{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T05:01:50Z","timestamp":1774501310961,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]],"date-time":"2020-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582502400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]],"date-time":"2020-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009127","name":"Invention for Innovation Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["II-LA-1116-20007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["II-LA-1116-20007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009127","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Biol Eng Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Post-void alarm systems to monitor bedwetting in nocturnal enuresis (NE) have been deemed unsatisfactory. The aim of this study is to develop a safe, comfortable and non-invasive pre-void wearable alarm and associated technologies using advanced mechatronics. Each stage of development includes patient and public involvement and engagement (PPI). The early stages of the development involved children with and without NE (and parents) who were tested at a hospital under the supervision of physicians, radiologists, psychologists, and nurses. The readings of the wearable device were simultaneously compared with B-mode images and measurements, acquired from a conventional ultrasound device, and were found to correlate highly. The results showed that determining imminent voiding need is viable using non-invasive sensors. Following on from \u201cproof of concept,\u201d a bespoke advanced mechatronics device has been developed. The device houses custom electronics, an ultrasound system, intelligent software, a user-friendly smartphone application, bedside alarm box, and a dedicated undergarment, along with a self-adhesive gel pad\u2014designed to keep the MEMS sensors aligned with the abdomen. Testing of the device with phantoms and volunteers has been successful in determining bladder volume and associated voiding need. Five miniaturised, and therefore more ergonomic, versions of the device are being developed, with an enabled connection to the cloud platform for location independent control and monitoring. Thereafter, the enhanced device will be tested with children with NE at their homes for 14 weeks, to gain feedback relating to wearability and data collection involving the cloud platform.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-019-02091-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]],"date-time":"2020-02-24T03:04:21Z","timestamp":1582513461000},"page":"943-965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Intelligent autonomous treatment of bedwetting using non-invasive wearable advanced mechatronics systems and MEMS sensors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4279-4166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaya","family":"Kuru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Ansell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin Jon","family":"Watkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noreen","family":"Caswell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Leather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Lancaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Sugden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Briggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teik Chooi","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kina","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"De Goede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2091_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuru K, Ansell D, Jones M, De Goede C, Leather P (2018) Medical & biological engineering & computing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-018-1942-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-018-1942-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"2091_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/003655900750042022","volume":"34","author":"RJ Butler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Butler R J, Holland P (2000) . Scand J Urol Nephrol 34(4):270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/003655900750042022","journal-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"2091_CR3","unstructured":"Kiddoo D (2015) BMJ Clinical Evidence 2015(0305). http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4292411\/"},{"key":"2091_CR4","unstructured":"Ansell DW, Sanders C, Leather P, Kuru K, Amina M (2017) (WO\/2017\/017426). https:\/\/patentscope.wipo.int\/search\/en\/detail.jsf?docId=WO2017017426"},{"issue":"5","key":"2091_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsl039","volume":"32","author":"C Joinson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Joinson C, Heron J, Emond A, Butler R (2007) . J Pediatr Psychol 32 (5):605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsl039","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"2091_CR6","unstructured":"NICE Bedwetting under 19s https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg111\/resources\/bedwetting-in-under-19s-35109384397765"},{"key":"2091_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Merks E J W, Bom N, de Jong N, van der Steen AFW (2008) in 2008 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, pp 1158\u20131162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ULTSYM.2008.0279","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2008.0279"},{"issue":"4","key":"2091_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1037\/h0100319","volume":"2","author":"O Mowrer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mowrer O, Mowrer W (2005) . Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention 2(4):259","journal-title":"Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention"},{"key":"2091_CR9","unstructured":"NICE The management of bedwetting in children. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg111\/evidence\/cg111-nocturnal-enuresis-the-management-of-bedwetting-in-children-and-young-people-full-guideline3"},{"key":"2091_CR10","unstructured":"ESPU Eau guidelines on paediatric urology https:\/\/uroweb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/EAU-Guidelines-on-Paediatric-Urology-2018-large-text.pdf"},{"key":"2091_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caldwell P, Nankivell G, Sureshkumar P (2013) Cochrane database of systematic reviews (7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD003637.pub3","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003637.pub3"},{"key":"2091_CR12","unstructured":"NICE Scenario: Primary bedwetting (without daytime symptoms) https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/bedwetting-enuresis#!scenario"},{"key":"2091_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Glazener C, Evans J, Peto R (2005) Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002911.