{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:27:57Z","timestamp":1780583277198,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,31]],"date-time":"2020-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590883200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,31]],"date-time":"2020-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001674","name":"Fondation Leducq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RHYTHM (16CVD02)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RHYTHM (16CVD02)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Biol Eng Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The solution of the inverse problem of electrocardiology allows the reconstruction of the spatial distribution of the electrical activity of the heart from the body surface electrocardiogram (electrocardiographic imaging, ECGI). ECGI using the equivalent dipole layer (EDL) model has shown to be accurate for cardiac activation times. However, validation of this method to determine repolarization times is lacking. In the present study, we determined the accuracy of the EDL model in reconstructing cardiac <jats:italic>repolarization<\/jats:italic> times, and assessed the robustness of the method under less ideal conditions (addition of noise and errors in tissue conductivity). A monodomain model was used to determine the transmembrane potentials in three different excitation-repolarization patterns (sinus beat and ventricular ectopic beats) as the gold standard. These were used to calculate the body surface ECGs using a finite element model. The resulting body surface electrograms (ECGs) were used as input for the EDL-based inverse reconstruction of repolarization times. The reconstructed repolarization times correlated well (COR\u2009&gt;\u20090.85) with the gold standard, with almost no decrease in correlation after adding errors in tissue conductivity of the model or noise to the body surface ECG. Therefore, ECGI using the EDL model allows adequate reconstruction of cardiac repolarization times.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-020-02203-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,31]],"date-time":"2020-05-31T00:02:26Z","timestamp":1590883346000},"page":"1739-1749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["In silico validation of electrocardiographic imaging to reconstruct the endocardial and epicardial repolarization pattern using the equivalent dipole layer source model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5471-3431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanne","family":"van der Waal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronique","family":"Meijborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Schuler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Coronel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thom","family":"Oostendorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2203_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barr RC, Ramsey M, Spach MS (1977) Relating epicardial to body surface potential distributions by means of transfer coe_cients based on geometry measurements. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng BME-24(1): 1\u201311","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1977.326201"},{"issue":"5","key":"2203_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.117.006108","volume":"11","author":"LR Bear","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bear LR, LeGrice IJ, Sands GB, Lever NA, Loiselle DS, Paterson DJ, Cheng LK, Smaill BH (2018) How accurate is inverse electrocardiographic mapping? Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 11(5):e006108","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2203_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00273","volume":"10","author":"J Chamorro-Servent","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chamorro-Servent J, Dubois R, Coudi\u00e8re Y (2019) Considering new regularization parameter-choice techniques for the Tikhonov method to improve the accuracy of electrocardiographic imaging. Front Physiol 10:273","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2203_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2016.11.012","volume":"3","author":"MJ Cluitmans","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cluitmans MJ, Bonizzi P, Karel JM, Das M, Kietselaer BL, de Jong MM, Prinzen FW, Peeters RL, Westra RL, Volders PG (2017) In vivo validation of electrocardiographic imaging. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 3(3):232\u2013242","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2203_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.01.013","volume":"6","author":"R Coronel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Coronel R, Wilms-Schopman FJ, Opthof T, Janse MJ (2009) Dispersion of repolarization and arrhythmogenesis. Heart Rhythm 6(4):537\u2013543","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"9","key":"2203_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-009-9747-5","volume":"37","author":"PM van Dam","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Dam PM, Oostendorp TF, Linnenbank AC, Van Oosterom A (2009) Non-invasive imaging of cardiac activation and recovery. Ann Biomed Eng 37(9):1739\u20131756","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"2203_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-008-0391-2","volume":"47","author":"PM van Dam","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Dam PM, Oostendorp TF, van Oosterom A (2009) Application of the fastest route algorithm in the interactive simulation of the effect of local ischemia on the ECG. Med Biol Eng Comput 47(1):11\u201320","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"issue":"4","key":"2203_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/20\/4\/201","volume":"20","author":"TJC Faes","year":"1999","unstructured":"Faes TJC, van der Meij HA, de Munck JC, Heethaar RM (1999) The electric resistivity of human tissues (100 hz-10 MHz): a meta-analysis of review studies. Physiol Meas 20(4):R1\u2013R10","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"2","key":"2203_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.75.2.379","volume":"75","author":"MR Franz","year":"1987","unstructured":"Franz MR, Bargheer K, Raenbeul W, Haverich A, Lichtlen PR (1987) Monophasic action potential mapping in human subjects with normal