{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T02:24:05Z","timestamp":1774405445793,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703635200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2020YFC2008703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFC2008703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022YFF1202600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1202600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Biol Eng Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-023-02993-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T02:01:52Z","timestamp":1703642512000},"page":"1089-1104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Finite element modeling and analysis of effect of preexisting cervical degenerative disease on the spinal cord during flexion and extension"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Meng-lei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-ting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui-zi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-ting","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang-dong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shi-jie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9008-9875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2993_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k186","volume":"360","author":"BM Davies","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davies BM, Mowforth OD, Smith EK, Kotter MR (2018) Degenerative cervical myelopathy. BMJ 360:186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k186","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2993_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199508000-00003","volume":"20","author":"K Pettersson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pettersson K, K\u00e4rrholm J, Toolanen G, Hildingsson C (1995) Decreased width of the spinal canal in patients with chronic symptoms after whiplash injury. Spine 20:1664\u20131667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-199508000-00003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2993_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.14444\/2013","volume":"9","author":"F Amirouche","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amirouche F, Solitro GF, Siemionow K et al (2015) Role of posterior elements in the disc bulging of a degenerated cervical spine. Int J Spine Surg 9:13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14444\/2013","journal-title":"Int J Spine Surg"},{"key":"2993_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0303-0","volume":"16","author":"JH Badhiwala","year":"2020","unstructured":"Badhiwala JH, Ahuja CS, Akbar MA et al (2020) Degenerative cervical myelopathy \u2014 update and future directions. Nat Rev Neurol 16:108\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-019-0303-0","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2993_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1630.12522","volume":"66","author":"L Barclay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barclay L, Lentin P, Bourke-Taylor H, McDonald R (2019) The experiences of social and community participation of people with non-traumatic spinal cord injury. Aust Occup Ther J 66:61\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1440-1630.12522","journal-title":"Aust Occup Ther J"},{"key":"2993_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0654","volume":"26","author":"CJ Sparrey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sparrey CJ, Manley GT, Keaveny TM (2009) Effects of white, grey, and pia mater properties on tissue level stresses and strains in the compressed spinal cord. J Neurotrauma 26:585\u2013595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2008.0654","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2993_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02677-y","volume":"16","author":"J-J Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang J-J (2021) The biomechanical effect of preexisting different types of disc herniation in cervical hyperextension injury. J Orthop Surg Res 16:527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-021-02677-y","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"2993_CR8","first-page":"394","volume":"5","author":"J Scifert","year":"2002","unstructured":"Scifert J, Totoribe K, Goel V, Huntzinger J (2002) Spinal cord mechanics during flexion and extension of the cervical spine: a finite element study. Pain Physician 5:394\u2013400","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2993_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"081003","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4033794","volume":"138","author":"B Khuyagbaatar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khuyagbaatar B, Kim K, Man Park W, Hyuk Kim Y (2016) Biomechanical behaviors in three types of spinal cord injury mechanisms. J Biomech Eng 138:081003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4033794","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"2993_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2003558","volume":"383","author":"N Theodore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Theodore N (2020) Degenerative cervical spondylosis. N Engl J Med 383:159\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra2003558","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2993_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000067262.69584.0a","volume":"28","author":"S Yamazaki","year":"1976","unstructured":"Yamazaki S, Kokubun S, Ishii Y (1976) Tanaka Y (2003) Courses of cervical disc herniation causing myelopathy or radiculopathy: an analysis based on computed tomographic discograms. Spine Phila Pa 28:1171\u20131175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.brs.0000067262.69584.0a","journal-title":"Spine Phila Pa"},{"key":"2993_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-1995-5207","volume":"5","author":"S Kokubun","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kokubun S, Tanaka Y (1995) Types of cervical disc herniation and relation to myelopathy and radiculopathy. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 5:145\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/BMR-1995-5207","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"key":"2993_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200107150-00021","volume":"26","author":"M Matsumoto","year":"2001","unstructured":"Matsumoto M, Chiba K, Ishikawa M et al (2001) Relationships between outcomes of conservative treatment and magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with mild cervical myelopathy caused by soft disc herniations. Spine Phila Pa 1976 26:1592\u20131598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007632-200107150-00021","journal-title":"Spine Phila Pa 1976"},{"key":"2993_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/bsd.0b013e3182a26532","volume":"27","author":"Y-M Kang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kang Y-M (2014) Herniated intervertebral disk induces hypertrophy and ossification of ligamentum flavum. J Spinal Disord Tech 27:382\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/bsd.0b013e3182a26532","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"2993_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S313357","volume":"16","author":"B Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang B, Chen G, Chen X et al (2021) Cervical ossification of ligamentum flavum: elaborating an underappreciated but occasional contributor to myeloradiculopathy in aging population based on synthesis of individual participant data. Clin Interv Aging 16:897\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CIA.S313357","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"2993_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-005-0903-9","volume":"15","author":"SU Kuh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kuh SU (2006) Contributing factors affecting the prognosis surgical outcome for thoracic OLF. Eur Spine J 15:485\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-005-0903-9","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"2993_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618.e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.08.035","volume":"95","author":"DJ Coughlin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Coughlin DJ, Rymarczuk GN, Dirks MS (2016) Noncalcified hypertrophic ligamentum flavum causing severe cervical stenosis and myelopathy: case report and review of the literature. World Neurosurg 95:618.e21\u2013618.e26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.08.035","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"2993_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W134","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.5560","volume":"197","author":"Y Kang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kang Y, Lee JW, Koh YH et al (2011) New MRI grading system for the cervical canal stenosis. Am J Roentgenol 197:W134\u2013W140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.10.5560","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2993_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0271187","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271187","volume":"17","author":"RS Garay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garay RS, Solitro GF, Lam KC et al (2022) Characterization of regional variation of bone mineral density in the geriatric human cervical spine by quantitative computed tomography. PLOS ONE 17:e0271187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0271187","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2993_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.12.035","volume":"171","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Y, Chen Q, Shu X et al (2023) Biomechanical effect of osteoporosis on adjacent segments after anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion. World Neurosurg 171:e432\u2013e439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.12.035","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"2993_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1337121","volume":"3","author":"E Sayit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sayit E (2013) Dynamic changes of the ligamentum flavum in the cervical spine assessed with kinetic magnetic resonance imaging. Glob Spine J 3:69\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0033-1337121","journal-title":"Glob Spine J"},{"key":"2993_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-017-0412-z","volume":"93","author":"S Kwon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kwon S (2018) Analysis of dural sac thickness in the human cervical spine. Anat Sci Int 93:284\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12565-017-0412-z","journal-title":"Anat Sci Int"},{"key":"2993_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41397","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041397","volume":"7","author":"Y-B Yan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yan Y-B, Qi W, Wu Z-X et al (2012) Finite element study of the mechanical response in spinal cord during the thoracolumbar burst fracture. PLoS ONE 7:e41397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0041397","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2993_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-020-02189-7","volume":"58","author":"X-Y Cai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cai X-Y, YuChi C-X, Du C-F, Mo Z-J (2020) The effect of follower load on the range of motion, facet joint force, and intradiscal pressure of the cervical spine: a finite element study. Med Biol Eng Comput 58:1695\u20131705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-020-02189-7","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"2993_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000155","volume":"34","author":"SCM Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee SCM, Lueck CJ (2014) Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in adults. J Neuro-Ophthalmol Off J North Am Neuro-Ophthalmol Soc 34:278\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000155","journal-title":"J Neuro-Ophthalmol Off J North Am Neuro-Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"2993_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1332","volume":"28","author":"C Persson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Persson C, Summers J, Hall RM (2011) The importance of fluid-structure interaction in spinal trauma models. J Neurotrauma 28:113\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2010.1332","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2993_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150151071053","volume":"18","author":"K Ichihara","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ichihara K, Taguchi T, Shimada Y et al (2001) Gray matter of the bovine cervical spinal cord is mechanically more rigid and fragile than the white matter. J Neurotrauma 18:361\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/08977150151071053","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2993_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1992527","volume":"127","author":"QH Zhang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhang QH, Teo EC, Ng HW (2005) Development and validation of a C0-C7 FE complex for biomechanical study. J Biomech Eng 127:729\u2013735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.1992527","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"2993_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2894885","volume":"113","author":"JS Ruan","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ruan JS, Khalil