{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T15:56:37Z","timestamp":1764172597354,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Biol Eng Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sleep apnea is probably the most common respiratory disorder; respiration and blood oxygen saturation (SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) are major concerns in sleep apnea and are also the two main parameters checked by polysomnography (PSG, the gold standard for diagnosing sleep apnea). In this study, we used a simple, non-invasive monitoring system based on photoplethysmography (PPG) to continuously monitor SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and heart rate (HR) for individuals at home. Various breathing experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship between SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, HR, and apnea under different conditions, where two techniques (empirical formula and customized formula) for calculating SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and two methods (resting HR and instantaneous HR) for assessing HR were compared. Various adaptive filters were implemented to compare the effectiveness in removing motion artifacts (MAs) during the tests. This study fills the gap in the literature by comparing the performance of different adaptive filters on estimating SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and HR during apnea. The results showed that up-down finger motion introduced more MA than left-right motion, and the errors in SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> estimation were increased as the frequency of movement was increased; due to the low sampling frequency features of these tests, the insertion of adaptive filter increased the noise in the data instead of eliminating the MA for SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> estimation; the normal least mean squares (NLMS) filter is more effective in removing MA in HR estimation than other filters.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-023-02979-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T23:01:16Z","timestamp":1701817276000},"page":"829-842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A comparative study of accuracy in major adaptive filters for motion artifact removal in sleep apnea tests"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Yongrui","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yurui","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Wiffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5620-9506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"340","key":"2979_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c1918","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c1918","volume":"14","author":"S Powell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Powell S, Kubba H, O\u2019Brien C, Tremlett M (2010) Paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea. BMJ 14(340):c1918","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2979_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.09.021","volume":"132","author":"MK Pavlova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pavlova MK, Latreille V (2019) Sleep disorders. Amer J Med 132(3):292\u2013299","journal-title":"Amer J Med"},{"key":"2979_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-013-0848-x","volume":"18","author":"R Catarino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Catarino R, Spratley J, Catarino I, Lunet N, Pais-Clemente M (2014) Sleepiness and sleep-disordered breathing in truck drivers: risk analysis of road accidents. Sleep Breathing 18:59\u201368","journal-title":"Sleep Breathing"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barger LK, Rajaratnam SM, Wang W, O\u2019Brien CS, Sullivan JP, Qadri S, Lockley SW, Czeisler CA; Harvard Work Hours H, Group S (2015) Common sleep disorders increase risk of motor vehicle crashes and adverse health outcomes in firefighters. J Clin Sleep Med 11(3):233\u2013240","key":"2979_CR4","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.4534"},{"issue":"2","key":"2979_CR5","first-page":"305","volume":"28","author":"MH Ebrahimi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ebrahimi MH, Sadeghi M, Dehghani M, Niiat KS (2015) Sleep habits and road traffic accident risk for Iranian occupational drivers. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 28(2):305\u201312","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"2979_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-03753-2","volume":"40","author":"Y Mohammad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammad Y, Almutlaq A, Al-Ruwaita A, Aldrees A, Alsubaie A, Al-Hussain F (2019) Stroke during sleep and obstructive sleep apnea: there is a link. Neurological Sciences 40:1001\u20131005","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"2979_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023553","volume":"50","author":"SP Khot","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khot SP, Morgenstern LB (2019) Sleep and stroke. Stroke 50(6):1612\u20131617","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"11","key":"2979_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3114","volume":"36","author":"EI Alexopoulos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alexopoulos EI, Theologi V, Malakasioti G, Maragozidis P, TsilIoni I, Chrousos G, Gourgoulianis K, Kaditis AG (2013) Obstructive sleep apnea, excessive daytime sleepiness, and morning plasma tnf-\u03b1 levels in greek children. Sleep 36(11):1633\u20131638","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2979_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001599","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001599","volume":"11","author":"T Kendzerska","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kendzerska T, Gershon AS, Hawker G, Leung RS, Tomlin-son G (2014) Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: a decade-long historical cohort study. PLoS Med 11(2):e1001599","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2979_CR10","first-page":"343","volume":"38","author":"M Hobzova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hobzova M, Prasko J, Vanek J, Ociskova M, Genzor S, Holubova M, Grambal A, Latalova