{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T13:16:30Z","timestamp":1740143790433,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728259200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009534","name":"Universit\u00e4t Stuttgart","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009534","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Biol Eng Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Inert gas washout methods have been shown to detect pathological changes in the small airways that occur in the early stages of obstructive lung diseases such as asthma and COPD. Numerical lung models support the analysis of characteristic washout curves, but are limited in their ability to simulate the complexity of lung anatomy over an appropriate time period. Therefore, the interpretation of patient-specific washout data remains a challenge. A new numerical lung model is presented in which electrical components describe the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the lung as well as gas-specific properties. To verify that the model is able to reproduce characteristic washout curves, the phase 3 slopes (S<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) of helium washouts are simulated using simple asymmetric lung anatomies consisting of two parallel connected lung units with volume ratios of <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$\\frac{1.25}{\\mathrm{0.75}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mfrac>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mn>1.25<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mn>0.75<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:mfrac>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>, <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$\\frac{1.50}{\\mathrm{0.50}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mfrac>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mn>1.50<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mn>0.50<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:mfrac>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>, and <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$\\frac{1.75}{\\mathrm{0.25}}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mfrac>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mn>1.75<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mn>0.25<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:mfrac>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula> and a total volume flow of 250 ml\/s which are evaluated for asymmetries in both the convection- and diffusion-dominated zone of the lung. The results show that the model is able to reproduce the S<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> for helium and thus the processes underlying the washout methods, so that electrical components can be used to model these methods. This approach could form the basis of a hardware-based real-time simulator.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-024-03200-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T05:01:39Z","timestamp":1728277299000},"page":"447-466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigation of inert gas washout methods in a new numerical model based on an electrical analogy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1487-7829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wasilios","family":"Hatziklitiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Trinkmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Cattaneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Port","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"3200_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14582","volume":"75","author":"H Breiteneder","year":"2020","unstructured":"Breiteneder H, Peng YQ, Agache I, Diamant Z, Eiwegger T, Fokkens WJ, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Nadeau K, O\u2019Hehir RE, O\u2019Mahony L, Pfaar O, Torres MJ, Wang DY, Zhang L, Akdis CA (2020) Biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction of therapy responses in allergic diseases and asthma. Allergy 75(12):3039\u20133068","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"3","key":"3200_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201193","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01193-2022","volume":"61","author":"GM Gauvreau","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gauvreau GM, Hohlfeld JM, FitzGerald JM, Boulet LP, Cockcroft DW, Davis BE, Korn S, Kornmann O, Leigh R, Mayers I, Watz H, Grant SS, Jain M, Cabanski M, Pertel PE, Jones I, Lecot JR, Cao H, O\u2019Byrne P (2023) Inhaled anti-TSLP antibody fragment, ecleralimab, blocks responses to allergen in mild asthma. Eur Respir J 61(3):2201193","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"3200_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2022.02.021","volume":"129","author":"J Oppenheimer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oppenheimer J, Hoyte FCL, Phipatanakul W, Silver J, Howarth P, Lugogo NL (2022) Allergic and eosinophilic asthma in the era of biomarkers and biologics: similarities, differences and misconceptions. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 129(2):169\u2013180","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"22","key":"3200_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16042","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216042","volume":"24","author":"IA Savin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Savin IA, Zenkova MA, Sen\u2019kova AV (2023) Bronchial asthma, airway remodeling and lung fibrosis as successive steps of one process. Int J Mol Sci 24(22):16042","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3200_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00014","volume":"8","author":"I Manisalidis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Manisalidis I, Stavropoulou E, Stavropoulos A, Bezirtzoglou E (2020) Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: a review. Front Publ Health 8:14","journal-title":"Front Publ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3200_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-023-01030-6","volume":"22","author":"E Percival","year":"2023","unstructured":"Percival E, Collison AM, da Silva Sena CR, De Queiroz Andrade E, De Gouveia Belinelo P, Gomes GMC, Oldmeadow C, Murphy VE, Gibson PG, Karmaus W, Mattes J (2023) The association of exhaled nitric oxide with air pollutants in young infants of asthmatic