{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T21:46:40Z","timestamp":1774216000343,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010426","name":"UGC-DAE\u00a0Consortium for Scientific Research, University Grants Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["210510145558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["210510145558"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010426","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Biol Eng Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-022-02763-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T05:04:15Z","timestamp":1673586255000},"page":"927-950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A review of bio-impedance devices"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Insha","family":"Showkat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2514-5703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farooq A.","family":"Khanday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. Rafiq","family":"Beigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2763_CR1","volume-title":"Bioimpedance and bioelectricity basics","author":"S Grimnes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grimnes S, Martinsen O (2014) Bioimpedance and bioelectricity basics, 3rd edn. Academic Press, London, UK","edition":"3"},{"key":"2763_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borelli E, Paolini G, Antoniazzi F, Barbiroli M, Benassi F, Chesani F, Costanzo A et al (2019) Habitat: an IoT solution for independent elderly. Sensors 19(5):1258","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051258"},{"issue":"3","key":"2763_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-018-1694-3","volume":"25","author":"R Punj","year":"2019","unstructured":"Punj R, Kumar R (2019) Technological aspects of WBANs for health monitoring: a comprehensive review. Wireless Netw 25(3):1125\u20131157","journal-title":"Wireless Netw"},{"issue":"3","key":"2763_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2018.2857199","volume":"66","author":"M Rapin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rapin M, Braun F, Adler A et al (2019) Wearable sensors for frequency-multiplexed EIT and multilead ECG data acquisition. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 66(3):810\u2013820","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"2763_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2887303","volume":"19","author":"E Piuzzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piuzzi E, Pisa S, Pittella E, Podesta L, Sangiovanni S (2019) Low-cost and portable impedance plethysmography system for the simultaneous detection of respiratory and heart activities. IEEE Sens J 19(7):2735\u20132746","journal-title":"IEEE Sens J"},{"key":"2763_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Summers RL, Shoemaker WC, Peacock WF, Ander DS, Coleman TG (2003) Bench to bedside: electrophysiologic and clinical principles of noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring using impedance cardiography. Acad Emerg Med\u00a010(6):669\u2013680","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00054.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"2763_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2885207","volume":"19","author":"S Majumder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Majumder S, Mondal T, Deen MJ (2019) A simple, low-cost and efficient gait analyzer for wearable healthcare applications. IEEE Sens J 19(6):2320\u20132329","journal-title":"IEEE Sens J"},{"key":"2763_CR8","first-page":"107","volume":"94","author":"MA Thomasset","year":"1962","unstructured":"Thomasset MA (1962) Proprietes bioelectrique des tissu\u015f, Mesures de l\u2019impedance en clinique\" [Bioelectric properties of tissue. Impedance measurement in clinical medicine. Significance of curves obtained]. Lyon Med 94:107\u201318","journal-title":"Lyon Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2763_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.06.004","volume":"23","author":"UG Kyle","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD et al (2004) Bioelectrical impedance analysis\u2014part I: review of principles and methods. Clin Nutr 23(5):1226\u20131243","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2763_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1750906","volume":"9","author":"KS Cole","year":"1941","unstructured":"Cole KS, Cole RH (1941) Dispersion and absorption in dielectrics I. Alternating current characteristics. J Chem Phys 9(4):341\u2013351","journal-title":"J Chem Phys"},{"key":"2763_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1940.008.01.013","volume":"8","author":"KS Cole","year":"1940","unstructured":"Cole KS (1940) Permeability and impermeability of cell membranes for ions. Proc Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 8:110\u2013122","journal-title":"Proc Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2763_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1159\/000177860","volume":"39","author":"A De Lorenzo","year":"1995","unstructured":"De Lorenzo A, Candeloro N, Andreoli A, Deurenberg P (1995) Determination of intracellular water by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance. Ann Nutr Metab 39(3):164\u2013176","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"2763_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-014-1175-5","volume":"52","author":"TJ Freeborn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Freeborn TJ, Maundy B, Elwakil AS (2014) Extracting the parameters of the double-dispersion Cole bioimpedance model from magnitude response measurements. Med Biol Eng Compu 52(9):749\u2013758","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Compu"},{"issue":"2","key":"2763_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/20.2.177","volume":"20","author":"RI Hayden","year":"1969","unstructured":"Hayden RI, Moyse CA, Calder FW, Crawford DP, Fensom DS (1969) Electrical impedance studies on potato and alfalfa tissue. J Experim Botany 20(2):177\u2013200","journal-title":"J Experim Botany"},{"issue":"3","key":"2763_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/41.3.371","volume":"41","author":"MIN Zhang","year":"1990","unstructured":"Zhang MIN, Stout DG, Willison JHM (1990) Electrical impedance analysis in plant Tissues3. J. Experim Bot 41(3):371\u2013380","journal-title":"J. Experim Bot"},{"issue":"11","key":"2763_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/42.11.1465","volume":"42","author":"MIN Zhang","year":"1991","unstructured":"Zhang MIN, Willison JHM (1991) Electrical impedance analysis in plant Tissues11. J Experim Bot 42(11):1465\u20131475","journal-title":"J Experim Bot"},{"issue":"11","key":"2763_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1139\/b92-279","volume":"70","author":"MIN Zhang","year":"1992","unstructured":"Zhang MIN, Willison JHM (1992) Electrical impedance analysis in plant tissues: in vivo detection of freezing injury. Can J Bot 70(11):2254\u20132258","journal-title":"Can J Bot"},{"key":"2763_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ionescu CM, De Keyser R (2008) Time domain validation of a fractional order model for human respiratory system. In MELECON 2008-The 14th IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference. IEEE, pp 89\u201395","DOI":"10.1109\/MELCON.2008.4618416"},{"issue":"8","key":"2763_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1485783","volume":"73","author":"M