electrocardiograms: direct evidence for the genesis of the T wave. Circulation 75(2):379\u2013386","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"2203_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/003","volume":"41","author":"S Gabriel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gabriel S, Lau R, Gabriel C (1996) The dielectric properties of biological tissues: parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues. Phys Med Biol 41(11):2271\u20132293","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2203_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1109\/5.29327","volume":"77","author":"DB Geselowitz","year":"1989","unstructured":"Geselowitz DB (1989) On the theory of the electrocardiogram. P IEEE 77(6):857\u2013876","journal-title":"P IEEE"},{"key":"2203_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0736(92)90063-6","volume":"25","author":"DB Geselowitz","year":"1992","unstructured":"Geselowitz DB (1992) Description of cardiac sources in anisotropic cardiac muscle: application of bidomain model. J Electrocardiol 25:65\u201367","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2203_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.118.007120","volume":"12","author":"AJ Graham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Graham AJ, Orini M, Zacur E, Dhillon G, Daw H, Srinivasan NT, Lane JD, Cambridge A, Garcia J, O\u2019Reilly NJ, Whittaker-Axon S, Taggart P, Lowe M, Finlay M, Earley MJ, Chow A, Sporton S, Dhinoja M, Schilling RJ, Hunter RJ, Lambiase PD (2019) Simultaneous comparison of electrocardiographic imaging and epicardial contact mapping in structural heart disease. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 12(4):e007120","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2203_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1109\/10.30808","volume":"36","author":"G Huiskamp","year":"1989","unstructured":"Huiskamp G, van Oosterom A (1989) Tailored versus realistic geometry in the inverse problem of electrocardiography. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 36(8):827\u2013835","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"2203_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-017-1715-x","volume":"56","author":"AM Janssen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Janssen AM, Potyagaylo D, D\u00f6ssel O, Oostendorp TF (2018) Assessment of the equivalent dipole layer source model in the reconstruction of cardiac activation times on the basis of BSPMs produced by an anisotropic model of the heart. Med Biol Eng Comput 56(6):1013\u20131025","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"2203_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller DUJ, Kalayciyan R, D\u00f6ssel O, Seemann G (2009) Fast creation of endocardial stimulation profiles for the realistic simulation of body surface ECGs. World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Munich, Germany 145\u2013148","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03882-2_37"},{"issue":"7","key":"2203_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2046485","volume":"57","author":"DUJ Keller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Keller DUJ, Weber FM, Seemann G, D\u00f6ssel O (2010) Ranking the influence of tissue conductivities on forward-calculated ECGs. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 57(7):1568\u20131576","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"2203_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2147785","volume":"58","author":"DUJ Keller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Keller DUJ, Jarrousse O, Fritz T, Ley S, D\u00f6ssel O, Seemann G (2011) Impact of physiological ventricular deformation on the morphology of the T-wave: a hybrid, static-dynamic approach. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 58(7):2109\u20132119","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"10","key":"2203_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2002.01474.x","volume":"25","author":"J Lian","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lian J, Srinivasan S, TSAI HC, Wu D, Avitall B, He B (2002) Estimation of noise level and signal to noise ratio of Laplacian electrocardiogram during ventricular depolarization and repolarization. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 25(10):1474\u20131487","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2203_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1054\/jelc.2000.20357","volume":"33","author":"RS MacLeod","year":"2000","unstructured":"MacLeod RS, Ni Q, Punske B, Ershler PR, Yilmaz B, Taccardi B (2000) Effects of heart position on the body-surface electrocardiogram. J Electrocardiol 33:229\u2013237","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2203_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1137\/0111030","volume":"11","author":"DW Marquardt","year":"1963","unstructured":"Marquardt DW (1963) An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. J Soc Ind Appl Math 11(2):431\u2013441","journal-title":"J Soc Ind Appl Math"},{"issue":"5","key":"2203_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890801964930","volume":"40","author":"DM Montagnana","year":"2008","unstructured":"Montagnana DM, Lippi G, Franchini M, Targher G, Guidi GC (2008) Sudden cardiac death: prevalence, pathogenesis, and prevention. Ann Med 40(5):360\u2013375","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"2203_CR23","unstructured":"Oostendorp TF, Pesola K: Non-invasive determination of the activation sequence of the heart based on combined ECG and MCG measurements. Proc 12th International Conference on Biomagnetism: 813\u2013820"},{"issue":"8","key":"2203_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004104","volume":"9","author":"P Oosterhoff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oosterhoff P, Meijborg VM, van Dam PM, van Dessel PF, Belterman CN, Streekstra GJ, de Bakker JM, Coronel R, Oostendorp TF (2016) Experimental validation of noninvasive epicardial and endocardial activation imaging. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 9(8):e004104","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2203_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1054\/jelc.2001.28896","volume":"34","author":"A van Oosterom","year":"2001","unstructured":"van Oosterom A (2001) Genesis of the T wave as based on an equivalent surface source model. J Electrocardiol 34:217\u2013228","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"key":"2203_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S180","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540.8167.90309.x","volume":"14","author":"A van Oosterom","year":"2003","unstructured":"van Oosterom A (2003) The dominant T wave and its significance. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 14:S180\u2013S187","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2203_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Oosterom A, van Dam RT (1976) Potential distribution in the left ventricular wall during depolarization. In: Electrocardiology. Karger Publishers, pp 27\u201331","DOI":"10.1159\/000398361"},{"issue":"3","key":"2203_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02443820","volume":"17","author":"A van Oosterom","year":"1979","unstructured":"van Oosterom A, De Boer R, Van Dam RT (1979) Intramural resistivity of cardiac tissue. Med Biol Eng Comput 17(3):337\u2013343","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"issue":"2","key":"2203_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.10.010","volume":"14","author":"T Opthof","year":"2017","unstructured":"Opthof T, Remme CA, Jorge E, Noriega F, Wiegerinck RF, Tasiam A, Beekman L, Alvarez-Garcia J, Munoz-Guijosa C, Coronel R, Cinca J (2017) Cardiac activation-repolarization patterns and ion channel expression mapping in intact isolated normal human hearts. Heart Rhythm 14(2):265\u2013272","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"2203_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramanathan C, Ghanem RN, Jia P, Ryu K, Rudy Y: Noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging for cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmia. Nat Med 10(4): 422","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1011"},{"issue":"1","key":"2203_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.44.1.104","volume":"44","author":"Y Rudy","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rudy Y, Plonsey R, Liebman J (1979) The effects of variations in conductivity and geometrical parameters on the electrocardiogram, using an eccentric spheres model. Circ Res 44(1):104\u2013111","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2203_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-474X.1999.tb00220.x","volume":"4","author":"Y Rudy","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rudy Y, Burnes JE (1999) Noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 4(3):340\u2013359","journal-title":"Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2203_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0033-0620(80)90003-1","volume":"23","author":"L Schamroth","year":"1980","unstructured":"Schamroth L (1980) Ventricular extrasystoles, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation: clinical-electrocardiographic considerations. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 23(1):13\u201332","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2203_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seemann G, Sachse F, Karl M, Weiss D, Heuveline V, D\u00f6ssel O (2010) Framework for modular, flexible and efficient solving the cardiac bidomain equations using PETSc. In: Progress in industrial mathematics at ECMI 2008. Springer, pp. 363\u2013369","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12110-4_55"},{"key":"2203_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S203","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540.8167.90312.x","volume":"14","author":"NP Smith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith NP, Buist ML, Pullan AJ (2003) Altered T wave dynamics in a contracting cardiac model. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 14:S203\u2013S209","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2203_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1088","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00109.2006","volume":"291","author":"KH ten Tusscher","year":"2006","unstructured":"ten Tusscher KH, Panfilov AV (2006) Alternans and spiral breakup in a human ventricular tissue model. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 291(3):H1088\u2013H1100","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"2203_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/14\/009","volume":"51","author":"Q Wei","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wei Q, Liu F, Appleton B, Xia L, Liu N, Wilson S, Riley R, Strugnel W, Slaughter R, Denman R, Crozier S (2006) Effect of cardiac motion on body surface electrocardiographic potentials: an MRI-based simulation study. Phys Med Biol 51(14):3405\u20133418","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2203_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2159381","volume":"58","author":"M Wilhelms","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wilhelms M, D\u00f6ssel O, Seemann G (2011) In Silico investigation of electrically silent acute cardiac ischemia in the human ventricles. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 58(10):2961\u20132964","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"8","key":"2203_CR39","first-page":"894","volume":"3","author":"J Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang J, Hocini M, Strom M, Cuculich PS, Cooper DH, Sacher F, Ha\u00a8\u0131ssaguerre M, Rudy Y (2017) The electrophysiological substrate of early repolarization syndrome: noninvasive mapping in patients. JACC: Clin Electrophysiol 3(8):894\u2013904","journal-title":"JACC: Clin Electrophysiol"}],"container-title":["Medical &amp; Biological Engineering &amp; Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-020-02203-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11517-020-02203-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-020-02203-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]],"date-time":"2021-05-30T23:45:18Z","timestamp":1622418318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11517-020-02203-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,31]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-020-02203-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-0118","1741-0444"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-0118","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-0444","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"None","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}