{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T14:24:48Z","timestamp":1778768688161,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]],"date-time":"2018-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532563200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Nature Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81571754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81571754"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Biol Eng Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-018-1865-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]],"date-time":"2018-07-25T22:07:18Z","timestamp":1532556438000},"page":"135-146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Fractal dimension based carotid plaque characterization from three-dimensional ultrasound images"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Ran","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongkang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Fenster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John David","family":"Spence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingyue","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1865_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-2312(03)00373-4","volume":"55","author":"A VDS","year":"2003","unstructured":"A VDS (2003) Advanced support vector machines and kernel methods. Neurocomputing 55:5\u201320","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"1865_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.01.015","volume":"38","author":"UR Acharya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Acharya UR, Subbhuraam VS, Rama M, Molinari F, Saba L, Ho SYS, Ahuja AT, Ho SC, Nicolaides A, Suri J (2012) Atherosclerotic risk stratification strategy for carotid arteries using texture-based features. Ultrasound Med Biol 38:899\u2013915","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"1865_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000178543.19433.20","volume":"36","author":"CD Ainsworth","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ainsworth CD, Blake CC, Tamayo A, Beletsky V, Fenster A, Spence JD (2005) 3D ultrasound measurement of change in carotid plaque volume. Stroke 36:1904\u20131909","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1865_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(02)00550-1","volume":"28","author":"P Asvestas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Asvestas P, Golemati S, Matsopoulos G, Nikita K, Nicolaides A (2002) Fractal dimension estimation of carotid atherosclerotic plaques from B-mode ultrasound: a pilot study. Ultrasound Med Biol 28:1129\u20131136","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"1865_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3301592","volume":"37","author":"J Awad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Awad J, Krasinski A, Parraga G, Fenster A (2010) Texture analysis of carotid artery atherosclerosis from three-dimensional ultrasound images. Med Phys 37:1382\u20131391","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1865_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.01.017","volume":"65","author":"U Baber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baber U, Mehran R, Sartori S, Schoos MM, Sillesen H, Muntendam P, Garcia MJ, Gregson J, Pocock S, Falk E, Fuster V (2015) Prevalence, impact, and predictive value of detecting subclinical coronary and carotid atherosclerosis in asymptomatic adults: the BioImage study. J Am Coll Cardiol 65:1065\u20131074","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1865_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Backes AR, Eler DM, Minghim R, Bruno OM (2010) Characterizing 3D shapes using fractal dimension. In: Proceedings of the 15th Iberoamerican congress conference on Progress in pattern recognition, image analysis, computer vision, and applications, Brazil","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16687-7_7"},{"key":"1865_CR8","unstructured":"Cardiovascular diseases (2012) World Health Organization. \n                    http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs317\/en\/"},{"key":"1865_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.07.007","volume":"39","author":"J Cheng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cheng J, Li H, Xiao F, Fenster A, Ding M (2013) Fully automatic plaque segmentation in 3-D carotid ultrasound images. Ultrasound Med Biol 39:3431\u20133445","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"1865_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiu B, Egger M, Parraga G, Fenster A, Spence JD (2006) Quantification of carotid vessel atherosclerosis. In: The processing of the International Society for Optical Engineering","DOI":"10.1117\/12.653554"},{"key":"1865_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiu B, Egger M, Spence JD, Parraga G, Fenster A (2006) Quantification of progression and regression of carotid vessel atherosclerosis using 3D ultrasound images. In: the processing of the 28th International Conference on the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2006.260661"},{"key":"1865_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2008.04.002","volume":"12","author":"B Chiu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chiu B, Egger M, Spence J, Parraga G, Fenster A (2008) Area-preserving flattening maps of 3D ultrasound carotid arteries images. Med Image Anal 12:676\u2013688","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"1865_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2955550","volume":"35","author":"B Chiu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chiu B, Egger M, Spence J, Parraga G, Fenster A (2008) Quantification of carotid vessel wall and plaque thickness change using 3D ultrasound images. Med Phys 35:3691\u20133710","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1865_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/5\/004","volume":"54","author":"B Chiu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chiu B, Beletsky V, Spence J, Parraga G, Fenster A (2009) Analysis of carotid lumen surface morphology using three-dimensional ultrasound imaging. Phys Med Biol 54:1149\u20131167","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"1865_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.01.013","volume":"33","author":"M Egger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Egger M, Spence J, Fenster A, Parraga G (2007) Validation of 3D ultrasound vessel wall volume: an imaging phenotype of carotid atherosclerosis. Ultrasound Med Biol 33:905\u2013914","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"1865_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5884(98)80224-4","volume":"16","author":"T Elatrozy","year":"1998","unstructured":"Elatrozy T, Nicolaides A, Tegos T, Griffin M (1998) The objective characterisation of ultrasonic carotid plaque features. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 16:223\u2013230","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"1865_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5884(05)80005-X","volume":"9","author":"N El-Barghouty","year":"1995","unstructured":"El-Barghouty N, Geroulakos G, Nicolaides A, Androulakis A, Bahal V (1995) Computer assisted carotid plaque characterization. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 9:548\u2013557","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"1865_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.10.010","volume":"27","author":"T Fawcett","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fawcett T (2006) An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recogn Lett 27:861\u2013874","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"key":"1865_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.2.1.457","volume":"2","author":"A Fenster","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fenster A, Downey D (2000) 3-D ultrasound imaging. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2:457\u2013475","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1865_CR20","unstructured":"G*Power: Statistical power analyses for Windows and Mac. \n                    http:\/\/www.gpower.hhu.de\/"},{"key":"1865_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1648(86)90257-7","volume":"109","author":"JJ Gagnepain","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gagnepain JJ, Roques-Carmes C (1986) Fractal approach to two dimensional and three dimensional surface roughness. Wear 109:119\u2013126","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"1865_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.143.1.7063747","volume":"143","author":"J Hanley","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hanley J, Mcneil B (1982) The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology 143:29\u201336","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1865_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.597369","volume":"42","author":"PJ Homburg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Homburg PJ, Rozie S, van Gils MJ, van den Bouwhuijsen QJ, Niessen WJ, Dippel DWJ, van der Lugt A (2011) Association between carotid artery plaque ulceration and plaque composition evaluated with multidetector CT angiography. Stroke 42:367\u2013372","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1865_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.487264","volume":"38","author":"SH Johnsen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Johnsen SH, Mathiesen EB, Joakimsen O, Stensland E, Wilsgaard T, Lochen M-L, Njolstad I, Arnesen E (2007) Carotid atherosclerosis is a stronger predictor of myocardial infarction in women than in men: a 6-year follow-up study of 6226 persons: the Tromso Study. Stroke 38:2873\u20132880","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1865_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.005163","volume":"5","author":"M Kuk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuk M, Wannarong T, Beletsky V, Parraga G, Fenster A, Spence J (2014) Volume of carotid artery ulceration as a predictor of cardiovascular events. Stroke 5:1437\u20131441","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1865_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landry A, Fenster A (2002) Theoretical and experimental quantification of carotid plaque volume measurements made by three-dimensional ultrasound using test phantoms. Med Phys 29","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1510130"},{"key":"1865_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000121161.61324.ab","volume":"35","author":"A Landry","year":"2004","unstructured":"Landry A, Spence JD, Fenster A (2004) Measurement of carotid plaque volume by 3-dimensional ultrasound. Stroke 35:864\u2013869","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1865_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.02.011","volume":"31","author":"A Landry","year":"2005","unstructured":"Landry A, Spence JD, Fenster A (2005) Quantification of carotid plaque volume measurements using 3D ultrasound imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol 31:751\u2013762","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"1865_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.09.003","volume":"42","author":"S Lechareas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lechareas S, Yanni A, Golemati S, Chatziioannou A, Perrea DN (2016) Ultrasound and biochemical diagnostic tools for the characterization of vulnerable carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Ultrasound Med Biol 42:31\u201343","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"1865_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.03.041","volume":"410","author":"J-S Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li J-S, Tang Y, Li Z, Li Z (2017) Study on the optical performance of thin-film light-emitting diodes using fractal micro-roughness surface model. Appl Surf Sci 410:60\u201369","journal-title":"Appl Surf Sci"},{"key":"1865_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2009.05.003","volume":"13","author":"R Lopes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lopes R, Betrouni N (2009) Fractal and multifractal analysis: a review. Med Image Anal 13:634\u2013649","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"1865_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822b0090","volume":"77","author":"A Madani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Madani A, Beletsky V, Tamayo A, Munoz C, Spence J (2011) High-risk asymptomatic carotid stenosis: ulceration on 3D ultrasound vs TCD microemboli. Neurology 77:744\u2013750","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1865_CR33","volume-title":"The fractal geometry of nature","author":"B Mandelbrot","year":"1982","unstructured":"Mandelbrot B (1982) The fractal geometry of nature. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco"},{"key":"1865_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/00405000108659617","volume":"92","author":"J Militk\u00fd","year":"2001","unstructured":"Militk\u00fd J, Bajz\u00edk V (2001) Surface roughness and fractal dimension. J Text Inst 92:91\u2013113","journal-title":"J Text Inst"},{"key":"1865_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.01.016","volume":"65","author":"TZ Naqvi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Naqvi TZ (2015) Quantifying atherosclerosis by 3D ultrasound works!: but there is work to be done. J Am Coll Cardiol 65:1075\u20131077","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1865_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76880","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076880","volume":"8","author":"L Niu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Niu L, Qian M, Yang W, Meng L, Xiao Y, Wong K, Abbott D, Liu X, Zheng H (2013) Surface roughness detection of arteries via texture analysis of ultrasound images for early diagnosis of atherosclerosis. PLoS One 8:e76880\u2013e76880","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1865_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10121","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160510121","volume":"16","author":"EPM Paterni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paterni EPM (2015) Ultrasound tissue characterization of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. Int J Mol Sci 16:10121\u201310133","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1865_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1984.4767557","volume":"6","author":"S Peleg","year":"1984","unstructured":"Peleg S, Naor J, Hartley R, Avnir D (1984) Multiple resolution texture analysis and classification. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 6:518\u2013523","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"1865_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.3.615","volume":"31","author":"P Rothwell","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rothwell P, Gibson R, Warlow C (2000) Interrelation between plaque surface morphology and degree of stenosis on carotid angiograms and the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke 31:615\u2013621","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1865_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2916","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000042207.16156.B9","volume":"33","author":"JD Spence","year":"2002","unstructured":"Spence JD, Eliasziw M, DiCicco M, Hackam DG, Galil R, Lohmann T (2002) Carotid plaque area: a tool for targeting and evaluating vascular preventive therapy. Stroke 33:2916\u20132922","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1865_CR41","first-page":"29","volume":"55","author":"AG Tsakiris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tsakiris AG, Papanicolaou T (2008) A fractal approach for characterizing microroughness in gravel streams. Arch Hydro Eng Environ Mech 55:29\u201343","journal-title":"Arch Hydro Eng Environ Mech"},{"key":"1865_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2010.2091511","volume":"15","author":"N Tsiaparas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tsiaparas N, Golemati S, Andreadis I, Stoitsis J, Valavanis I, Nikita K (2011) Comparison of multiresolution features for texture classification of carotid atherosclerosis from B-mode ultrasound. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 15:130\u2013137","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed"},{"key":"1865_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70092-4","volume":"8","author":"J U-King-Im","year":"2009","unstructured":"U-King-Im J, Young V, Gillard J (2009) Carotid-artery imaging in the diagnosis and management of patients at risk of stroke. Lancet Neurol 8:569\u2013580","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1865_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.005752","volume":"45","author":"A Engelen van","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Engelen A, Wannarong T, Parraga G, Niessen WJ, Fenste A, Spence JD, de Bruijne M (2014) Three-dimensional carotid ultrasound plaque texture predicts vascular events. Stroke 45:2695\u20132701","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1865_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9837(199605)21:5<399::AID-ESP567>3.0.CO;2-M","volume":"21","author":"B Wesemael van","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Wesemael B, Poesen J, de Figueiredo T, Govers G (2015) Surface roughness evolution of soils containing rock fragments. Earth Surf Process Landf 21:399\u2013411","journal-title":"Earth Surf Process Landf"},{"key":"1865_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.001461","volume":"44","author":"T Wannarong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wannarong T, Parraga G, Buchanan D, Fenster A, House AA, Hackam DG, Spence JD (2013) Progression of carotid plaque volume predicts cardiovascular events. Stroke 44:1859\u20131865","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1865_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2011.02.011","volume":"24","author":"W Xie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xie W, Wu Y, Wang W, Zhao D, Liang L, Wang M, Yang Y, Sun J, Shi P, Huo Y (2011) A longitudinal study of carotid plaque and risk of ischemic cardiovascular disease in the Chinese population. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24:729\u2013737","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"1865_CR48","unstructured":"Yongkang L, Mingyue D (2016) Atorvastatin effect evaluation based on feature combination of three dimension ultrasound images. In: SPIE Medical Imaging, San Diego, California, United States"}],"container-title":["Medical &amp; Biological Engineering &amp; Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11517-018-1865-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-018-1865-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-018-1865-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]],"date-time":"2019-07-25T19:09:35Z","timestamp":1564081775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11517-018-1865-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1865"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-018-1865-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-0118","1741-0444"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-0118","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-0444","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 April 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Patients provided written informed consent to a study protocol approved by the University of Western Ontario Standing Board of Human Research Ethics.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}}]}}