Tiitta","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tiitta M, Olkkonen H (2002) Electrical impedance spectroscopy device for measurement of moisture gradients in wood. Rev Sci Instrum 73(8):3093\u20133100","journal-title":"Rev Sci Instrum"},{"issue":"2","key":"2763_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.14214\/sf.380","volume":"39","author":"T Repo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Repo T, Laukkanen J, Silvennoinen R (2005) Measurement of the tree root growth using electrical impedance spectroscopy. Silva Fennica 39(2):159\u2013166","journal-title":"Silva Fennica"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"2763_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1177\/1077546307087439","volume":"14","author":"RL Magin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Magin RL, Ovadia M (2008) Modeling the cardiac tissue electrode interface using fractional calculus. J Vib Control 14(9\u201310):1431\u20131442","journal-title":"J Vib Control"},{"issue":"6","key":"2763_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2190511","volume":"59","author":"WH Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang WH, Chui CK, Teoh SH, Chang SK (2012) A multiscale model for bioimpedance dispersion of liver tissue. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 59(6):1593\u20131597","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2763_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2007.12.035","volume":"88","author":"H Lizhi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lizhi H, Toyoda K, Ihara I (2008) Dielectric properties of edible oils and fatty acids as a function of frequency, temperature, moisture and composition. J Food Eng 88:151\u2013158","journal-title":"J Food Eng"},{"key":"2763_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2016.02.012","volume":"180","author":"J Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang J, Zhao KS, He YJ (2016) Quality evaluation of frying oil deterioration by dielectric spectroscopy. J Food Eng 180:69\u201376","journal-title":"J Food Eng"},{"key":"2763_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2012.10.031","volume":"116","author":"L Ragni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ragni L, Iaccheri E, Cevoli C, Berardinelli A, Bendini A, GallinaToschi T (2013) A capacitive technique to assess water content in extra virgin olive oils. J Food Eng 116:246\u2013252","journal-title":"J Food Eng"},{"key":"2763_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.11.017","volume":"39","author":"Y Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang Y, Li Q, Yu X, Chen X, Wang Y (2014) A novel method for determining peroxide value of edible oils using electrical conductivity. Food Control 39:198\u2013203","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"2763_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-27458-9_14","volume":"404","author":"LM Roa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roa LM, Naranjo D, Reina-Tosina J et al (2013) Applications of bioimpedance to end stage renal disease (ESRD). Stud Comput Intell 404:689\u2013769","journal-title":"Stud Comput Intell"},{"key":"2763_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.836523","volume":"51","author":"P Aberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aberg P, Nicander I, Hansson J, Geladi P, Holmgren U, Ollmar S (2004) Skin cancer identification using multifrequency electrical impedance-a potential screening tool. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 51:2097\u20132102","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2763_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2020.3046928","volume":"70","author":"D Chowdhury","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chowdhury D, Chattopadhyay M (2021) Study and classification of cell bio-impedance signature for identification of malignancy using artificial neural network. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 70:1\u20138","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"issue":"4","key":"2763_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1109\/TMRB.2021.3098938","volume":"3","author":"V Penza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Penza V, Cheng Z, Koskinopoulou M, Acemoglu A, Caldwell DG, Mattos LS (2021) Vision-guided autonomous robotic electrical bio-impedance scanning system for abnormal tissue detection. IEEE Trans Med Robot Bionics 3(4):866\u2013877","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Robot Bionics"},{"key":"2763_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3105241","volume":"70","author":"R Baghbani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baghbani R, Shadmehr MB, Ashoorirad M, Molaeezadeh SF, Moradi MH (2021) Bioimpedance spectroscopy measurement and classification of lung tissue to identify pulmonary nodules. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 70:1\u20137","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"key":"2763_CR32","first-page":"1","volume":"71","author":"Zhuoqi Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng Zhuoqi et al (2022) Active search of subsurface lymph nodes using robot-assisted electrical impedance scanning. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 71:1\u201311","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"key":"2763_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.106.1.165","volume":"106","author":"FR Harker","year":"1994","unstructured":"Harker FR, Maindonald JH (1994) Ripening of nectarine fruit. Plant Physiol 106:165\u2013171","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2763_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AboBakr A, Mohsen M, Said LA, Madian AH, Elwakil AS, Radwan AG (2019) Banana ripening and corresponding variations in bioimpedance and glucose levels, vol 1. In 2019 Novel Intelligent and Leading Emerging Sciences Conference (NILES).\u00a0IEEE, pp 130\u2013133","DOI":"10.1109\/NILES.2019.8909322"},{"key":"2763_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113254","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2934322","volume":"7","author":"BM Aboalnaga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aboalnaga BM, Said LA, Madian AH, Elwakil AS, Radwan AG (2019) Cole bio-impedance model variations in daucus carota sativus under heating and freezing conditions. IEEE Access 7:113254\u2013113263","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"2763_CR36","first-page":"178","volume":"13","author":"MT Mbezi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mbezi MT, Fouda H, Tabi CB (2015) Estimated photosynthetic activity from its electrical impedance spectroscopy. Amer Sci Res J Eng Technol Sci 13(1):178\u2013193","journal-title":"Amer Sci Res J Eng Technol Sci"},{"key":"2763_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/01140671.1997.9514001","volume":"25","author":"FR Harker","year":"1997","unstructured":"Harker FR, Forbes SK (1997) Ripening and development of chilling injury in persimmon fruit: an electrical impedance study. New Zeal J Crop Hort 25:149\u2013157","journal-title":"New Zeal J Crop Hort"},{"key":"2763_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5214(99)00056-3","volume":"18","author":"AD Bauchot","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bauchot AD, Harker FR, Arnold WM (2000) The use of electrical impedance spectroscopy to assess the physiological condition of kiwifruit. Postharvest Biol Tec 