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002911.pub2"},{"issue":"1","key":"2091_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1109\/86.662622","volume":"6","author":"P Petrican","year":"1998","unstructured":"Petrican P, Sawan M A (1998) . IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng 6(1):66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/86.662622","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"2091_CR15","unstructured":"Pretlow RA (1999) Treatment of nocturnal enuresis with an ultrasound bladder volume controlled alarm device https:\/\/www.jurology.com\/article\/S0022-5347(01)68141-2\/fulltext"},{"key":"2091_CR16","unstructured":"Ansell DW, Sanders C, Leather P, Kuru K, Amina M (2018) (CA 2993156). http:\/\/brevets-patents.ic.gc.ca\/opic-cipo\/cpd\/eng\/patent\/2993156\/summary.html"},{"key":"2091_CR17","unstructured":"Ansell DW, Sanders C, Leather P, Kuru K, Amina M (2018) (16744501.4 - 1115). http:\/\/brevets-patents.ic.gc.ca\/opic-cipo\/cpd\/eng\/patent\/2993156\/summary.html"},{"key":"2091_CR18","unstructured":"Ansell DW, Sanders C, Leather P, Kuru K, Amina M (2018) (CN108024769A). https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/CN108024769A\/en"},{"key":"2091_CR19","unstructured":"Ansell DW, Sanders C, Leather P, Kuru K, Amina M (2018) (US20180214122A1) . https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US20180214122A1\/en"},{"key":"2091_CR20","unstructured":"Ansell DW, Sanders C, Leather P, Kuru K, Amina M (2018) (EP3328279). https:\/\/patentscope.wipo.int\/search\/en\/detail.jsf?docId=EP219723722&_cid=P12-K0GF1Z-00580-1"},{"key":"2091_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuru K, Yetgin H (2019) IEEE Access, pp 1\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2907809","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2907809"},{"key":"2091_CR22","unstructured":"Merks E J W (2009) Instantaneous ultrasonic assessment of urinary bladder volume. Ph.D. thesis, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Optima Grafische Communicatie, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"key":"2091_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-006-0376-y","volume":"37","author":"VY fong Leung","year":"2007","unstructured":"fong Leung V Y, wing Chu W C, kwong Yeung C, Sreedhar B, xian Liu J, chung Wong E M, Metreweli C (2007) . Pediatr Radiol 37:181","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"2091_CR24","unstructured":"Snyde R, Schneider LW, Owings CL, Reynoi HM, Golomb DH, Schork MA (1977) Anthropometry of infants, children and youths to age 18 for product safety design. final report. , DeepBlue, USA. https:\/\/deepblue.lib.umich.edu\/handle\/2027.42\/684"},{"issue":"1","key":"2091_CR25","first-page":"60","volume":"77","author":"M Dicuio","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dicuio M, Pomara G, Fabris F M, Ales V, Dahlstrand C, Morelli G (2005) . Archivio italiano di urologia, andrologia: organo ufficiale [di] Societa italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica 77(1):60","journal-title":"Archivio italiano di urologia, andrologia: organo ufficiale [di] Societa italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica"},{"issue":"4","key":"2091_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urols.2015.06.154","volume":"27","author":"SY Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu SY, Jhang JF, Jiang YH, Kuo HC (2016) . Urological Science 27(4):263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urols.2015.06.154. http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1879522615002286 . Prostate Cancer","journal-title":"Urological Science"},{"key":"2091_CR27","unstructured":"Zagzebski JA Essentials of ultrasound physics (St. Louis : Mosby, 1996). Includes bibliographical references and index"},{"issue":"2","key":"2091_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23897","volume":"38","author":"C D\u2019Ancona","year":"2019","unstructured":"D\u2019Ancona C, Haylen B, Oelke M, Abranches-Monteiro L, Arnold E, Goldman H, Hamid R, Homma Y, Marcelissen T, Rademakers K, Schizas A, Singla A, Soto I, Tse V, de Wachter S, Herschorn S (2019) On behalf of the standardisation steering committee ICS and the ICS working group on terminology for male lower urinary tract and pelvic floor symptoms and dysfunction. Neurourology and Urodynamics 38(2):433 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.23897. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/nau.23897","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"s3","key":"2091_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1998.00025.x","volume":"81","author":"J N\u00f8rgaard","year":"1998","unstructured":"N\u00f8rgaard J, Van Gool J, Hj\u00e4lm\u00e5s K, Djurhuus J, Hellstr\u00f6m AL (1998) . British Journal of Urology 81(s3):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1998.00025.x. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1998.00025.x","journal-title":"British Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"3, Part 2","key":"2091_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)68141-2","volume":"162","author":"RA Pretlow","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pretlow RA (1999) . The Journal of Urology 162(3, Part 2): 1224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)68141-2. http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022534701681412. Part 2 of 2","journal-title":"The Journal of Urology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2091_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000204113.54907.79","volume":"37","author":"GJ Hankey","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hankey GJ, Thomas LH, Barrett J, Cross S, French B, Leathley M, Sutton C, Watkins C (2006) . Stroke 37(3):929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.0000204113.54907.79. http:\/\/stroke.ahajournals.org\/content\/37\/3\/929","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2091_CR32","unstructured":"NuffieldCouncil Nuffield council on bioethics: children and clinical research: ethical issues http:\/\/nuffieldbioethics.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Children-and-clinical-research-full-report.pdf"},{"key":"2091_CR33","unstructured":"Nuffield Nuffield council on bioethics: the collection, linking and use of data in biomedical research and health care: ethical issues. http:\/\/nuffieldbioethics.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Biological_and_health_data_web.pdf"},{"key":"2091_CR34","unstructured":"BMUS The british medical ultrasound society: guidelines for the safe use of diagnostic ultrasound equipment. https:\/\/www.bmus.org\/static\/uploads\/resources\/BMUS-Safety-Guidelines-2009-revision-FINAL-Nov-2009.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"2091_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(00)00204-0","volume":"26","author":"SB Barnett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Barnett S B, Haar G R T, Ziskin M C, Rott H D, Duck F A, Maeda K (2000) . Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 26(3):355","journal-title":"Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology"}],"container-title":["Medical &amp; Biological Engineering &amp; Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-019-02091-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11517-019-02091-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-019-02091-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T00:46:44Z","timestamp":1614041204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11517-019-02091-x"}},"subtitle":["Intelligent autonomous bladder monitoring to treat NE"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["2091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-019-02091-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-0118","1741-0444"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-0118","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-0444","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 May 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The ethical process is being carried out mainly based on four ethical documents, two of which are referred by NICE and published by Nuffield Council on Bioethics [, ], another is by The British Medical Ultrasound Society (BMUS) [], and also the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) []. Furthermore, the techniques, methods and Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPI) in this study were approved ethically by NHS Health Research Authority: North West - Greater Manchester Central Research Ethics Committee (ID:247101). The techniques and approaches were patented nationally and internationally to keep the intellectual properties [, , ].","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}}]}}