{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T17:09:50Z","timestamp":1780938590082,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]],"date-time":"2018-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535500800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme\/ ERC Grant","award":["BioElecPro n. 637780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BioElecPro n. 637780"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Biol Eng Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-018-1887-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]],"date-time":"2018-08-29T17:33:13Z","timestamp":1535563993000},"page":"1-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Dielectric properties of bones for the monitoring of osteoporosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4340-1387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilal","family":"Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Adnan","family":"Elahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atif","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"McDermott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"O\u2019Halloran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"1887_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200932030-00004","volume":"32","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2004","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services (2004) Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the surgeon general. US Health Hum Serv 32:437\u2013228. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00002018-200932030-00004","journal-title":"US Health Hum Serv"},{"key":"1887_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laster AJ (2014) Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: overused, neglected, or just misunderstood? N C Med J 75:132\u2013136","DOI":"10.18043\/ncm.75.2.132"},{"key":"1887_CR3","unstructured":"Office of the Surgeon General (US) (2004) Bone health and osteoporosis: A report of the surgeon general. Rockville (MD): Office of the Surgeon General (US). Available from: \n                    https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK45513\/\n                    \n                  . Accessed 24\/01\/2018"},{"key":"1887_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2794-2","volume":"25","author":"F Cosman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, Lewiecki EM, Tanner B, Randall S, Lindsay R, National Osteoporosis Foundation (2014) Clinician\u2019s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 25:2359\u20132381. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-014-2794-2","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"1887_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1980.326713","volume":"BME-27","author":"DA Chakkalakal","year":"1980","unstructured":"Chakkalakal DA, Johnson MW, Harper RA, Katz JL (1980) Dielectric properties of fluid-saturated bone. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng BME-27:95\u2013100. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.1980.326713","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1887_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.061113","volume":"22","author":"R Burge","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burge R, Dawson-Hughes B, Solomon DH, Wong JB, King A, Tosteson A (2007) Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005-2025. J Bone Miner Res 22:465\u2013475. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1359\/jbmr.061113","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"1887_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08761-5","volume":"359","author":"Organization WH","year":"2004","unstructured":"Organization WH (2004) WHO scientific group on the assessment of osteoporosis at primary health care level. World Health Organ 359:5\u20137. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08761-5","journal-title":"World Health Organ"},{"key":"1887_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.5.906","volume":"18","author":"E-M Lochm\u00fcller","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lochm\u00fcller E-M, M\u00fcller R, Kuhn V, Lill CA, Eckstein F (2003) Can novel clinical densitometric techniques replace or improve DXA in predicting bone strength in osteoporosis at the hip and other skeletal sites? J Bone Miner Res 18:906\u2013912. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.5.906","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"1887_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1650529","volume":"31","author":"JR Wilkie","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wilkie JR, Giger ML, Chinander MR, Vokes TJ, Li H, Dixon L, Jaros V (2004) Comparison of radiographic texture analysis from computed radiography and bone densitometry systems. Med Phys 31:882\u2013891. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.1650529","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1887_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2209202","volume":"59","author":"PM Meaney","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meaney PM, Goodwin D, Golnabi AH, Zhou T, Pallone M, Geimer SD, Burke G, Paulsen KD (2012) Clinical microwave tomographic imaging of the calcaneus: a first-in-human case study of two subjects. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 59:3304\u20133313. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2012.2209202","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1887_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-014-1145-y","volume":"52","author":"RM Irastorza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Irastorza RM, Blangino E, Carlevaro CM, Vericat F (2014) Modeling of the dielectric properties of trabecular bone samples at microwave frequency. Med Biol Eng Comput 52:439\u2013447. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-014-1145-y","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"1887_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-008-9174-x","volume":"83","author":"A Nazarian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nazarian A, Von Stechow D, Zurakowski D et al (2008) Bone volume fraction explains the variation in strength and stiffness of cancellous bone affected by metastatic cancer and osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 83:368\u2013379. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00223-008-9174-x","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"1887_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2011.5704524","volume":"18","author":"R Irastorza","year":"2011","unstructured":"Irastorza R, Mayosky M, Grigera R, Vericat F (2011) Dielectric properties of natural and demineralized collagen bone matrix. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 18:320\u2013328. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TDEI.2011.5704524","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul"},{"key":"1887_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00419425","volume":"18","author":"A Ivancich","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ivancich A, Grigera JR, Muravchik C (1992) Electric behaviour of natural and demineralized bones. Dielectric properties up to 1 GHz. J Biol Phys 18:281\u2013295. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00419425","journal-title":"J Biol Phys"},{"key":"1887_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/649612","volume":"2012","author":"PM Meaney","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meaney PM, Zhou T, Goodwin D, Golnabi A, Attardo EA, Paulsen KD (2012) Bone dielectric property variation as a function of mineralization at microwave frequencies. Int J Biomed Imaging 2012:1\u20139. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/649612","journal-title":"Int J Biomed Imaging"},{"key":"1887_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/48\/6\/306","volume":"48","author":"J Sierpowska","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sierpowska J, T\u00f6yr\u00e4s J, Hakulinen MA, Saarakkala S, Jurvelin JS, Lappalainen R (2003) Electrical and dielectric properties of bovine trabecular bone\u2014relationships with mechanical properties and mineral density. Phys Med Biol 48:775\u2013786","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"1887_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2741026","volume":"65","author":"E Porter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Porter E, OHalloran M (2017) Investigation of histology region in dielectric measurements of heterogeneous tissues. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 65:1. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAP.2017.2741026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Antennas Propag"},{"key":"1887_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2465867","volume":"63","author":"E Porter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Porter E, Coates M, Popovi\u0107 M (2016) An early clinical study of time-domain microwave radar for breast health monitoring. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 63:530\u2013539. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2015.2465867","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1887_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpradiol.2007.10.001","volume":"38","author":"CL Brace","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brace CL (2009) Radiofrequency and microwave ablation of the liver, lung, kidney, and bone: what are the differences? Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 38:135\u2013143. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/j.cpradiol.2007.10.001","journal-title":"Curr Probl Diagn Radiol"},{"key":"1887_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4426","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2015.2463681","volume":"63","author":"PT Nguyen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nguyen PT, Abbosh A, Crozier S (2015) Microwave hyperthermia for breast cancer treatment using electromagnetic and thermal focusing tested on realistic breast models and antenna arrays. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 63:4426\u20134434. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAP.2015.2463681","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Antennas Propag"},{"key":"1887_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1980.11589","volume":"68","author":"HP Schwan","year":"1980","unstructured":"Schwan HP, Foster KR (1980) RF-field interactions with biological systems: electrical properties and biophysical mechanisms. Proc IEEE 68:104\u2013113. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PROC.1980.11589","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"1887_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/002","volume":"41","author":"S Gabriel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gabriel S, Lau RW, Gabriel C (1996) The dielectric properties of biological tissues. 2. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz. Phys Med Biol 41:2251\u20132269. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/002","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"1887_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2017.01.017","volume":"43","author":"S Salahuddin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salahuddin S, Porter E, Krewer F, O\u2019Halloran M (2017) Optimised analytical models of the dielectric properties of biological tissue. Med Eng Phys 43:103\u2013111. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2017.01.017","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"1887_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/aa74c4","volume":"3","author":"A Shahzad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shahzad A, Sonja K, Jones M et al (2017) Investigation of the effect of dehydration on tissue dielectric properties in ex vivo measurements. Biomed Phys Eng Express 3:1\u20139","journal-title":"Biomed Phys Eng Express"},{"key":"1887_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/17\/5249","volume":"54","author":"A Peyman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peyman A, Gabriel C, Grant EH et al (2009) Variation of the dielectric properties of tissues with age: the effect on the values of SAR in children when exposed to walkie-talkie devices. Phys Med Biol 54:227\u2013241. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/17\/5249","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"1887_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04151206","volume":"3","author":"B Clarke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clarke B (2008) Normal bone anatomy and physiology. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3(Suppl 3):1\u201316. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.04151206","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"1887_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2006.09.007","volume":"29","author":"J Sierpowska","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sierpowska J, Lammi MJ, Hakulinen MA, Jurvelin JS, Lappalainen R, T\u00f6yr\u00e4s J (2007) Effect of human trabecular bone composition on its electrical properties. Med Eng Phys 29:845\u2013852. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2006.09.007","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"1887_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2017.04.002","volume":"45","author":"Y Haba","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haba Y, Wurm A, K\u00f6ckerling M, Schick C, Mittelmeier W, Bader R (2017) Characterization of human cancellous and subchondral bone with respect to electro physical properties and bone mineral density by means of impedance spectroscopy. Med Eng Phys 45:34\u201341. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2017.04.002","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"1887_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1983.325201","volume":"30","author":"JD Kosterich","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kosterich JD, Foster KR, Pollack SR (1983) Dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity of fluid saturated bone. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 30:81\u201386. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.1983.325201","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1887_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1109\/10.135546","volume":"39","author":"G Mercato De","year":"1992","unstructured":"De Mercato G, Garcia Sanchez FJ (1992) Correlation between low-frequency electric conductivity and permittivity in the diaphysis of bovine femoral bone. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 39:523\u2013526. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/10.135546","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1887_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1984.325268","volume":"BME-31","author":"GN Reddy","year":"1984","unstructured":"Reddy GN, Saha S (1984) Electrical and dielectric properties of wet bone as a function of frequency. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng BME-31:296\u2013303. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.1984.325268","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1887_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1984.325268","volume":"39","author":"S Saha","year":"1992","unstructured":"Saha S, Williams PA (1992) Electrical and dielectric properties of wet human cancellous bone as a function of frequency. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 39:1298\u20131304. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.1984.325268","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1887_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02667351","volume":"24","author":"PA Williams","year":"1996","unstructured":"Williams PA, Saha S (1996) The electrical and dielectric properties of human bone tissue and their relationship with density and bone mineral content. Ann Biomed Eng 24:222\u2013233. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02667351","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1887_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197501000-00045","volume":"106","author":"AR Liboff","year":"1975","unstructured":"Liboff AR, Rinaldi RA, Lavine LS, Shamos MH (1975) On electrical conduction in living bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res 106:330\u2013335","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"1887_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2011.5872561","volume":"9","author":"AH Golnabi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Golnabi AH, Meaney PM, Geimer S et al (2011) Microwave tomography for bone imaging. Proc Int Symp Biomed Imaging 9:956\u2013959. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISBI.2011.5872561","journal-title":"Proc Int Symp Biomed Imaging"},{"key":"1887_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2012.12.014","volume":"35","author":"RM Irastorza","year":"2013","unstructured":"Irastorza RM, Carlevaro CM, Vericat F (2013) Is there any information on micro-structure in microwave tomography of bone tissue? Med Eng Phys 35:1173\u20131180. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2012.12.014","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"}],"container-title":["Medical &amp; Biological Engineering &amp; Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11517-018-1887-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-018-1887-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-018-1887-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T19:09:38Z","timestamp":1567019378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11517-018-1887-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1887"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-018-1887-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-0118","1741-0444"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-0118","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-0444","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 February 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}