18:9\u201318","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol Tec"},{"key":"2763_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.35.1.104","volume":"35","author":"PJ Jackson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jackson PJ, Harker FR (2000) Apple bruise detection by electrical impedance measurement. HortSci 35:104\u2013107","journal-title":"HortSci"},{"key":"2763_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2011.02636.x","volume":"46","author":"M Rehman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rehman M, Abu Izneid AJA, Abdullah MZ, Arshad MR (2011) Assessment of quality of fruits using impedance spectroscopy. Int J Food Sci Tech 46:1303\u20131309","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Tech"},{"key":"2763_CR41","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"J Juansah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Juansah J, Budiastra IW, Dahlan K, Seminar KB (2012) Electrical behavior of garut citrus fruit during ripening changes in resistance and capacitance models of internal fruits. Int J Eng Tech 12:1\u20138","journal-title":"Int J Eng Tech"},{"issue":"2","key":"2763_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12387","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpe.12387","volume":"40","author":"A Chowdhury","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chowdhury A, KantiBera T, Ghoshal D, Chakraborty B (2017) Electrical impedance variations in banana ripening: an analytical study with electrical impedance spectroscopy. J Food Process Eng 40(2):12387","journal-title":"J Food Process Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"2763_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-017-9545-y","volume":"11","author":"A Chowdhury","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chowdhury A, Singh P, Bera TK, Ghoshal D, Chakraborty B (2017) Electrical impedance spectroscopic study of mandarin orange during ripening. J Food Meas Charact 11(4):1654\u20131664","journal-title":"J Food Meas Charact"},{"key":"2763_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kri\u02c7zaj D (2018) Basics of numerical simulations of bioimpedance phenomena. in Bioimpedance in Biomedical Applications and Research. Springer, Cham, pp 101\u2013116","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-74388-2_7"},{"key":"2763_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu K, Lu Y, Takei K (2019) Multifunctional skin-inspired flexible sensor systems for wearable electronics. Adv Mater Technol 4(3):1800628","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201800628"},{"key":"2763_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lukaski H (1996) Biological indexes considered in the derivation of the bioelectrical impedance analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 64(3):397S\u2013404S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/64.3.397S"},{"key":"2763_CR47","first-page":"354","volume-title":"Electrical properties of emulsions","author":"T Hanai","year":"1968","unstructured":"Hanai T (1968) Electrical properties of emulsions. Academic Press, London, UK, Sherman PH Emulsion Science, pp 354\u2013477"},{"key":"2763_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthie JR (2005) Second generation mixture theory equation for estimating intracellular water using bioimpedance spectroscopy. J Appl Physiol 99(2):780\u2013781","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00145.2005"},{"key":"2763_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaffrin MY, Morel H (2008) Body fluid volume measurements by impedance: a review of bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) and bioimpedance analysis (BIA) methods. Med Engin Physics 30(10):1257\u20131269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.06.009"},{"key":"2763_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnett A, Bagno S (1936) The physiological mechanisms involved in the clinical measure of phase angle. Am J Physiol 114(2):366\u2013382","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1935.114.2.366"},{"issue":"5","key":"2763_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1177\/0115426504019005433","volume":"19","author":"AC Buchholz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Buchholz AC, Bartok C, Schoeller DA (2004) The validity of bioelectrical impedance models in clinical populations. Nutr Clin Pract 19(5):433\u2013446","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"2763_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/001","volume":"41","author":"C Gabriel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gabriel C, Gabriel S, Corthout E (1996) The dielectric properties of biological tissues: I. Literature survey. Phys Med Biol 41(11):2231\u20132249","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2763_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/003","volume":"41","author":"S Gabriel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gabriel S, Lau RW, Gabriel C (1996) The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues. Phys Med Biol 41(11):2271\u20132293","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"2763_CR54","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Use of bioimpedance spectroscopy to determine extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid, total body water, and fat-free mass","author":"MD Van Loan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Van Loan MD, Withers P, Matthie J, Mayclin PL (1993) Use of bioimpedance spectroscopy to determine extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid, total body water, and fat-free mass. Human body composition, Springer, US, pp 67\u201370"},{"issue":"5","key":"2763_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.06.004","volume":"23","author":"UG Kyle","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD, Deurenberg P, Elia M, G\u00f3mez JM, Scharfetter H (2004) Bioelectrical impedance analysis\u2014part I: review of principles and methods. Clin Nutr 23(5):1226\u20131243","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2763_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.4141\/cjps92-068","volume":"72","author":"M Zhang","year":"1992","unstructured":"Zhang M, Willison J (1992) Electrical impedance analysis in plant tissues: the effect of freeze-thaw injury on the electrical properties of potato tuber and carrot root tissues. Can J Plant Sci 72(2):545\u2013553","journal-title":"Can J Plant Sci"},{"key":"2763_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.05.014","volume":"57","author":"P Bhardwaj","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhardwaj P, Rai DV, Garg ML, Mohanty BP (2018) Potential of electrical impedance spectroscopy to differentiate between healthy and osteopenic bone. Clin Biomech 57:81\u201388","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"issue":"5","key":"2763_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.82.5.1542","volume":"82","author":"A De Lorenzo","year":"1997","unstructured":"De Lorenzo A, Andreoli A, Matthie J, Withers P (1997) Predicting body cell mass with bioimpedance by using theoretical methods: a technological review. J Appl Physiol 82(5):1542\u20131558","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2763_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2315963","volume":"14","author":"P Kassanos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kassanos P, Constantinou L, Triantis IF, Demosthenous A (2014) An integrated analog readout for multi-frequency