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Compared to arterial blood gas analysis, POs tend to overestimate oxygen saturation (SpO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) values for people with darker skin (occult hypoxemia). The objective is to develop a test bench for assessing commercial home and hospital-based POs in controlled laboratory conditions. A laboratory simulator was used to mimic different SpO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    values (~\u200970 to 100%).\u00a0Different neutral density and synthetic melanin filters were used to reproduce low signal and varying melanin attenuation levels. Six devices consisting of commercial home (Biolight,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200913; ChoiceMMed,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200918; MedLinket,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099) and hospital-based (Masimo Radical 7 with Neo L,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091; GE B450 Masimo SET with LNCS Neo L,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091; Nonin 9550 Onyx II\u2122,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091) POs were reviewed and their response documented. Significant variations were observed in the recorded SpO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    values among different POs when exposed to identical simulated signals. Differences were greatest for lower SpO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (&lt;\u200980%) where empirical data is limited. All PO responses under low signal and melanin attenuation did not change across various simulated SpO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    values. The bench tests do not provide conclusive evidence that melanin does not affect in vivo SpO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    measurements. Research in the areas of instrument calibration, theory and design needs to be further developed.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-024-03091-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T20:01:26Z","timestamp":1713902486000},"page":"1931-1942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pulse oximeter bench tests under different simulated skin tones"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5736-6036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suvvi K. 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We confirm that the ITA\u00b0 value for the 2.5 mg\/mL (J) melanin filter is +69.17\u00b0, as originally reported. However, the corresponding b* entry was typeset without its minus sign. The correct value is b* = \u221213.98.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":8,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":9,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":10,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-025-03511-x","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-025-03511-x","order":11,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}