K (2017) Depression and obstructive sleep apnea. Neuroendocrinol Lett 38(5):343\u2013352","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"2979_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01618-2015","volume":"47","author":"B Mokhlesi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mokhlesi B, Ham SA, Gozal D (2016) The effect of sex and age on the comorbidity burden of OSA: an observational analysis from a large nationwide us health claims database. Europ Respir 47(4):1162\u20131169","journal-title":"Europ Respir"},{"issue":"6","key":"2979_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5834","volume":"39","author":"S Garbarino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garbarino S, Guglielmi O, Sanna A, Mancardi GL, Magnavita N (2016) Risk of occupational accidents in workers with obstructive sleep apnea: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep 39(6):1211\u20131218","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2979_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-020-02203-0","volume":"25","author":"MB Maas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maas MB, Kim M, Malkani RG, Abbott SM, Zee PC (2021) Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of covid-19 infection, hospitalization and respiratory failure. Sleep Breathing 25:1155\u20131157","journal-title":"Sleep Breathing"},{"issue":"8","key":"2979_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8596","volume":"16","author":"S Tufik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tufik S, Gozal D, Ishikura IA, Pires GN, Andersen ML (2020) Does obstructive sleep apnea lead to increased risk of covid-19 infection and severity? J Clin Sleep Med 16(8):1425\u20131426","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"2979_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.3418","volume":"307","author":"JM Marin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marin JM, Agusti A, Villar I, Forner M, Nieto D, Carrizo SJ, Barbe F, Vicente E, Wei Y, Nieto FJ et al (2012) Association between treated and untreated obstructive sleep apnea and risk of hypertension. Jama 307(20):2169\u20132176","journal-title":"Jama"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kun Li, Zhiting Chen, Yanwen Qin, Yong-Xiang Wei (2019) Plasm YKL-40 levels are associated with hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. BioMed Res Int 2019:5193597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/5193597","key":"2979_CR16","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5193597"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang S, Li S, Wang B, Liu J, Tang Q (2018) Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is a predictive factor for systematic hypertension and heart dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. BioMed Res Int 2018:1569701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/1569701","key":"2979_CR17","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1569701"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjafield AV, Ayas NT, Eastwood PR, Heinzer R, Ip MS, Morrell MJ, Nunez CM, Patel SR, Penzel T, Pe\u2019pin J-L et al. (2019) Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnoea: a literature-based analysis. Lancet Respir Med 7(8):687\u2013698","key":"2979_CR18","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30198-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"2979_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6406","volume":"13","author":"NF Watson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Watson NF, Rosen IM, Chervin RD (2017) The past is prologue: the future of sleep medicine. J Clin Sleep Med 13(1):127\u2013135","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2979_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.01.039","volume":"158","author":"NM Punjabi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Punjabi NM, Patil S, Crainiceanu C, Aurora RN (2020) Variability and misclassification of sleep apnea severity based on multi-night testing. Chest 158(1):365\u2013373","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"2979_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1938.124.2.328","volume":"124","author":"AB Hertzman","year":"1938","unstructured":"Hertzman AB (1938) The blood supply of various skin areas as estimated by the photoelectric plethysmograph. Amer J Physiol-Leg Content 124(2):328\u2013340","journal-title":"Amer J Physiol-Leg Content"},{"issue":"4","key":"2979_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-38-9935P","volume":"38","author":"AB Hertzman","year":"1938","unstructured":"Hertzman AB (1938) Comparative estimation of blood supply of skin areas from photoelectrically recorded volume pulse. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 38(4):562\u2013564","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"unstructured":"World Health Organization (2016) Oxygen therapy for children: a manual for health workers","key":"2979_CR23"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gattinoni L, Chiumello D, Caironi P, Busana M, Romitti F, Brazzi L, Camporota L (2020) Covid-19 pneumonia: different respiratory treatments for different phenotypes? Intensive Care Med:1099\u20131102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-020-06033-2","key":"2979_CR24","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06033-2"},{"key":"2979_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-010-9505-0","volume":"35","author":"Y Maeda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maeda Y, Sekine M, Tamura T (2011) Relationship between measurement site and motion artifacts in wearable reflected photoplethysmography. J Med Syst 35:969\u2013976","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tanweer KT, Hasan SR, Kamboh AM (2017) Motion artifact reduction from PPG signals during intense exercise using filtered XLMS. In: 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). Baltimore, pp 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISCAS.2017.8050418","key":"2979_CR26","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2017.8050418"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohan PM, Nisha AA, Nagarajan V et al (2016) Measurement of arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) using PPG optical