{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T22:27:49Z","timestamp":1773181669582,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Biol Eng Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-023-02858-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T04:01:29Z","timestamp":1686024089000},"page":"1993-2000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Transformer-based temporal sequence learners for arrhythmia classification"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9136-1738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Varghese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Suraj","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"James","family":"Kurian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2858_CR1","unstructured":"Organization WH (2020) The top 10 causes of death https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/the-top-10-causes-of-death. Accessed 10 Jan 2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"2858_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.10.003","volume":"127","author":"PM Barrett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barrett PM et al (2014) Comparison of 24-hour holter monitoring with 14day novel adhesive patch electrocardiographic monitoring. Am J Med 127(1):95-e11","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2858_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2015.12.008","volume":"127","author":"EJ da S Luz","year":"2016","unstructured":"da S Luz EJ, Schwartz WR, C\u2019amara-Ch\u2019avez G, Menotti D (2016) Ecg-based heartbeat classification for arrhythmia detection: a survey. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 127:144\u2013164","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"2858_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2015.11.018","volume":"70","author":"RG Afkhami","year":"2016","unstructured":"Afkhami RG, Azarnia G, Tinati MA (2016) Cardiac arrhythmia classification using statistical and mixture modeling features of ecg signals. Pattern Recogn Lett 70:45\u201351","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"issue":"10","key":"2858_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-021-02425-8","volume":"59","author":"J Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie J et al (2021) A signal quality assessment\u2013based ecg waveform delineation method used for wearable monitoring systems. Med Biol Eng Compu 59(10):2073\u20132084","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Compu"},{"issue":"1","key":"2858_CR6","first-page":"407","volume":"31","author":"A Varghese","year":"2022","unstructured":"Varghese A, Sylaja MM, Kurian J (2022) Conception and realization of an iot-enabled deep cnn decision support system for automated arrhythmia classification. J Intell Syst 31(1):407\u2013419","journal-title":"J Intell Syst"},{"key":"2858_CR7","first-page":"100033","volume":"7","author":"Z Ebrahimi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ebrahimi Z, Loni M, Daneshtalab M, Gharehbaghi A (2020) A review on deep learning methods for ecg arrhythmia classification. Expert Syst Appl: X 7:100033","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl: X"},{"key":"2858_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.116114","volume":"189","author":"S Majid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Majid S et al (2022) Attention based cnn model for fire detection and localization in real-world images. Expert Syst Appl 189:116114","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"2858_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomar NK, Jha D, Riegler MA, Johansen HD, Johansen D, Rittscher J, Halvorsen P, Ali S (2022) Fanet: A feedback attention network for improved biomedical image segmentation.\u00a0IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems.\u00a0IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2022.3159394"},{"key":"2858_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2020.101856","volume":"106","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang J et al (2020) Ecg-based multi-class arrhythmia detection using spatio-temporal attention-based convolutional recurrent neural network. Artif Intell Med 106:101856","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"key":"2858_CR11","unstructured":"Vaswani A, Shazeer N, Parmar N, Uszkoreit J, Jones L, Gomez AN, Kaiser L, Polosukhin I (2017) Attention is all you need. Adv Neural Inform Process Syst 30"},{"key":"2858_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li D, Li L, Bissyand\u00b4e TF, Klein J, and Le Traon Y (2016)\u00a0Dsco: A language modeling approach for time series classification.\u00a0International Conference on Machine Learning and Data Mining in Pattern Recognition.\u00a0Springer pp 294\u2013310","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41920-6_22"},{"key":"2858_CR13","unstructured":"Sanh V, Debut L, Chaumond J, and Wolf T (2019) Distilbert, a distilled version of bert: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.01108. Accessed 10 Oct 2020"},{"key":"2858_CR14","unstructured":"Devlin J, Chang M-W, Lee K, and Toutanova K (2018) Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805. Accessed 9 Sept 2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"2858_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/51.932724","volume":"20","author":"GB Moody","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moody GB, Mark RG (2001) The impact of the mit-bih arrhythmia database. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 20(3):45\u201350","journal-title":"IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag"},{"issue":"3","key":"2858_CR16","first-page":"65","volume":"3","author":"I Ahmad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ahmad I, Ansari F, Dey U (2013) Power line noise reduction in ecg by butterworth notch filters: A comparative study. Development (IJECIERD) 3(3):65\u201374","journal-title":"Development (IJECIERD)"},{"issue":"9","key":"2858_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2008.239","volume":"21","author":"H He","year":"2009","unstructured":"He H, Garcia EA (2009) Learning from imbalanced data. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 21(9):1263\u20131284","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng"},{"key":"2858_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.953","volume":"16","author":"NV Chawla","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chawla NV, Bowyer KW, Hall LO, Kegelmeyer WP (2002) Smote: synthetic minority over-sampling technique. J Artif Intell Res 16:321\u2013357","journal-title":"J Artif Intell Res"},{"key":"2858_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan G, Liang S, Zhang Y, and Liu F (2019) Fusing transformer model with temporal features for ecg heartbeat classification.\u00a02019 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM).\u00a0IEEE, pp 898\u2013905","DOI":"10.1109\/BIBM47256.2019.8983326"},{"key":"2858_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan J, Wang W, Feng P, Wang X, and Wang W (2021) Low-dimensional denoising embedding transformer for ecg classification. ICASSP 2021-2021 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing(ICASSP).\u00a0IEEE, pp 1285\u20131289","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP39728.2021.9413766"},{"key":"2858_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2022.102236","volume":"124","author":"L Meng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meng L et al (2022) Enhancing dynamic ecg heartbeat classification with lightweight transformer model. Artif Intell Med 124:102236","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2858_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-021-01546-2","volume":"21","author":"C Che","year":"2021","unstructured":"Che C, Zhang P, Zhu M, Qu Y, Jin B (2021) Constrained transformer network for ecg signal processing and arrhythmia classification. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 21(1):1\u201313","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"2858_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mousavi S, Afghah F (2019) Inter-and intra-patient ecg heartbeat classification for arrhythmia detection: a sequence to sequence deep learning approach. ICASSP 2019-2019 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP).\u00a0IEEE,\u00a0pp 1308\u20131312","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2019.8683140"},{"key":"2858_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin Y et al (2021)\u00a0An Algorithm for Locating PVC and SPB in Wearable ECGs.\u00a02021 13th International Conference on Communication Software and Networks (ICCSN).\u00a0IEEE, pp 89\u201393","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSN52437.2021.9463595"},{"key":"2858_CR25","first-page":"1","volume":"2018","author":"J Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li J, Si Y, Xu T, Jiang S (2018) Deep convolutional neural network based ecg classification system using information fusion and one-hot encoding techniques. Math Probl Eng 2018:1","journal-title":"Math Probl Eng"},{"key":"2858_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27465","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2833841","volume":"6","author":"X Zhai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhai X, Tin C (2018) Automated ecg classification using dual heartbeat coupling based on convolutional neural network. IEEE Access 6:27465\u201327472","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"2858_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09544-z","volume":"7","author":"S Kiranyaz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kiranyaz S, Ince T, Gabbouj M (2017) Personalized monitoring and advance warning system for cardiac arrhythmias. Sci Rep 7(1):1\u20138","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2858_CR28","unstructured":"ECAR, AAMI\u00a0(1987) Recommended practice for testing and reporting performance results of ventricular arrhythmia detection algorithms. Assoc Adv Med Instrumen 69"}],"container-title":["Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-023-02858-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11517-023-02858-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-023-02858-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T03:28:23Z","timestamp":1689132503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11517-023-02858-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2858"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-023-02858-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-0118","1741-0444"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-0118","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-0444","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}