T, King AI (1991) Human head dynamic response to side impact by finite element modeling. J Biomech Eng 113:276\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.2894885","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"2993_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2004.1.1.0122","volume":"1","author":"H Ozawa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ozawa H, Matsumoto T, Ohashi T et al (2004) Mechanical properties and function of the spinal pia mater. J Neurosurg Spine 1:122\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/spi.2004.1.1.0122","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"2993_CR31","first-page":"43","volume":"10","author":"M Czyz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Czyz M, Scigala K, Jarmundowicz W, Beidzi\u0144ski R (2008) The biomechanical analysis of the traumatic cervical spinal cord injury using finite element approach. Acta Bioeng Biomech 10:43\u201354","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng Biomech"},{"key":"2993_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-010-9924-6","volume":"38","author":"C Persson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Persson C, Evans S, Marsh R et al (2010) Poisson\u2019s ratio and strain rate dependency of the constitutive behavior of spinal dura mater. Ann Biomed Eng 38:975\u2013983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-010-9924-6","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2993_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.03.031","volume":"39","author":"T Sugimoto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sugimoto T (2013) Ultrasonographic reference sizes of the median and ulnar nerves and the cervical nerve roots in healthy Japanese adults. Ultrasound Med Biol 39:1560\u20131570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.03.031","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"2993_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.3390\/app11083337","volume":"11","author":"A Mihara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mihara A (2021) Tensile test of human lumbar ligamentum flavum: age-related changes of stiffness. Appl Sci 11:3337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11083337","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"2993_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/02688699550040927","volume":"9","author":"HL Brydon","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brydon HL, Hayward R, Harkness W, Bayston R (1995) Physical properties of cerebrospinal fluid of relevance to shunt function. 1: The effect of protein upon CSF viscosity. Br J Neurosurg 9:639\u2013644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02688699550040927","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2993_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199608000-00014","volume":"85","author":"MG Richardson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Richardson MG, Wissler RN (1996) Density of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid in pregnant and nonpregnant humans. Anesthesiology 85:326\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000542-199608000-00014","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2993_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1159\/000028659","volume":"28","author":"IG Bloomfield","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bloomfield IG, Johnston IH, Bilston LE (1998) Effects of proteins, blood cells and glucose on the viscosity of cerebrospinal fluid. Pediatr Neurosurg 28:246\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000028659","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"2993_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091590112","volume":"159","author":"EW Lowrance","year":"1967","unstructured":"Lowrance EW, Latimer HB (1967) Weights and variability of components of the human vertebral column. Anat Rec 159:83\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.1091590112","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"2993_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.04.023","volume":"39","author":"A Singh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Singh A, Lu Y, Chen C, Cavanaugh JM (2006) Mechanical properties of spinal nerve roots subjected to tension at different strain rates. J Biomech 39:1669\u20131676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.04.023","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"2993_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1322034","volume":"122","author":"N Yoganandan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yoganandan N, Kumaresan S, Pintar FA (2000) Geometric and mechanical properties of human cervical spine ligaments. J Biomech Eng 122:623\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.1322034","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"2993_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0268-0033(00)00074-7","volume":"16","author":"N Yoganandan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yoganandan N, Kumaresan S, Pintar FA (2001) Biomechanics of the cervical spine part 2. Cervical spine soft tissue responses and biomechanical modeling. Clin Biomech Bristol Avon 16:1\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0268-0033(00)00074-7","journal-title":"Clin Biomech Bristol Avon"},{"key":"2993_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000134574.36487.EB","volume":"29","author":"N Hong-Wan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hong-Wan N, Ee-Chon T, Qing-Hang Z (2004) Biomechanical effects of C2\u2013C7 intersegmental stability due to laminectomy with unilateral and bilateral facetectomy. Spine 29:1737\u20131745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.BRS.0000134574.36487.EB","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2993_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2014.02.010","volume":"34","author":"K Polak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Polak K, Czy\u017c M, \u015aciga\u0142a K et al (2014) Biomechanical characteristics of the porcine denticulate ligament in different vertebral levels of the cervical spine\u2014preliminary results of an experimental study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 34:165\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2014.02.010","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"key":"2993_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-006-5865-2","volume":"46","author":"VPW Shim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shim VPW, Liu JF, Lee VS (2006) A technique for dynamic tensile testing of human cervical spine ligaments. Exp Mech 46:77\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11340-006-5865-2","journal-title":"Exp Mech"},{"key":"2993_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-022-01617-x","volume":"21","author":"M Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu M, Zeng H, Zheng L et al (2022) Effect of degenerative factors on cervical spinal cord during flexion and extension: a dynamic finite element analysis. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 21:1743\u20131759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10237-022-01617-x","journal-title":"Biomech Model Mechanobiol"},{"key":"2993_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.1.SPINE08286","volume":"10","author":"C Persson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Persson C, McLure SWD, Summers J, Hall RM (2009) The effect of bone fragment size and cerebrospinal fluid on spinal cord deformation during trauma: an ex vivo study: Laboratory investigation. J Neurosurg Spine 10:315\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2009.1.SPINE08286","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"2993_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/wno.0000000000000155","volume":"34","author":"SCM Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee SCM, Lueck CJ (2014) Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in adults. J Neuroophthalmol 34:278\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/wno.0000000000000155","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"2993_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E580","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817ecc57","volume":"33","author":"CF Jones","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jones CF, Kroeker SG, Cripton PA, Hall RM (2008) The effect of cerebrospinal fluid on the biomechanics of spinal cord: an ex vivo bovine model using bovine and physical surrogate spinal cord. Spine 33:E580\u2013E588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817ecc57","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2993_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Puglisi F, Ridi R, Cecchi F et al (2004) Segmental vertebral motion in the assessment of neck range of motion in whiplash patients. Int J Legal Med 118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-004-0462-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-004-0462-3"},{"key":"2993_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0b013e3181ef6a1e","volume":"36","author":"E Mann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mann E, Peterson CK, Hodler J (2011) Degenerative marrow (modic) changes on cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging scans: prevalence, inter- and intra-examiner reliability and link to disc herniation. Spine Phila Pa 1976 36:1081\u20131085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/brs.0b013e3181ef6a1e","journal-title":"Spine Phila Pa 1976"},{"key":"2993_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e31817df78e","volume":"22","author":"K-J Song","year":"2009","unstructured":"Song K-J, Choi B-W, Kim G-H, Kim J-R (2009) Clinical usefulness of CT-myelogram comparing with the MRI in degenerative cervical spinal disorders: is CTM still useful for primary diagnostic tool? J Spinal Disord Tech 22:353\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BSD.0b013e31817df78e","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"2993_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-014-3674-y","volume":"473","author":"Y Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li Y, Fredrickson V, Resnick DK (2015) How should we grade lumbar disc herniation and nerve root compression? A systematic review. Clin Orthop 473:1896\u20131902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11999-014-3674-y","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"2993_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890371","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.890371","volume":"13","author":"Z-H Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su Z-H, Liu J, Yang M-S et al (2022) Automatic grading of disc herniation, central canal stenosis and nerve roots compression in lumbar magnetic resonance image diagnosis. Front Endocrinol 13:890371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.890371","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2993_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0423","volume":"25","author":"JT Maikos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maikos JT, Qian Z, Metaxas D, Shreiber DI (2008) Finite element analysis of spinal cord injury in the rat. J Neurotrauma 25:795\u2013816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2007.0423","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2993_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199904000-00052","volume":"44","author":"N Watabe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Watabe N, Tominaga T, Shimizu H et al (1999) Quantitative analysis of cerebrospinal fluid flow in patients with cervical spondylosis using cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurgery 44:779\u2013784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006123-199904000-00052","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2993_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2073687","volume":"127","author":"BA Martin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Martin BA, Kalata W, Loth F et al (2005) Syringomyelia hydrodynamics: an in vitro study based on in vivo measurements. J Biomech Eng 127:1110\u20131120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.2073687","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"2993_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3202","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1602-x","volume":"44","author":"SH Pahlavian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pahlavian SH (2016) Accuracy of 4D flow measurement of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in the cervical spine: an in vitro verification against numerical simulation. Ann Biomed Eng 44:3202\u20133214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-016-1602-x","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2993_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3202","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1602-x","volume":"44","author":"S Heidari Pahlavian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heidari Pahlavian S, Bunck AC, Thyagaraj S et al (2016) Accuracy of 4D flow measurement of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in the cervical spine: an in vitro verification against numerical simulation. Ann Biomed Eng 44:3202\u20133214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-016-1602-x","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2993_CR59","first-page":"1763","volume":"19","author":"C Muhle","year":"1998","unstructured":"Muhle C (1998) Classification system based on kinematic MR imaging in cervical spondylitic myelopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19:1763\u20131771","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2993_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1324667","volume":"122","author":"AC Bain","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bain AC, Meaney DF (2000) Tissue-level thresholds for axonal damage in an experimental model of central nervous system white matter injury. J Biomech Eng 122:615\u2013622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.1324667","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"2993_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0340","volume":"25","author":"H Ouyang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ouyang H, Galle B, Li J et al (2008) Biomechanics of spinal cord injury: a multimodal investigation using ex vivo guinea pig spinal cord white matter. J Neurotrauma 25:19\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2007.0340","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2993_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2225","volume":"29","author":"CM Russell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Russell CM, Choo AM, Tetzlaff W et al (2012) Maximum principal strain correlates with spinal cord tissue damage in contusion and dislocation injuries in the rat cervical spine. J Neurotrauma 29:1574\u20131585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2011.2225","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2993_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.07.009","volume":"38","author":"RJ Fiford","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fiford RJ, Bilston LE (2005) The mechanical properties of rat spinal cord in vitro. J Biomech 38:1509\u20131515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.07.009","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"2993_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3108415","volume":"110","author":"G-L Chang","year":"1988","unstructured":"Chang G-L, Hung T-K, Feng WW (1988) An in-vivo measurement and analysis of viscoelastic properties of the spinal cord of cats. J Biomech Eng 110:115\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.3108415","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"2993_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121002","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4063194","volume":"145","author":"L Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng L, Cao Y, Yang Y et al (2023) Effect of different types of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament on the dynamic biomechanical response of the spinal cord: a finite element analysis. J Biomech Eng 145:121002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4063194","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"2993_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.03.035","volume":"43","author":"H Schmidt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schmidt H, Shirazi-Adl A, Galbusera F, Wilke H-J (2010) Response analysis of the lumbar spine during regular daily activities\u2014a finite element analysis. J Biomech 43:1849\u20131856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.03.035","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"2993_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.07.014","volume":"46","author":"H Schmidt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schmidt H, Galbusera F, Rohlmann A, Shirazi-Adl A (2013) What have we learned from finite element model studies of lumbar intervertebral discs in the past four decades? J Biomech 46:2342\u20132355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.07.014","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"2993_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2015.1128529","volume":"19","author":"N Cappetti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cappetti N, Naddeo A, Naddeo F, Solitro GF (2016) Finite elements\/Taguchi method based procedure for the identification of the geometrical parameters significantly affecting the biomechanical behavior of a lumbar disc. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 19:1278\u20131285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10255842.2015.1128529","journal-title":"Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin"},{"key":"2993_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.12.SPINE18989","volume":"31","author":"KE Stoner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stoner KE, Abode-Iyamah KO, Magnotta VA et al (2019) Measurement of in vivo spinal cord displacement and strain fields of healthy and myelopathic cervical spinal cord. J Neurosurg Spine 31:53\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2018.12.SPINE18989","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"2993_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.255045162","volume":"25","author":"SK Rao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rao SK, Wasyliw C, Nunez DB (2005) Spectrum of imaging findings in hyperextension injuries of the neck. RadioGraphics 25:1239\u20131254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.255045162","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"2993_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1954.11.6.0546","volume":"11","author":"RC Schneider","year":"1954","unstructured":"Schneider RC, Cherry G, Pantek H (1954) The syndrome of acute central cervical spinal cord injury; with special reference to the mechanisms involved in hyperextension injuries of cervical spine. J Neurosurg 11:546\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1954.11.6.0546","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2993_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.07.029","volume":"45","author":"P Paholpak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paholpak P, Nazareth A, Barkoh K et al (2017) Space available for cord, motion, and disc degeneration at the adjacent segments level of degenerative cervical spondylolisthesis using kinematic MRI. J Clin Neurosci 45:89\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.07.029","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2993_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E675","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000913","volume":"40","author":"A Nouri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nouri A, Tetreault L, Singh A et al (2015) Degenerative cervical myelopathy: epidemiology, genetics, and pathogenesis. Spine 40:E675\u2013E693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000913","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2993_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S149","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182a7f449","volume":"38","author":"CP Ames","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ames CP, Blondel B, Scheer JK et al (2013) Cervical radiographical alignment: comprehensive assessment