bioimpedance measurements. IEEE Sens J 14(8):2792\u20132800","journal-title":"IEEE Sens J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2763_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1049\/htl.2014.0067","volume":"1","author":"CJ Chester","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chester CJ, Gaynor PT, Jones RD, Huckabee M (2014) Electrical bioimpedance measurement as a tool for dysphagia visualisation. Healthc Technol Lett 1(3):115\u2013118","journal-title":"Healthc Technol Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"2763_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2010.02.006","volume":"41","author":"A Y\u00b4ufera","year":"2010","unstructured":"Y\u00b4ufera A, Rueda A (2010) Design of a CMOS closed-loop system with applications to bio-impedance measurements. Microelectron J 41(4):231\u2013239","journal-title":"Microelectron J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2763_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2251628","volume":"13","author":"P Kassanos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kassanos P, Triantis IF, Demosthenous A (2013) A CMOS magnitude\/phase measurement chip for impedance spectroscopy. IEEE Sens J 13(6):2229\u20132236","journal-title":"IEEE Sens J"},{"key":"2763_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSCAS.2017.8053104","volume":"2017","author":"S-J Kweon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kweon S-J, Park J-H, Shin S, Yoo S-S, Yoo H-J (2017) A reconfigurable time-to-digital converter based on time stretcher and chain-delay-line for electrical bioimpedance spectroscopy. Proc 60th IEEE Int Midwest Symp Circ Syst MWSCAS 2017 2017:1037\u20131040","journal-title":"Proc 60th IEEE Int Midwest Symp Circ Syst MWSCAS 2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"2763_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2015.2487300","volume":"10","author":"S Hersek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hersek S, Toreyin H, Inan OT (2016) A robust system for longitudinal knee joint edema and blood flow assessment based on vector bio-impedance measurements. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 10(3):545\u2013555","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst"},{"issue":"10","key":"2763_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2641958","volume":"64","author":"S Hersek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hersek S, Toreyin H, Teague CN et al (2017) Wearable vector electrical bio-impedance system to assess knee joint health. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 64(10):2353\u20132360","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2763_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez B, Vandersteen G, Bragos R, Schoukens J (2012) Basics of broadband impedance spectroscopy measurements using periodic excitations. Meas Sci Technol 23(10):105501","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/23\/10\/105501"},{"issue":"4","key":"2763_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2007.900163","volume":"56","author":"M Min","year":"2007","unstructured":"Min M, Parve T, Ronk A, Annus P, Paavle T (2007) Synchronous sampling and demodulation in an instrument for multifrequency bioimpedance measurement. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 56(4):1365\u20131372","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"issue":"2","key":"2763_CR68","first-page":"164","volume":"62","author":"G Huertas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huertas G, Maldonado A, Yufera A, Rueda A, Huertas JL (2015) The bio-oscillator: a circuit for cell-culture assays. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II Express Briefs 62(2):164\u2013168","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II Express Briefs"},{"issue":"7","key":"2763_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2799849","volume":"18","author":"FR Parente","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parente FR, Di Giovanni S, Ferri G, Stornelli V, Pennazza G, Santonico M (2018) An analog bootstrapped bio-signal read-out circuit with common-mode impedance two-electrode compensation. IEEE Sens J 18(7):2861\u20132869","journal-title":"IEEE Sens J"},{"key":"2763_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Y, Qiao X, Li G, Lin L (2016) An improved device for bio-impedance deviation measurements based on 4-electrode half bridge. Rev Sci Instrum 87(10):105107","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4963658"},{"key":"2763_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li N, Xu H, Wang W, Zhou Z, Qiao G, D-U Li D (2013) A high-speed bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy system based on the digital auto-balancing bridge method. Meas Sci Technol 24(6):065701.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/24\/6\/065701"},{"issue":"3","key":"2763_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2012.2212437","volume":"7","author":"JC Bag","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bag JC, Wi H, Oh TI, McEwan AL, Woo EJ (2013) An amplitude-to-time conversion technique suitable for multichannel data acquisition and bio-impedance imaging. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 7(3):349\u2013354","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst"},{"key":"2763_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez B, Vandersteen G, Bragos R, Schoukens J (2011) Optimal multisine excitation design for broadband electrical impedance spectroscopy. Meas Sci Technol 22(11):115601","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/22\/11\/115601"},{"key":"2763_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez B, Schoukens J, Bragos R, Vandersteen G (2011) Novel estimation of the electrical bioimpedance using the local polynomial method application to in vivo real-time myocardium tissue impedance characterization during the cardiac cycle. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 58(12):3376\u20133385","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2166116"},{"key":"2763_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi X, You F, Ji Z, Fu F, Liu R, Dong X (2010) Digital demodulation in data acquisition system for multi-frequency electrical impedance tomography. In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, pp 1\u20133","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBBE.2010.5515359"},{"issue":"8","key":"2763_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2202318","volume":"59","author":"J Gracia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gracia J, Seppa VP, Viik J, Hyttinen J (2012) Multilead measurement system for the time-domain analysis of bio-impedance magnitude. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 59(8):2273\u20132280","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2763_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/40\/1\/S10","volume":"40","author":"H Morgan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morgan H, Sun T, Holmes D, Gawad S, Green NG (2007) Single cell dielectric spectroscopy. J Phys D Appl Phys 40:61\u201370","journal-title":"J Phys D Appl Phys"},{"key":"2763_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2020.05.008","volume":"22","author":"X Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang X, Hatamie A, Ewing AG (2020) Nanoelectrochemical analysis inside a single living cell. Curr Opin Electrochem 22:94\u2013101","journal-title":"Curr Opin Electrochem"},{"key":"2763_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1039\/b103933b","volume":"1","author":"S Gawad","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gawad S, Schild L, Renaud PH (2001) Micromachined impedance spectroscopy flow cytometer for cell analysis and particle sizing. Lab Chip 1:76\u201382","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2763_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung KC, Di Berardino M, Schade-Kampmann G, Hebeisen M, Pierzchalski A, Bocsi J, Mittag A, Tarnok A (2010) Microfluidic impedance-based flow cytometry. Cytometry part A 77(7):648\u2013666","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20910"},{"key":"2763_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.10.027","volume":"77","author":"Y Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu Y, Xie X, Duan Y, Wang L, Cheng Z, Cheng J (2016) A review of impedance measurements of whole cells. Biosens Bioelectron 77:824\u2013836","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"2763_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3174","DOI":"10.1039\/c1lc20473d","volume":"11","author":"J Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen J, Zheng Y, Tan Q, Shojaei-Baghini E, Zhang YL, Li J, Prasad P, You L, Wu XY, Sun Y (2011) Classification of cell types using a microfluidic device for mechanical and electrical measurement on single cells. Lab Chip 11:3174\u20133181","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2763_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010106","volume":"17","author":"Y Sriphutkiat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sriphutkiat Y, Zhou Y (2017) Particle accumulation in a microchannel and its reduction by a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW). Sensors 17:106","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2763_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10404-009-0534-2","volume":"9","author":"D Malleo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Malleo D, Nevill JT, Lee LP, Morgan H (2010) Continuous differential impedance spectroscopy of single cells. Microfluid Nanofluid 9:191\u2013198","journal-title":"Microfluid Nanofluid"},{"key":"2763_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2009.2021821","volume":"18","author":"C Younghak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Younghak C, Hyun Soo K, Frazier AB, Chen ZG, Dong Moon S, Han A (2009) Whole-cell impedance analysis for highly and poorly metastatic cancer cells. J Microelectromech Syst 18:808\u2013817","journal-title":"J Microelectromech Syst"},{"key":"2763_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.08.080","volume":"26","author":"KC Lan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lan KC, Jang LS (2011) Integration of single-cell trapping and impedance measurement utilizing microwell electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 26:2025\u20132031","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"2763_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC01080J","volume":"18","author":"B Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu B, Shi Y, Lao Z, Ni J, Li G, Hu Y, Li J, Chu J, Wu D, Sugioka K (2018) Real-time two-photon lithography in controlled flow to create a single-microparticle array and particle-cluster array for optofluidic imaging. Lab Chip 18:442\u2013450","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2763_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31392","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31392","volume":"6","author":"X Guo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guo X, Zhu R (2016) Controllable in-situ cell electroporation with cell positioning and impedance monitoring using micro electrode array. Sci Rep 6:31392","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2763_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1039\/b704513a","volume":"132","author":"F Asphahani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Asphahani F, Zhang M (2007) Cellular impedance biosensors for drug screening and toxin detection. Analyst 132:835\u2013841","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"2763_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2003.813580","volume":"91","author":"GTA Kovacs","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kovacs GTA (2003) Electronic sensors with living cellular components. Proc IEEE 91:915\u2013929","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"2763_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.202100028","volume":"42","author":"Y Geng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Geng Y, Zhu Z, Zhang Z, Xu F, Marchisio MA, Wang Z, Pan D, Zhao X, Huang QA (2021) Design and 3D modelling investigation of a microfluidic electrode array for electrical impedance measurement of single yeast cells. Electrophor 42:1996\u20132009","journal-title":"Electrophor"},{"key":"2763_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11068","DOI":"10.1021\/ac402761s","volume":"85","author":"TA Nguyen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nguyen TA, Yin T-I, Reyes D, Urban GA (2013) Microfluidic chip with integrated electrical cell-Impedance sensing for monitoring single cancer cell migration in three-dimensional matrixes. Anal Chem 85:11068\u201311076","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"2763_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.01.107","volume":"229","author":"SL Tsai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsai SL, Wang MH (2016) 24 h observation of a single HeLa cell by impedance measurement and numerical modeling. Sens Actuators B Chem 229:225\u2013231","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B Chem"},{"key":"2763_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AboBakr A, Mohsen M, Said LA, Madian AH, Elwakil AS, Radwan AG (2019) Toward portable bio-impedance devices. In 2019 Fourth International Conference on Advances in Computational Tools for Engineering Applications (ACTEA). IEEE, pp 1\u20134","DOI":"10.1109\/ACTEA.2019.8851095"},{"issue":"1","key":"2763_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1515\/mms-2015-0006","volume":"22","author":"K Chabowski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chabowski K, Piasecki T, Dzierka A, Nitsch K (2015) Simple wide frequency range impedance meter based on ad5933 integrated circuit. Metrol Meas Syst 22(1):13\u201324","journal-title":"Metrol Meas Syst"},{"key":"2763_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63656","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3074269","volume":"9","author":"P Ibba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ibba P et al (2021) Design and validation of a portable AD5933\u2013based impedance analyzer for smart agriculture. IEEE Access 9:63656\u201363675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3074269","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2763_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breniuc L, David V, Haba C-G (2014) Wearable impedance analyzer based on AD5933.  