{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:07:03Z","timestamp":1766066823986,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,10]],"date-time":"2018-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Biol Eng Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-018-1810-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,9]],"date-time":"2018-03-09T19:33:40Z","timestamp":1520624020000},"page":"1731-1746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Bipedal gait model for precise gait recognition and optimal triggering in foot drop stimulator: a proof of concept"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4328-0327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Faraz","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zoran","family":"Salcic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kevin I-Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aiguo Patrick","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1810_CR1","volume-title":"Closed-loop neuroprosthesis for spinal cord injured patients","author":"NC Bejarano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bejarano NC (2015\/2016) Closed-loop neuroprosthesis for spinal cord injured patients. Politecnico Di Milano, Milan"},{"key":"1810_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benoussaad M, Mombaur K, Azevedo-Coste C Nonlinear model predictive control of joint ankle by electrical stimulation for drop foot correction. In: Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2013 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on, 2013. IEEE, pp 983\u2013989","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2013.6696470"},{"key":"1810_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.10.017","volume":"95","author":"PR Bosch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bosch PR, Harris JE, Wing K (2014) Review of therapeutic electrical stimulation for dorsiflexion assist and orthotic substitution from the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine stroke movement interventions subcommittee. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 95:390\u2013396. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.10.017","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"1810_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2005.04.008","volume":"28","author":"PP Breen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Breen PP, O\u2019Keeffe DT, Conway R, Lyons GM (2006) A system for the delivery of programmable, adaptive stimulation intensity envelopes for drop foot correction applications. Med Eng Phys 28:177\u2013186","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"1810_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2298\/JAC0802025B","volume":"18","author":"BJ Broderick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Broderick BJ, Breen PP, \u00d3Laighin G (2008) Electronic stimulators for surface neural prosthesis. J Autom Control 18:25\u201333","journal-title":"J Autom Control"},{"key":"1810_CR6","unstructured":"Bruni T (2006) Heterogeneous use of models of computation. In: Seminar system\/architecture and design methods of embedded systems, Summer Semester"},{"key":"1810_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46669-9_116","volume-title":"Converging clinical and engineering research on neurorehabilitation II","author":"ND Bunt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bunt ND, Moreno JC, M\u00fcller P, Seel T, Schauer T (2017) Online monitoring of muscle activity during walking for bio-feedback and for observing the effects of transcutaneous electrical stimulation. In: Converging clinical and engineering research on neurorehabilitation II. Springer, Cham, pp 705\u2013709"},{"key":"1810_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-1","volume":"11","author":"CA Coste","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coste CA, Jovic J, Pissard-Gibollet R, Froger J (2014) Continuous gait cycle index estimation for electrical stimulation assisted foot drop correction. J Neuroeng Rehabil 11:1","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"1810_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000308","volume":"94","author":"K Dunning","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dunning K, O\u2019Dell MW, Kluding P, McBride K (2015) Peroneal stimulation for foot drop after stroke: a systematic review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 94:649\u2013664","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"1810_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.3390\/s140202776","volume":"14","author":"M Gor\u0161i\u010d","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gor\u0161i\u010d M, Kamnik R, Ambro\u017ei\u010d L, Vitiello N, Lefeber D, Pasquini G, Munih M (2014) Online phase detection using wearable sensors for walking with a robotic prosthesis. Sensors 14:2776\u20132794","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1810_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.07.128","volume":"30","author":"M Hanlon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hanlon M, Anderson R (2009) Real-time gait event detection using wearable sensors. Gait Posture 30:523\u2013527","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"1810_CR12","unstructured":"Hsieh SC (2010) Product construction of finite-state machines. In: Proc. of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science. Citeseer, pp 141\u2013143"},{"key":"1810_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1148-8","volume":"43","author":"M Kafri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kafri M, Laufer Y (2015) Therapeutic effects of functional electrical stimulation on gait in individuals post-stroke. Ann Biomed Eng 43:451\u2013466","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1810_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2009.10.014","volume":"32","author":"D