-scale modeling for textile woven fabric against ballistic impact. Comput Mater Sci 50:2172\u20132184. doi: 10.1016\/j.commatsci.2011.02.029","journal-title":"Comput Mater Sci"},{"key":"1536_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1533\/ijcr.2004.0299","volume":"9","author":"TJ Horgan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Horgan TJ, Gilchrist MD (2004) Influence of FE model variability in predicting brain motion and intracranial pressure changes in head impact simulations. Int J Crashworthiness 9:401\u2013408","journal-title":"Int J Crashworthiness"},{"key":"1536_CR21","unstructured":"Johnson GR, Cook WH A constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large strains, high strain rates and high temperature. In: The 7th international symposium on ballistics, 1983. pp 541-547"},{"key":"1536_CR22","volume-title":"Impact on a model head-helmet system","author":"TB Khalil","year":"1973","unstructured":"Khalil TB (1973) Impact on a model head-helmet system. University of California, Berkeley"},{"key":"1536_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7403(74)90061-7","volume":"16","author":"TB Khalil","year":"1974","unstructured":"Khalil TB, Goldsmith W, Sackman JL (1974) Impact on a model head-helmet system. Int J Mech Sci 16:609\u2013625. doi: 10.1016\/0020-7403(74)90061-7","journal-title":"Int J Mech Sci"},{"key":"1536_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1533\/ijcr.2005.0384","volume":"11","author":"S Kleiven","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kleiven S (2006) Evaluation of head injury criteria using a finite element model validated against experiments on localized brain motion, intracerebral acceleration, and intracranial pressure. Int J Crashworthiness 11:65\u201379","journal-title":"Int J Crashworthiness"},{"key":"1536_CR25","unstructured":"Kleiven S (2007) Parametric studies of the ballistic helmet design. In: 9th symposium on plasticity and impact mechanics (IMPLAST), Bochum, Germany, pp 127\u2013134"},{"key":"1536_CR26","unstructured":"Kleiven S, Hardy WN Correlation of an FE model of the human head with local brain motion\u2013consequences for injury prediction. In: 46th stapp car crash conference, ponte vedra, USA, Nov 2002. Society of automotive engineers (SAE), SAE Paper no. 2002-22-0007, pp 123\u2013144 doi: 2002-22-0007[pii]"},{"key":"1536_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-012-1004-7","volume":"51","author":"M Lamy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lamy M, Baumgartner D, Yoganandan N, Stemper B, Willinger R (2013) Experimentally validated three-dimensional finite element model of the rat for mild traumatic brain injury. Med Bio Eng Comput 51:353\u2013365. doi: 10.1007\/s11517-012-1004-7","journal-title":"Med Bio Eng Comput"},{"key":"1536_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/10255840903337848","volume":"13","author":"HP Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee HP, Gong SW (2010) Finite element analysis for the evaluation of protective functions of helmets against ballistic impact. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng 13:537\u2013550. doi: 10.1080\/10255840903337848","journal-title":"Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1536_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2013.774382","volume":"18","author":"J Long","year":"2013","unstructured":"Long J, Yang J, Lei Z, Liang D (2013) Simulation-based assessment for construction helmets. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng 18:24\u201337. doi: 10.1080\/10255842.2013.774382","journal-title":"Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1536_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2010.01.003","volume":"37","author":"M Mamivand","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mamivand M, Liaghat GH (2010) A model for ballistic impact on multi-layer fabric targets. Int J Impact Eng 37:806\u2013812. doi: 10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2010.01.003","journal-title":"Int J Impact Eng"},{"key":"1536_CR31","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors","author":"CD Mathers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mathers CD, Lopez AD, Murray CJL (2006) The burden of disease and mortality by condition: Data, methods and results for, 2001. In: Lopez A, Mathers C, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJL (eds) Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 1st edn. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank Group, Washington, D.C, pp 45\u2013240","edition":"1"},{"key":"1536_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(70)90059-X","volume":"3","author":"JH McElhaney","year":"1970","unstructured":"McElhaney JH, Fogle JL, Melvin JW, Haynes RR, Roberts VL, Alem NM (1970) Mechanical properties on cranial bone. J Biomech 3:495\u2013511","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"1536_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller RT, Margulies SS, Leoni M, Nonaka M, Chen X, Smith DH, Meaney DF (1998) Finite element modeling approaches for predicting injury in an experimental model of severe diffuse axonal injury. In: 42nd stapp car crash conference, Tempe, USA, 1998. Society of automotive engineers (SAE), SAE paper no. 983154, pp 155\u2013166","DOI":"10.4271\/983154"},{"key":"1536_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-075068069-1\/50007-6","volume-title":"Polymer foams handbook: engineering and biomechanics applications and design guide","author":"NJ Mills","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mills NJ (2007) Finite element modelling of foam deformation. Polymer foams handbook: engineering and biomechanics applications and design guide. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp 115\u2013145"},{"key":"1536_CR35","first-page":"93","volume":"47","author":"B Morrison 3rd","year":"2003","unstructured":"Morrison B 3rd, Cater HL, Wang CC, Thomas FC, Hung CT, Ateshian GA, Sundstrom LE (2003) A tissue level tolerance criterion for living brain developed with an in vitro model of traumatic mechanical loading. Stapp Car Crash J 47:93\u2013105","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"1536_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108702","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.103.108702","volume":"103","author":"WC Moss","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moss WC, King MJ, Blackman EG (2009) Skull flexure from blast waves: a mechanism for brain injury with implications for helmet design. Phys Rev Lett 103:108702","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"1536_CR37","unstructured":"National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Standard (1975) NILECJ-STD-0106.00: ballistic helmets. Washington, DC, US"},{"key":"1536_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014786107","author":"MK Nyein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nyein MK, Jason AM, Yu L, Pita CM, Joannopoulos JD, Moore DF, Radovitzky RA (2010) In silico investigation of intracranial blast mitigation with relevance to military traumatic brain injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1014786107","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"1536_CR39","unstructured":"Patrick LM (1966) Head Impact Protection. In: Caveness WF, Walker AE (eds) Head injury conference, 1966. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 41\u201348"},{"key":"1536_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payan Y, Bettega G, Raphael B (1998) A biomechanical model of the human tongue and its clinical implication. Paper presented at the MICCAI\u201998, LNCS 1496","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0056255"},{"key":"1536_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pintar FA, Philippens MMGM, Zhang J, Yoganandan N (2013) Methodology to determine skull bone and brain responses from ballistic helmet-to-head contact loading using experiments and finite element analysis. Medical engineering and physics 0. In Press, corrected proof, Available online 20 June 2013. doi:10.1016\/j.medengphy.2013.04.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2013.04.015"},{"key":"1536_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2008.11.012","volume":"89","author":"MP Rao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rao MP, Duan Y, Keefe M, Powers BM, Bogetti TA (2009) Modeling the effects of yarn material properties and friction on the ballistic impact of a plain-weave fabric. Compos Struct 89:556\u2013566. doi: 10.1016\/j.compstruct.2008.11.012","journal-title":"Compos Struct"},{"key":"1536_CR43","first-page":"631","volume":"40","author":"JM Rayne","year":"1969","unstructured":"Rayne JM, Maslen KR (1969) Factors in the design of protective helmets. Aerospace Med 40:631\u2013637","journal-title":"Aerospace Med"},{"key":"1536_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2012.748755","volume":"17","author":"M Salimi Jazi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salimi Jazi M, Rezaei A, Karami G, Azarmi F, Ziejewski M (2014) A computational study of influence of helmet padding materials on the human brain under ballistic impacts. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng 17:1368\u20131382. doi: 10.1080\/10255842.2012.748755","journal-title":"Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1536_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200011000-00021","volume":"49","author":"J-C Sarron","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sarron J-C, Caillou J-P, Da Cunha J, Allain J-C, Trame\u00e7on Alain (2000) Consequences of nonpenetrating projectile impact on a protected head: study of rear effects of protections. J Trauma- Injury Infect Crit Care 49:923\u2013929","journal-title":"J Trauma- Injury Infect Crit Care"},{"key":"1536_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000133575.48065.3F","volume":"57","author":"J-C Sarron","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sarron J-C, Dannawi M, Faure A, Caillou J-P, Da Cunha J, Robert R (2004) Dynamic effects of a 9\u00a0mm missile on cadaveric skull protected by Aramid, Polyethylene or aluminum plate: an experimental study. J Trauma-Injury Infect Crit Care 57:236\u2013243","journal-title":"J Trauma-Injury Infect Crit Care"},{"key":"1536_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shreiber DI, Bain AC, Meaney DF (1997) In vivo thresholds for mechanical injury to the blood-brain barrier. In: 41st stapp car crash conference, Orlando, USA, 1997. Society of automotive engineers (SAE), SAE Paper No. 973335, pp 277\u2013291","DOI":"10.4271\/973335"},{"key":"1536_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2012.06.003","volume":"50","author":"LB Tan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tan LB, Tse KM, Lee HP, Tan VBC, Lim SP (2012) Performance of an advanced combat helmet with different interior cushioning systems in ballistic impact: experiments and finite element simulations. Int J Impact Eng 50:99\u2013112. doi: 10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2012.06.003","journal-title":"Int J Impact Eng"},{"key":"1536_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2005.05.006","volume":"32","author":"VBC Tan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tan VBC, Ching TW (2006) Computational simulation of fabric armour subjected to ballistic impacts. Int J Impact Eng 32:1737\u20131751. doi: 10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2005.05.006","journal-title":"Int J Impact Eng"},{"key":"1536_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(89)90050-4","volume":"95","author":"K Tanne","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tanne K, Hiraga J, Kakiuchi K, Yamagata Y, Sakuda M (1989) Biomechanical effect of anteriorly directed extraoral forces on the craniofacial complex: a study using the finite element method. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 95:200\u2013207. doi: 10.1016\/0889-5406(89)90050-4","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"1536_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2007.03.008","volume":"35","author":"CY Tham","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tham CY, Tan VBC, Lee HP (2008) Ballistic impact of a KEVLAR\u00ae helmet: experiment and simulations. Int J Impact Eng 35:304\u2013318. doi: 10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2007.03.008","journal-title":"Int J Impact Eng"},{"key":"1536_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02477112","volume":"13","author":"MA Townsend","year":"1975","unstructured":"Townsend MA, McCammond D, Lie G (1975) Response of human and anthropometric model skulls to impact loading. Med Biol Eng 13:405\u2013413. doi: 10.1007\/BF02477112","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng"},{"key":"1536_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2609","volume":"30","author":"KM Tse","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tse KM, Tan LB, Lee SJ, Lim SP, Lee HP (2014) Development and validation of two subject-specific finite element models of human head against three cadaveric experiments. Int J Numer Methods Biomed Eng 30:397\u2013415. doi: 10.1002\/cnm.2609","journal-title":"Int J Numer Methods Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1536_CR54","unstructured":"Van Hoof J, Cronin DS, Worswick MJ, Williams KV, Nandlall D (2001) Numerical head and composite helmet models to predict blunt trauma. In: 19th international symposium on ballistics, interlaken, Switzerland., 7\u201311 May 2001"},{"key":"1536_CR55","unstructured":"Van Hoof J, Deutekom MJ, Worswick MJ, Bolduc M (1999) Experimental and numerical analysis of the ballistic response of composite helmet materials. In: 18th international symposium on ballistics, San Antonio, TX, USA, pp 15\u201319 Nov 1999"},{"key":"1536_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-007-0198-6","volume":"45","author":"F Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang F, Lee H, Lu C (2007) Effects of head size and morphology on dynamic responses to impact loading. Med Bio Eng Comput 45:747\u2013757. doi: 10.1007\/s11517-007-0198-6","journal-title":"Med Bio Eng Comput"},{"key":"1536_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward CC, Chan M, Nahum AM (1980) Intracranial pressure-a brain injury criterion. In: 24th stapp car crash conference, Warrendale, USA, 1980. Society of automotive engineers (SAE), SAE paper no. 801304., pp 347\u2013360","DOI":"10.4271\/801304"},{"key":"1536_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1001\/archfaci.9.4.264","volume":"9","author":"RW Westreich","year":"2007","unstructured":"Westreich RW, Courtland HW, Nasser P, Jepsen K, Lawson W (2007) Defining nasal cartilage elasticity: biomechanical testing of the tripod theory based on a cantilevered model. Arch Facial Plast Surg 9:264\u2013270. doi: 10.1001\/archfaci.9.4.264","journal-title":"Arch Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"1536_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1114\/1.165","volume":"27","author":"R Willinger","year":"1999","unstructured":"Willinger R, Kang HS, Diaw B (1999) Three-dimensional human head finite-element model validation against two experimental impacts. Ann Biomed Eng 27:403\u2013410. doi: 10.1114\/1.165","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1536_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3722\/cadaps.2010.59-73","volume":"7","author":"J Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang J, Dai J (2010) Simulation-based assessment of rear effect to ballistic helmet impact. Comput Aided Des Appl 7:59\u201373. doi: 10.3722\/cadaps.2010.59-73","journal-title":"Comput Aided Des Appl"},{"key":"1536_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1089\/089771501750055749","volume":"18","author":"L Zhang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhang L, Yang KH, King AI (2001) Comparison of brain responses between frontal and lateral impacts by finite element modeling. J Neurotrauma 18:21\u201330. doi: 10.1089\/089771501750055749","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1536_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1691446","volume":"126","author":"L Zhang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhang L, Yang KH, King AI (2004) A proposed injury threshold for mild traumatic brain injury. J Biomech Eng 126:226\u2013236. doi: 10.1115\/1.1691446","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"}],"container-title":["Medical &amp; Biological Engineering &amp; Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-016-1536-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11517-016-1536-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-016-1536-3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-016-1536-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]],"date-time":"2017-06-24T14:19:12Z","timestamp":1498313952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11517-016-1536-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-016-1536-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-0118","1741-0444"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-0118","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-0444","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]]}}}