In 2014 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering (EPE). IEEE, pp 585\u2013590","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEPE.2014.6969977"},{"issue":"4","key":"2763_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2015.2502538","volume":"10","author":"R Harder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harder R et al (2016) Smart multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance spectrometer for BIA and BIVA applications. IEEE Trans Biomed Circ Syst 10(4):912\u2013919","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Circ Syst"},{"issue":"18","key":"2763_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10323","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2994552","volume":"20","author":"NC Teague","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teague NC et al (2020) A wearable, multimodal sensing system to monitor knee joint health. IEEE Sensors J 20(18):10323\u201310334","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J"},{"key":"2763_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qiu C et al (2022) A wearable bioimpedance chest patch for real-time ambulatory respiratory monitoring. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 69(9):2970\u20132981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2022.3158544","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2022.3158544"},{"issue":"3","key":"2763_CR101","first-page":"3776","volume":"21","author":"M Istanbullu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Istanbullu M, Avci M (2020) An ANN-based single calibration impedance measurement system for skin impedance range. IEEE Sens J 21(3):3776\u20133783","journal-title":"IEEE Sens J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2763_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03612-1","volume":"12","author":"B Ibrahim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ibrahim B, Jafari R (2022) Cuffless blood pressure monitoring from a wristband with calibration-free algorithms for sensing location based on bio-impedance sensor array and autoencoder. Sci Rep 12(1):1\u201314","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2763_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutt AG, Verling M, Karlen W (2020) Wearable bioimpedance for continuous and context-aware clinical monitoring. In 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, pp 3985\u20133988","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9175298"},{"issue":"9","key":"2763_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2020.2967872","volume":"24","author":"T Van Steenkiste","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Steenkiste T et al (2020) Portable detection of apnea and hypopnea events using bio-impedance of the chest and deep learning. IEEE J Biomed Health Informa 24(9):2589\u20132598","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Informa"},{"key":"2763_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Songkakul T et al (2021) Wearable bioimpedance hydration monitoring system using conformable AgNW electrodes. 2021 IEEE Sensors, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/SENSORS47087.2021.9639469"},{"key":"2763_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Critcher S, Freeborn T (2022) System performance and user feedback regarding wearable bioimpedance system for multi-site knee tissue monitoring: free-living pilot study with healthy adults. Frontiers in Electronics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/felec.2022.824981","DOI":"10.3389\/felec.2022.824981"},{"key":"2763_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2013.07.017","volume":"98","author":"TJ Freeborn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Freeborn TJ, Maundy BJ, Elwakil AS (2013) Cole impedance extractions from the step-response of a current excited fruit sample. Comput Electron Agric 98:100\u2013108","journal-title":"Comput Electron Agric"},{"key":"2763_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ali AA,. Maundy BJ, Elwakil A (2018) \u201cDesign and implementation of a bio-impedance analyzer based on the kramers-kronig transform.  In 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). IEEE, pp 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2018.8351061"},{"key":"2763_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ali AA, Elwakil AS, Maundy BJ (2018) Bio-impedance measurements with phase extraction using the kramers-kronig transform: application to strawberry aging. In 2018 IEEE 61st International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS). IEEE, pp 468\u2013471","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSCAS.2018.8623938"},{"key":"2763_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.09.008","volume":"131","author":"C Vastarouchas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vastarouchas C, Psychalinos C, Elwakil AS, Al-Ali AA (2019) Novel two-measurements-only cole-cole bio-impedance parameters extraction technique. Meas 131:394\u2013399","journal-title":"Meas"},{"key":"2763_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohsen M, Said LA, Madian AH, Elwakil AS, Radwan AG (2019) Using meta-heuristic optimization to extract bio-impedance parameters from an oscillator circuit.  In 2019 17th IEEE International New Circuits and Systems Conference (NEWCAS). IEEE, pp 1\u20134","DOI":"10.1109\/NEWCAS44328.2019.8961229"},{"issue":"17","key":"2763_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9947","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2990587","volume":"20","author":"M Mohsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohsen M, Said LA, Elwakil AS, Madian AH, Radwan AG (2020) Extracting optimized bio-impedance model parameters using different topologies of oscillators. IEEE Sensors J 20(17):9947\u20139954","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J"},{"key":"2763_CR113","unstructured":"Meade ML (1983) Lock-in amplifiers: principles and applications. IEE Electrical Measurement Series, ark:\/13960\/t23c2hb4f"},{"key":"2763_CR114","unstructured":"Wenn D (2007) Implementing digital lock-in amplifiers using the dsPIC\u00aeDSC. Appl Note AN1115, pp 1\u201312"},{"issue":"21","key":"2763_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2011.2472","volume":"47","author":"J Aguirre","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aguirre J, Medrano N, Calvo B, Celma S (2011) Lock-in amplifier for portable sensing systems. Electron Lett 47(21):1172","journal-title":"Electron Lett"},{"issue":"7","key":"2763_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1080\/00387010.2012.705801","volume":"46","author":"N Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li N, Wang W, Xu H, Yu H, Diao J, Li DDU (2013) Wide-bandwidth biological impedance spectroscopy system based on the digital lock-in technique. Spectrosc Lett 46(7):476\u2013482","journal-title":"Spectrosc Lett"},{"key":"2763_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1685202","volume":"42","author":"LC Caplan","year":"1971","unstructured":"Caplan LC, Stern R (1971) Inexpensive lock-in amplifier. Rev Sci Instrum 42:689","journal-title":"Rev Sci Instrum"},{"issue":"10","key":"2763_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104704","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4996423","volume":"88","author":"G Gervasoni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gervasoni G, Carminati M, Ferrari G (2017) Switched ratiometric lock in amplifier enabling sub-ppm measurements in a wide frequency range. Rev Sci Instrum 88(10):104704","journal-title":"Rev Sci Instrum"},{"issue":"1","key":"2763_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics6010018","volume":"6","author":"G Giaconia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giaconia G, Greco G, Mistretta L, Rizzo R (2017) Exploring FPGA based lock-in techniques for brain monitoring applications. Electron 6(1):18","journal-title":"Electron"},{"key":"2763_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Divakar D, Mahesh K, Varma MM, Sen P (2018) FPGA-based lock-in amplifier for measuring the electrical properties of individual cells. In 2018 IEEE 13th Annual International Conference on Nano\/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems. IEEE, pp 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/NEMS.2018.8556987"},{"key":"2763_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Marcellis A et al (2007) An integrated analog lock-in amplifier for low voltage low-frequency sensor interface.  