sensor. In: 2016 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP). IEEE, pp 1136\u20131140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCSP.2016.7754330","key":"2979_CR27","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSP.2016.7754330"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wei P, Guo R, Zhang J, Zhang Y (2008) A new wristband wearable sensor using adaptive reduction filter to reduce motion artifact. In: 2008 international conference on information technology and applications in biomedicine. IEEE, pp 278\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ITAB.2008.4570636","key":"2979_CR28","DOI":"10.1109\/ITAB.2008.4570636"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ram MR, Madhav KV, Krishna EH, Nagarjuna Reddy K, Reddy KA (2011) On the performance of time varying step-size least mean squares(TVS-LMS) adaptive filter for MA reduction from PPG signals. In: 2011 International Conference on Communications and Signal Processing, Kerala, pp 431\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCSP.2011.5739353","key":"2979_CR29","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSP.2011.5739353"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chan KW, Zhang YT (2002) Adaptive reduction of motion artifact from photoplethysmographic recordings using a variable step-size LMS filter, vol 2. SENSORS, 2002 IEEE, Orlando, pp 1343\u20131346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICSENS.2002.1037314","key":"2979_CR30","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2002.1037314"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram MR, Madhav KV, Krishna EH, Komalla NR, Reddy KA (2011) On the performance of AS-LMS based adaptive filter for reduction of motion artifacts from PPG signals. In 2011 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference. IEEE, pp 1-4","key":"2979_CR31","DOI":"10.1109\/IMTC.2011.5944259"},{"key":"2979_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2019.101790","volume":"57","author":"K Arunkumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arunkumar K, Bhaskar M (2020) Heart rate estimation from wrist-type photoplethysmography signals during physical exercise. Biomed Sig Process Control 57:101790","journal-title":"Biomed Sig Process Control"},{"issue":"8","key":"2979_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.3390\/s19081874","volume":"19","author":"SK Longmore","year":"2019","unstructured":"Longmore SK, Lui GY, Naik G, Breen PP, Jalaludin B, Gargiulo GD (2019) A comparison of reflective photoplethysmography for detection of heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, and respiration rate at various anatomical locations. Sensors 19(8):1874","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"22","key":"2979_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6581","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226581","volume":"20","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Arney D, Goldman JM, Isselbacher EM, Armoundas AA (2020) Design implementation and evaluation of a mobile continuous blood oxygen saturation monitoring system. Sensors 20(22):6581","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"12","key":"2979_CR35","first-page":"1411","volume":"11","author":"A Sur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sur A, Kundu SB (2021) A study on inter-finger variation and hand dominance in peripheral capillary oxygen saturation values recorded from the different fingers of the hands by pulse oximetry. Nat J Physiol Pharma Pharmacol 11(12):1411\u20131411","journal-title":"Nat J Physiol Pharma Pharmacol"},{"unstructured":"Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. www.ninds.nih.gov . Accessed 25 Sept 2023","key":"2979_CR36"},{"issue":"2","key":"2979_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2359372","volume":"62","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Pi Z, Liu B (2014) TROIKA: A general framework for heart rate monitoring using wrist-type photoplethysmographic signals during intensive physical exercise. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 62(2):522\u2013531","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"8","key":"2979_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2406332","volume":"62","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang Z (2015) Photoplethysmography-based heart rate monitoring in physical activities via joint sparse spectrum reconstruction. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 62(8):1902\u20131910","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"2979_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2018.2874885","volume":"66","author":"PJ Chacon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chacon PJ, Pu L, Da Costa TH et al (2018) A wearable pulse oximeter with wireless communication and motion artifact tailoring for continuous use. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 66(6):1505\u20131513","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"2979_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2016.11.003","volume":"2","author":"AJ Casson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Casson AJ, Galvez AV, Jarchi D (2016) Gyroscope vs. accelerometer measurements of motion from wrist PPG during physical exercise. Ict Express 2(4):175\u2013179","journal-title":"Ict Express"},{"key":"2979_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2022.104432","volume":"81","author":"G Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun G, Ren X, Wang Z et al (2023) Adaptive low-power wrist SpO2 monitoring system design using a multi-filtering scheme. Biomed Sig Process Control 81:104432","journal-title":"Biomed Sig Process Control"},{"key":"2979_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-015-0071-z","volume":"14","author":"T Guo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guo T, Cao Z, Zhang Z, Li D, Yu M (2015) Reflective oxygen saturation monitoring at hypothenar and its validation by human hypoxia experiment. Biomed Eng Online 14:1\u201319","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"issue":"6","key":"2979_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000269514.31660.09","volume":"105","author":"JW Severinghaus","year":"2007","unstructured":"Severinghaus JW (2007) Takuo