mothers. Environ Health 22(1):84","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3200_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-01983-1","volume":"23","author":"C Hoffmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoffmann C, Maglakelidze M, von Schneidemesser E, Witt C, Hoffmann P, Butler T (2022) Asthma and COPD exacerbation in relation to outdoor air pollution in the metropolitan area of Berlin Germany. Respir Res 23(1):64","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3200_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-023-02416-5","volume":"23","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zhang H, Su X, Wang Y, Gao G, Wang X, Zhang T (2023) Analysis of influencing factors and a predictive model of small airway dysfunction in adults. BMC Pulm Med 23(1):141","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3200_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00456-9","volume":"11","author":"B Knox-Brown","year":"2023","unstructured":"Knox-Brown B, Patel J, Potts J, Ahmed R, Aquart-Stewart A, Cherkaski HH, Denguezli M, Elbiaze M, Elsony A, Franssen FME, Ghobain MA, Harrabi I, Janson C, J\u00f5gi R, Juvekar S, Lawin H, Mannino D, Mortimer K, Nafees AA, Nielsen R, Obaseki D, Paraguas SNM, Rashid A, Loh LC, Salvi S, Seemungal T, Studnicka M, Tan WC, Wouters EEFM, Barbara C, Gislason T, Gunasekera K, Burney P, Amaral AFS, BOLD Collaborative Research Group (2023) Small airways obstruction and its risk factors in the burden of obstructive lung disease (BOLD) study: a multinational cross-sectional study. Lancet Global Health 11(1):e69\u2013e82","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"3200_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113100","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1113100","volume":"14","author":"A Hsieh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hsieh A, Assadinia N, Hackett TL (2023) Airway remodeling heterogeneity in asthma and its relationship to disease outcomes. Front Physiol 14:1113100","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"3200_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175346661989859","DOI":"10.1177\/1753466619898598","volume":"14","author":"M Patyk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patyk M, Obojski A, Soko\u0142owska-D\u0105bek D, Parkitna-Patyk M, Zaleska-Dorobisz U (2020) Airway wall thickness and airflow limitations in asthma assessed in quantitative computed tomography. Ther Adv Respir Dis 14:1753466619898598","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3200_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-023-00330-1","volume":"33","author":"ML Levy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Levy ML, Bacharier LB, Bateman E, Boulet LP, Brightling C, Buhl R, Brusselle G, Cruz AA, Drazen JM, Duijts L, Fleming L, Inoue H, Ko FWS, Krishnan JA, Mortimer K, Pitrez PM, Sheikh A, Yorgancio\u011flu A, Reddel HK (2023) Key recommendations for primary care from the 2022 Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) update. NPJ Primary Care Respir Med 33(1):7","journal-title":"NPJ Primary Care Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3200_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02450-1","volume":"24","author":"B Knox-Brown","year":"2023","unstructured":"Knox-Brown B, Patel J, Potts J, Ahmed R, Aquart-Stewart A, Barbara C, Buist AS, Cherkaski HH, Denguezli M, Elbiaze M, Erhabor GE, Franssen FME, Ghobain MA, Gislason T, Janson C, Kocaba\u015f A, Mannino D, Marks G, Mortimer K, Nafees AA, Obaseki D, Paraguas SNM, Loh LC, Rashid A, Salvi S, Seemungal T, Studnicka M, Tan WC, Wouters EFM, Abozid H, Mueller A, Burney P, Amaral AFS (2023) The association of spirometric small airways obstruction with respiratory symptoms, cardiometabolic diseases, and quality of life: results from the burden of obstructive lung disease (BOLD) study. Respir Res 24(1):137","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3200_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-023-02837-2","volume":"24","author":"LP Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mendon\u00e7a LP, de Costa NSX, do Nascimento ECT, de Oliveira MR, de Carvalho CRR, Baldi BG, Dolhnikoff M (2024) Small airways morphological alterations associated with functional impairment in lymphangioleiomyomatosis. BMC Pulm Med 24(1):22","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3200_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600466","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00466-2016","volume":"49","author":"S Nyilas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nyilas S, Schlegtendal A, Singer F, Goutaki M, Kuehni CE, Casaulta C, Latzin P, Koerner-Rettberg C (2017) Alternative inert gas washout outcomes in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur Respir J 49(1):1600466","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"3200_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00504","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00504-2022","volume":"9","author":"MA Kisiel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kisiel MA, Cai GH, Sj\u00f6gren MP, L\u00f6ndahl J, Jakobsson J, Wollmer P, Malinovschi A, Svartengren M (2023) Airspace dimension assessment for early detection of lung function impairment in the peripheral airways of firefighters. ERJ Open Res 9(2):00504\u201302022","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3200_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58538-x","volume":"10","author":"F Trinkmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trinkmann F, Lenz SA, Sch\u00e4fer J, Gawlitza J, Schroeter M, Gradinger T, Akin I, Borggrefe M, Ganslandt T, Saur J (2020) Feasibility and clinical applications of multiple breath wash-out (MBW) testing using sulphur hexafluoride in adults with bronchial asthma. Sci Rep 10(1):1527","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"3200_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4103\/amsr.amsr_2_23","volume":"2","author":"S Patil","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patil S, Toshniwal S, Gondhali G (2023) Small airway disease: a new \u201cphenotype\u201d of obstructive airway disease. Ann Med Sci Res 2(1):42\u201350","journal-title":"Ann Med Sci Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"3200_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181188","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1181188","volume":"17","author":"C