In 2007 2nd International Workshop on Advances in Sensors and Interface. IEEE, pp 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/IWASI.2007.4420033"},{"key":"2763_CR122","volume-title":"Design of Cardiac Pacemakers","year":"1995","unstructured":"Webster JG (ed) (1995) Design of Cardiac Pacemakers. IEEE Press, Piscataway, New Jersey"},{"issue":"7","key":"2763_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2014.2366978","volume":"64","author":"PM Maya-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maya-Hern\u00e1ndez PM, Sanz-Pascual MT, Calvo B (2014) CMOS low-power lock-in amplifiers with signal rectification in current domain. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 64(7):1858\u20131867","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"issue":"6","key":"2763_CR124","first-page":"9","volume":"18","author":"YC Cho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cho YC, Kim MS, Yoon JO (2013) A study on the electrical difference for the limbs and thoracic impedance using real-time bio-impedance measurement system. J Korea Ind Inf Syst Res 18(6):9\u201316","journal-title":"J Korea Ind Inf Syst Res"},{"key":"2763_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moe AE, Marx SR, Bhinderwala I, Wilson DM (2004) A miniaturized lock-in amplifier design suitable for impedance measurements in cells [biological cells]. In SENSORS, 2004 IEEE. IEEE, pp 215\u2013218","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2004.1426139"},{"issue":"3","key":"2763_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2007.894172","volume":"56","author":"M Min","year":"2007","unstructured":"Min M, Parve T (2007) Improvement of lock-in electrical bio-impedance analyzer for implantable medical devices. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 56(3):968\u2013974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"key":"2763_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.4.2.235","volume":"4","author":"GN Stewart","year":"1899","unstructured":"Stewart GN (1899) The changes produced by the growth of bacteria in the molecular concentration and electrical conductivity of culture media. J Exp Med 4:235\u2013243","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2763_CR128","first-page":"64","volume":"37","author":"R Fistenberg-Eden","year":"1983","unstructured":"Fistenberg-Eden R (1983) Rapid estimation of the number of microorganisms in raw meat by impedance measurement. Food Technol 37:64\u201370","journal-title":"Food Technol"},{"key":"2763_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2008.01.032","volume":"23","author":"M Grossi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grossi M, Lanzoni M, Pompei A, Lazzarini R, Matteuzzi D, Ricc\u00f2 B (2008) Detection of microbial concentration in ice-cream using the impedance technique. Biosens Bioelectron 23:1616\u20131623","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"2763_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2011.05.035","volume":"106","author":"M Grossi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grossi M, Lazzarini R, Lanzoni M, Ricc\u00f2 B (2011) A novel technique to control ice-cream freezing by electrical characteristics analysis. J Food Eng 106:347\u2013354","journal-title":"J Food Eng"},{"key":"2763_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grossi M, Lanzoni M, Pompei A, Lazzarini R, Matteuzzi D, Ricc\u00f2 B (2011) A portable biosensor system for bacterial concentration measurements in cow\u2019s raw milk. In 2011 4th IEEE International Workshop on Advances in Sensors and Interfaces (IWASI). IEEE, pp 132\u2013137","DOI":"10.1109\/IWASI.2011.6004703"},{"key":"2763_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.34.1.14-17.1977","volume":"34","author":"D Hardy","year":"1977","unstructured":"Hardy D, Kraeger SJ, Dufour SW, Cady P (1977) Rapid Detection of Microbial Contamination in Frozen Vegetables by Automated Impedance Measurements. Appl Environ Microb 34:14\u201317","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microb"},{"key":"2763_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.11.027","volume":"66","author":"K Settu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Settu K, Chen CJ, Liu JT, Chen CL, Tsai JZ (2015) Impedimetric method for measuring ultra-low E. coli concentrations in human urine. Biosens Bioelectron 66:s244-250","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"issue":"10","key":"2763_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105004","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ab47ee","volume":"40","author":"G Kumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumar G, Kasiviswanathan U, Mukherjee S, Mahto SK, Sharma N, Patnaik R (2019) Changes in electrolyte concentrations alter the impedance during ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat brain. Physiol Meas 40(10):105004","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"3","key":"2763_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-syb.2019.0013","volume":"14","author":"DJ Bora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bora DJ, Dasgupta R (2020) Various skin impedance models based on physiological strati_cation. IET Syst Biol 14(3):147\u2013159","journal-title":"IET Syst Biol"},{"key":"2763_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2014.06.001","volume":"57","author":"JB Simi\u00a2-Krsti\u00a2","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simi\u00a2-Krsti\u00a2 JB, Kalauzi AJ, Ribar SN, Matija LR, Misevic GN (2014) Electrical properties of human skin as aging biomarkers. Experim. Gerontol 57:163\u2013167","journal-title":"Experim. Gerontol"},{"key":"2763_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu B, Freeborn T (2019) Electrical equivalent network modeling of forearm tissue bioimpedance. n 2019 SoutheastCon. IEEE, pp 1\u20137","DOI":"10.1109\/SoutheastCon42311.2019.9020652"},{"issue":"8","key":"2763_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2320132","volume":"63","author":"B Sanchez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sanchez B, Li J, Geisbush T, Bardia RB, Rutkove SB (2016) Impedance alterations in healthy and diseased mice during electrically induced muscle contraction. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 63(8):1602\u20131612","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"2763_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10895","DOI":"10.3390\/s140610895","volume":"14","author":"S Khalil","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khalil S, Mohktar M, Ibrahim F (2014) The theory and fundamentals of bioimpedance analysis in clinical status monitoring and diagnosis of diseases. Sensors 14(6):10895\u201310928","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"2","key":"2763_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.08.004","volume":"31","author":"PP Gupta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gupta PP, Fonarow GC, Horwich TB (2015) Obesity and the obesity paradox in heart failure. Can J Cardiol 31(2):195\u2013202","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2763_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2012-1041","volume":"34","author":"S Hocking","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hocking S, Samocha-Bonet D, Milner K-L, Greenfield JR, Chisholm DJ (2013) Adiposity and insulin resistance in humans: the role of the different tissue and cellular lipid depots. Endocr Rev 34(4):463\u2013500","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2763_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.40","volume":"68","author":"EM Widen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Widen EM, Gallagher D (2014) Body composition changes in pregnancy: measurement, predictors and outcomes. Eur J Clin Nutr 68(6):643\u2013652","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1009","key":"2763_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/38447238","volume":"85","author":"A Shuster","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shuster A, Patlas M, Pinthus JH, Mourtzakis M (2012) The clinical importance of visceral adiposity: a critical review of methods for visceral adipose tissue analysis. Br J Radiol 85(1009):1\u201310","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2763_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/TIN.0000000000000017","volume":"30","author":"CM Toomey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Toomey CM, Cremona A, Hughes K, Norton C, Jakeman P (2015) A review of body composition measurement in the assessment of health. Top Clin Nutr 30(1):16\u201332","journal-title":"Top Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2763_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2165\/11597140-000000000-00000","volume":"42","author":"TR Ackland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ackland TR, Lohman TG, Sundgot-Borgen J et al (2012) Current status of body composition assessment in sport: review and position statement on behalf of the Ad Hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the I.O.C. medical commission. Sports Med 42(3):227\u2013249","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2763_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02171.x","volume":"27","author":"A SherwoodChair","year":"1990","unstructured":"SherwoodChair A, Allen MT, Fahrenberg J, Kelsey RM, Lovallo WR, Doornen LJ (1990) Methodological guidelines for impedance cardiography. Psychophysiol 27(1):1\u201323","journal-title":"Psychophysiol"},{"key":"2763_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u0142y\u00b4nczak M, Niewiadomski W, \u02d9Zyli\u00b4nski M, Cybulski G (2015) Verification of the respiratory parameters derived from impedance pneumography during normal and deep breathing in three body postures.  In 6th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering. Springer, Cham, pp 881\u2013884","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11128-5_219"},{"issue":"4","key":"2763_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2012.2224110","volume":"7","author":"N Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li N, Xu H, Zhou Z, Xin J, Sun Z, Xu X (2013) Reconfigurable bioimpedance emulation system for electrical impedance tomography system validation. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 7(4):460\u2013468","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"2763_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05006-8","volume":"7","author":"J Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang J, Yang B, Li H et al (2017) Anovel 3D-printedheadphantom with anatomically realistic geometry and continuously varying skull resistivity distribution for electrical impedance tomography. Sci Rep 7(1):4608","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2763_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-208357","volume":"72","author":"I Frerichs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Frerichs I, Amato M, van Kaam AH et al (2017) Chest electrical impedance tomography examination, data analysis, terminology, clinical use and recommendations: consensus statement of the translational EIT development study group. Thorax 72(1):83\u201393","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2763_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richard JC, Pouzot C, Gros A et al (2009) Electrical impedance tomography compared to positron emission tomography for the measurement of regional lung ventilation: an experimental study. Critical Care 13(3):1\u20139","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7900"},{"key":"2763_CR152","unstructured":"Critchley H, Nagai Y (2013) Electrodermal activity (EDA). Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine 78:666\u2013669"},{"key":"2763_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1109\/10.1374","volume":"35","author":"A Surowiec","year":"1988","unstructured":"Surowiec A, Stanislaw SS, Barr JR, Swarup A (1988) Dielectric properties of breast carcinoma and the surrounding tissues. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 35:257\u2013263","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2763_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1159\/000129087","volume":"22","author":"T Morimoto","year":"1990","unstructured":"Morimoto T, Kinouchi Y, Iritani T et al (1990) Measurement of the electrical bioimpedance of breast tumors. Eur Surg Res 22:86\u201392","journal-title":"Eur Surg Res"},{"key":"2763_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09447.x","volume":"873","author":"N Chauveau","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chauveau N, Hamzaoui L, Rochaix P, Rigaud B, Voigt JJ, Morucci JP (1999) Ex vivo discrimination between normal and pathological tissues in human breast surgical biopsies using bioimpedance spectroscopy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 873:42\u201350","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2763_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.2152\/jmi.51.218","volume":"51","author":"Y Ohmine","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ohmine Y, Morimoto T, Kinouchi Y et al (2004) Basic study of new diagnostic modality according to non-invasive measurement of the electrical conductivity of tissues. J Med Invest 51:218\u2013225","journal-title":"J Med Invest"}],"container-title":["Medical &amp; Biological Engineering &amp; Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-022-02763-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11517-022-02763-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-022-02763-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T02:09:12Z","timestamp":1681092552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11517-022-02763-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["2763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-022-02763-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-0118","1741-0444"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-0118","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-0444","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 September 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 December 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We declare that the manuscript is original, has not been published before, and is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}