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Among other uses, these methods have been applied in the broad field of medical diagnostics since the 1970s, to quantify diagnostic information, to evaluate diagnostic test performance, but also to be used as technical tools in image processing and registration. This review illustrates the main contributions in assessing the accuracy of diagnostic tests and the agreement between raters, focusing on diagnostic test performance measurements and paired agreement evaluation. This work also presents a recent unified, coherent, and hopefully, final information-theoretical approach to deal with the flows of information involved among the patient, the diagnostic test performed to appraise the state of disease, and the raters who are checking the test results. The approach is assessed by considering two case studies: the first one is related to evaluating extra-prostatic cancers; the second concerns the quality of rapid tests for COVID-19 detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-021-02494-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T06:12:39Z","timestamp":1645596759000},"page":"941-955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Fifty years of Shannon information theory in assessing the accuracy and agreement of diagnostic tests"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Casagrande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1950-8838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Fabris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rossano","family":"Girometti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2494_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aboy M, Cuesta-Frau D, Austin D, Mico-Tormos P (2007) Characterization of sample entropy in the context of biomedical signal analysis. 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