techniques and potential importance in cervical myelopathy. Spine 38:S149\u2013S160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182a7f449","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2993_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000207258.80129.03","volume":"31","author":"GE Pickett","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pickett GE, Campos-Benitez M, Keller JL, Duggal N (2006) Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in Canada. Spine 31:799\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.brs.0000207258.80129.03","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2993_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71072","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12125","volume":"7","author":"X Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen X, Li L, Guo J et al (2016) Treadmill running exercise prevents senile osteoporosis and upregulates the Wnt signaling pathway in SAMP6 mice. Oncotarget 7:71072\u201371086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.12125","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2993_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E687","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000186472.88141.38","volume":"30","author":"MH Khan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Khan MH, Smith PN, Donaldson WF (2005) Acute quadriparesis caused by calcification of the entire cervical ligamentum flavum in a white female--report of an unusual case and a brief review of the literature: case report. Spine 30:E687\u2013E691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.brs.0000186472.88141.38","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2993_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.49385","volume":"43","author":"U Singhal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Singhal U, Jain M, Jaiswal AK, Behari S (2009) Unilateral ossified ligamentum flavum in the high cervical spine causing myelopathy. Indian J Orthop 43:305\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0019-5413.49385","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"key":"2993_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1984.60.4.0707","volume":"60","author":"PM Jokich","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jokich PM, Rubin JM, Dohrmann GJ (1984) Intraoperative ultrasonic evaluation of spinal cord motion. J Neurosurg 60:707\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1984.60.4.0707","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2993_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-018-0075-1","volume":"56","author":"K Wolf","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wolf K, Hupp M, Friedl S et al (2018) In cervical spondylotic myelopathy spinal cord motion is focally increased at the level of stenosis: a controlled cross-sectional study. Spinal Cord 56:769\u2013776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41393-018-0075-1","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2993_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e842","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-21-01253","volume":"30","author":"AH Daniels","year":"2022","unstructured":"Daniels AH, McDonald CL, Basques BA, Kuris EO (2022) Ossified ligamentum flavum: epidemiology, treatment, and outcomes. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 30:e842\u2013e851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5435\/JAAOS-D-21-01253","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"2993_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2003.99.3.0278","volume":"99","author":"K Ichihara","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ichihara K, Taguchi T, Sakuramoto I et al (2003) Mechanism of the spinal cord injury and the cervical spondylotic myelopathy: new approach based on the mechanical features of the spinal cord white and gray matter. J Neurosurg Spine 99:278\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/spi.2003.99.3.0278","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"2993_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.06.003","volume":"30","author":"S Cheng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cheng S, Clarke EC, Bilston LE (2008) Rheological properties of the tissues of the central nervous system: a review. Med Eng Phys 30:1318\u20131337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.06.003","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"2993_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.03.020","volume":"64","author":"S Mattucci","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mattucci S, Speidel J, Liu J et al (2019) Basic biomechanics of spinal cord injury - how injuries happen in people and how animal models have informed our understanding. Clin Biomech Bristol Avon 64:58\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.03.020","journal-title":"Clin Biomech Bristol Avon"},{"key":"2993_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215515570382","volume":"30","author":"L Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu L, Wei X, Wang S (2016) Does cervical spine manipulation reduce pain in people with degenerative cervical radiculopathy? A systematic review of the evidence, and a meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil 30:145\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269215515570382","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"2993_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.a2460","volume":"32","author":"S Shah","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shah S, Haughton V, R\u00edo AM (2011) CSF flow through the upper cervical spinal canal in Chiari I malformation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 32:1149\u20131153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.a2460","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"}],"container-title":["Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-023-02993-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11517-023-02993-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-023-02993-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T03:19:23Z","timestamp":1710818363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11517-023-02993-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2993"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-023-02993-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-0118","1741-0444"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-0118","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-0444","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 December 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Tongji Hospital Institutional Review Board (Ref. 2020-KYSB-096), and written informed consent was obtained from the participant.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}