Aoyagi: discovery of pulse oximetry. Anesth Analg 105(6):S1\u2013S4","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2979_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-019-06995-7","volume":"111","author":"MM Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali MM, Haxha S, Alam MM, Nwibor C, Sakel M (2020) Design of internet of things (iot) and android based low-cost health monitoring embedded system wearable sensor for measuring spo 2, heart rate and body temperature simultaneously. Wirel Personal Commun 111:2449\u20132463","journal-title":"Wirel Personal Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2979_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-017-0351-x","volume":"16","author":"M Khan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khan M, Pretty CG, Amies AC, Balmer J, Banna HE, Shaw GM, Geoffrey Chase J (2017) Proof of concept non-invasive estimation of peripheral venous oxygen saturation. Biomed Eng Online 16(1):1\u201316","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohan PM, Nisha AA, Nagarajan V, Jothi ESJ (2016) Measurement of arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) using PPG optical sensor. In: 2016 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP). IEEE, pp 1136\u20131140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCSP.2016.7754330","key":"2979_CR46","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSP.2016.7754330"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamayo M, Westover A, Sun Y (2010) Microcontroller based pulseoximeter for undergraduate capstone design. In Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 36th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference (NEBEC). IEEE, pp 1\u20132","key":"2979_CR47","DOI":"10.1109\/NEBC.2010.5458198"},{"issue":"12","key":"2979_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9599","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2020.3006636","volume":"69","author":"S Nabavi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nabavi S, Bhadra S (2020) A robust fusion method for motion artifacts reduction in photoplethysmography signal. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 69(12):9599\u20139608","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurki T, Eisenkraft J (2011) Pulse oximetry. In: Monitoring in anesthesia and perioperative care, vol 2011. Cambridge University Press, pp 185\u2013199","key":"2979_CR49","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511974083.018"},{"issue":"3","key":"2979_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00030.2015","volume":"39","author":"RJ Skow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Skow RJ, Day TA, Fuller JE, Bruce CD, Steinback CD (2015) The ins and outs of breath holding: simple demonstrations of complex respiratory physiology. Adv Physiol Educ 39(3):223\u2013231","journal-title":"Adv Physiol Educ"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Azhari A, Yoshimoto S, Nezu T, Iida H, Ota H, Noda Y, Araki T, Uemura T, Sekitani T, Morii K (2017) A patch-type wireless forehead pulse oximeter for SpO2 measurement. In: 2017 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS). IEEE, pp 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/BIOCAS.2017.8325557","key":"2979_CR51","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOCAS.2017.8325557"},{"issue":"21","key":"2979_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6067","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216067","volume":"20","author":"H-C Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang H-C, Wu H-T, Huang P-C, Ma H-P, Lo Y-L, Huang Y-H (2020) Portable sleep apnea syndrome screening and event detection using long short-term memory recurrent neural network. Sensors 20(21):6067","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"3","key":"2979_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2016.02.001","volume":"8","author":"RL Nuzzo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nuzzo RL (2016) The box plots alternative for visualizing quantitative data. PM R 8(3):268\u2013272","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"3","key":"2979_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5489(03)00077-1","volume":"26","author":"J Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee J, Jung W, Kang I, Kim Y, Lee G (2004) Design of filter to reject motion artifact of pulse oximetry. Comput Stand Interfaces 26(3):241\u2013249","journal-title":"Comput Stand Interfaces"},{"issue":"6","key":"2979_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00334.2009","volume":"107","author":"Z Dujic","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dujic Z, Uglesic L, Breskovic T, Valic Z, Heusser K, Marinovic J, Ljubkovic M, Palada I (2009) Involuntary breathing movements improve cerebral oxygenation during apnea struggle phase in elite divers. J Appl Physiol 107(6):1840\u20131846","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma C, Ojha C (2020) Statistical parameters of hydrometeorological variables: standard deviation, snr, Skewness and Kurtosis. In: AlKhaddar R, Singh R, Dutta S, Kumari M (eds) Advances in water resources engineering and management, Lecture notes in civil engineering, vol 39. Springer, Singapore. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-13-8181-2_5","key":"2979_CR56","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8181-2_5"}],"container-title":["Medical &amp; Biological Engineering &amp; Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-023-02979-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11517-023-02979-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-023-02979-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T05:15:03Z","timestamp":1708492503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11517-023-02979-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["2979"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-023-02979-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-0118","1741-0444"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0140-0118"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1741-0444"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Science and Engineering at the University of Chester.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}