Kotiadis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kotiadis D, Hermens HJ, Veltink PH (2010) Inertial gait phase detection for control of a drop foot stimulator: Inertial sensing for gait phase detection. Med Eng Phys 32:287\u2013297","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"1810_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.03.007","volume":"41","author":"Y-S Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee Y-S, Ho C-S, Shih Y, Chang S-Y, R\u00f3bert FJ, Shiang T-Y (2015) Assessment of walking, running, and jumping movement features by using the inertial measurement unit. Gait Posture 41:877\u2013881","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"1810_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2002.806832","volume":"10","author":"GM Lyons","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lyons GM, Sinkj\u00e6r T, Burridge JH, Wilcox DJ (2002) A review of portable FES-based neural orthoses for the correction of drop foot. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 10:260\u2013279","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"1810_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4533(03)00116-4","volume":"25","author":"A Mansfield","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mansfield A, Lyons GM (2003) The use of accelerometry to detect heel contact events for use as a sensor in FES assisted walking. Med Eng Phys 25:879\u2013885","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"1810_CR18","unstructured":"McCahon J (2015) Foot drop exercises. \n                    Livestrong.com\n                    \n                  , 2015. Available: \n                    http:\/\/www.livestrong.com\/article\/177388-foot-drop-exercises\/\n                    \n                   [Accessed: 22-Dec-2016]"},{"key":"1810_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2012.08.006","volume":"8","author":"CA Mecheraoui","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mecheraoui CA, Swain I, Cobb J (2013) A distributed three-channel wireless functional electrical stimulation system for automated triggering of stimulation to enable coordinated task execution by patients with neurological disease. Biomed Signal Process Control 8:176\u2013183","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"key":"1810_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.11.007","volume":"30","author":"PL Melo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Melo PL, Silva MT, Martins JM, Newman DJ (2015) Technical developments of functional electrical stimulation to correct drop foot: Sensing, actuation and control strategies. Clin Biomech 30:101\u2013113","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"1810_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2014.898340","volume":"10","author":"L Miller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miller L, Rafferty D, Paul L, Mattison P (2015) A comparison of the orthotic effect of the Odstock Dropped Foot Stimulator and the Walkaide functional electrical stimulation systems on energy cost and speed of walking in multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 10:482\u2013485","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"1810_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-015-1442-0","volume":"54","author":"S Nag","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nag S, Thakor NV (2016) Implantable neurotechnologies: electrical stimulation and applications. Med Biol Eng Comput 54:63\u201376. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-015-1442-0","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"1810_CR23","unstructured":"Ness L300 Clinician's Guide (2013) Bioness. \n                    https:\/\/www.bioness.com\/Documents\/L300HCP\/L300_Clinician_Guide.pdf\n                    \n                  . [Accessed: 14-Nov-2016]"},{"key":"1810_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2004.823671","volume":"4","author":"IPI Pappas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pappas IPI, Keller T, Mangold S, Popovic MR, Dietz V, Morari M (2004) A reliable gyroscope-based gait-phase detection sensor embedded in a shoe insole. Sensors J IEEE 4:268\u2013274","journal-title":"Sensors J IEEE"},{"key":"1810_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1109\/7333.928571","volume":"9","author":"IPI Pappas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pappas IPI, Popovic MR, Keller T, Dietz V, Morari M (2001) A reliable gait phase detection system. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 9:113\u2013125","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"1810_CR26","unstructured":"Perry J, Burnfield JM (2010) Gait analysis: normal and pathological function. In., second edn. Slack Incorporated, Thorofare, NJ, 27. Philipp Muller, Thomas Seel, Schauer T Experimental evaluation of a novel inertial sensor based realtime gait phase detection algorithm. In: Technically Assisted Rehabilitation Conference, 2015"},{"key":"1810_CR27","unstructured":"Reclaim Mobility With Leg Exercises For Stroke Recovery (2015). Available: \n                    https:\/\/www.saebo.com\/reclaim-mobility-with-leg-exercises-for-stroke-recovery\/\n                    \n                  . [Accessed: 22-Dec-2016]"},{"key":"1810_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2009.2019783","volume":"25","author":"A Roy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roy A, Krebs HI, Williams DJ, Bever CT, Forrester LW, Macko RM, Hogan N (2009) Robot-aided neurorehabilitation: a novel robot for ankle rehabilitation. IEEE Trans Robot 25:569\u2013582. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tro.2009.2019783","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Robot"},{"key":"1810_CR29","first-page":"S795","volume":"59","author":"T Seel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seel T, Landgraf L, Escobar VC, Schauer T (2014) Online gait phase detection with automatic adaption to gait velocity changes using accelerometers and gyroscopes. Biomed Eng Biomedizinische technik 59:S795\u2013S798","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Biomedizinische technik"},{"key":"1810_CR30","unstructured":"Seel T, Sch\u00e4perk\u00f6tter S, Valtin M, Werner C, Schauer T (2013) Design and control of an adaptive peroneal stimulator with inertial sensor-based gait phase detection. In: 18th Annual International FES Society Conference, San Sebastian, Spain, 6\u20138"},{"key":"1810_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2015.11.007","volume":"48","author":"T Seel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seel T, Werner C, Raisch J, Schauer T (2016) Iterative learning control of a drop foot neuroprosthesis\u2014generating physiological foot motion in paretic gait by automatic feedback control. Control Eng Pract 48:87\u201397","journal-title":"Control Eng Pract"},{"key":"1810_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2016.06.009","volume":"38","author":"T Seel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seel T, Werner C, Schauer T (2016) The adaptive drop foot stimulator\u2014multivariable learning control of foot pitch and roll motion in paretic gait. Med Eng Phys 38:1205\u20131213","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"1810_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaikh MF, Salcic Z, Wang K (2015) Analysis and selection of the force sensitive resistors for gait characterisation. In: Automation, robotics and applications (ICARA), 2015 6th International Conference on. IEEE, pp 370\u2013375","DOI":"10.1109\/ICARA.2015.7081176"},{"key":"1810_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1109\/7333.918277","volume":"9","author":"MM Skelly","year":"2001","unstructured":"Skelly MM, Chizeck HJ (2001) Real-time gait event detection for paraplegic FES walking. IEEE Transactions Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 9:59\u201368","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"1810_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2002.1021583","volume":"10","author":"BT Smith","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smith BT, Coiro DJ, Finson R, Betz RR, McCarthy J (2002) Evaluation of force-sensing resistors for gait event detection to trigger electrical stimulation to improve walking in the child with cerebral palsy. IEEE Transactions Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 10:22\u201329","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"1810_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309347681","volume":"24","author":"RB Stein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stein RB, Everaert DG, Thompson AK, Su Ling C, Whittaker M, Robertson J, Kuether G (2010) Long-term therapeutic and orthotic effects of a foot drop stimulator on walking performance in progressive and nonprogressive neurological disorders. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 24:152\u2013167. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1545968309347681","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"1810_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2298\/JAC0802047S","volume":"18","author":"RB Stein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stein RB, Rolf R, Everaert DG, Bobet J, Chong S (2008) Surface electrical stimulation for foot drop: control aspects and walking performance. J Autom Control 18:47\u201352","journal-title":"J Autom Control"},{"key":"1810_CR38","unstructured":"Surgeons AAoO (2012) Foot and ankle conditioning program. Available: \n                    http:\/\/orthoinfo.org\/PDFs\/Rehab_Foot_and_Ankle_4.pdf\n                    \n                  . [Accessed: 24-Dec-2016]"},{"key":"1810_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02344765","volume":"38","author":"PC Sweeney","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sweeney PC, Lyons GM, Veltink PH (2000) Finite state control of functional electrical stimulation for the rehabilitation of gait. Med Biol Eng Comput 38:121\u2013126","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"1810_CR40","unstructured":"The Walkaide System Clinician Manual (2013) Innovative neurotronics. \n                    http:\/\/www.walkaide.com\/support\/Documents\/ClinicianManual.pdf\n                    \n                  . [Accessed: 14-Nov-2016]"},{"key":"1810_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Washabaugh EP, Claflin ES, Gillespie RB, Krishnan C (2016) A novel application of eddy current braking for functional strength training during gait. Annals of Biomedical Engineering:1\u201314","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1553-2"}],"container-title":["Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11517-018-1810-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-018-1810-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-018-1810-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,9]],"date-time":"2019-03-09T19:12:15Z","timestamp":1552158735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11517-018-1810-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,10]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-018-1810-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-0118","1741-0444"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0140-0118"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1741-0444"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 February 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the University of Auckland human participants and ethics approval committee (UAHPEC) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}