Liwsrisakun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liwsrisakun C, Chaiwong W, Pothirat C (2023) Comparative assessment of small airway dysfunction by impulse oscillometry and spirometry in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma with and without fixed airflow obstruction. Front Med 17(10):1181188","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"3200_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S172639","volume":"13","author":"ZQ Su","year":"2018","unstructured":"Su ZQ, Guan WJ, Li SY, Ding M, Chen Y, Jiang M, Chen XB, Zhong CH, Tang CL, Zhong NS (2018) Significances of spirometry and impulse oscillometry for detecting small airway disorders assessed with endobronchial optical coherence tomography in COPD. Int J Chron Obstructive Pulm Dis 13:3031\u20133044","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstructive Pulm Dis"},{"key":"3200_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zwitserloot AM, Verhoog FA, van den Berge M, Gappa M, Oosterom HW, Willemse BWM, Koppelman GH (2024) Comparison of particles in exhaled air and multiple breath washout for assessment of small airway function in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatric Pulmonology Online ahead of print: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ppul.26847","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26847"},{"issue":"1","key":"3200_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001071","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01071-2020","volume":"56","author":"F Trinkmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trinkmann F, Watz H, Herth FJF (2020) Why do we still cling to spirometry for assessing small airway function? Eur Respir J 56(1):2001071","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"4","key":"3200_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00687.2021","volume":"132","author":"SAB Verbanck","year":"1985","unstructured":"Verbanck SAB (1985) Foy BH (2022) In asthma positive phase III slopes can result from structural heterogeneity of the bronchial tree. J Appl Physiol 132(4):947\u2013955","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3200_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4131","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.0c05699","volume":"60","author":"Z Abbasi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abbasi Z, BozorgmehryBoozarjomehry R (2021) Fast and accurate multiscale reduced-order model for prediction of multibreath washout curves of human respiratory system. Ind Eng Chem Res 60(10):4131\u20134141","journal-title":"Ind Eng Chem Res"},{"key":"3200_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2018.09.010","volume":"258","author":"S Verbanck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verbanck S, Paiva M (2018) A simulation study of diffusion-convection interaction and its effect on multiple breath washout indices. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 258:5\u201311","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3200_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13111600","volume":"13","author":"GI Barkas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barkas GI, Daniil Z, Kotsiou OS (2023) The role of small airway disease in pulmonary fibrotic diseases. J Personalized Med 13(11):1600","journal-title":"J Personalized Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"3200_CR27","first-page":"3359","volume":"9","author":"M Abdo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdo M, Trinkmann F, Kirsten AM, Pedersen F, Herzmann C, von Mutius E, Kopp MV, Hansen G, Waschki B, Rabe KF, Watz H, Bahmer T (2021) Small airway dysfunction links asthma severity with physical activity and symptom control. J Allergy Clin Immunol: Pract 9(9):3359-3368.e1","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol: Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"3200_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901345","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01345-2019","volume":"55","author":"B Foy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Foy B, Kay D, Siddiqui S, Brightling C, Paiva M, Verbanck S (2020) Increased ventilation heterogeneity in asthma can be attributed to proximal bronchioles. Eur Respir J 55(3):1901345","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"9","key":"3200_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24863","volume":"55","author":"N Verger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verger N, Arigliani M, Raywood E, Duncan J, Negreskul Y, Bush A, Aurora P (2020) Limitations of regional ventilation inhomogeneity indices in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 55(9):2315\u20132322","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3200_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-022-00915-0","volume":"37","author":"JHT Bates","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bates JHT, Milne S, Handley BM, Rutting S, Chapman DG, King GG, Farah CS, Robinson PD, Thamrin C (2023) Model analysis of multiple breath nitrogen washout data: robustness to variations in breathing pattern. J Clin Monit Comput 37(2):409\u2013420","journal-title":"J Clin Monit Comput"},{"issue":"4","key":"3200_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2021.09.002","volume":"41","author":"K Stokes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stokes K, Castaldo R, Franzese M, Salvatore M, Fico G, Pokvic LG, Badnjevic A, Pecchia L (2021) A machine learning model for supporting symptom-based referral and diagnosis of bronchitis and pneumonia in limited resource settings. Biocybernetics Biomed Eng 41(4):1288\u20131302","journal-title":"Biocybernetics Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"3200_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02611-2","volume":"24","author":"B Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen B, Liu Z, Lu J, Li Z, Kuang K, Yang J, Wang Z, Sun Y, Du B, Qi L, Li M (2023) Deep learning parametric response mapping from inspiratory chest CT scans: a new approach for small airway disease screening. Respir Res 24(1):299","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3200_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13020260","volume":"13","author":"Y Akbulut","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akbulut Y (2023) Automated pneumonia based lung diseases classification with robust technique based on a customized deep learning approach. Diagnostics 13(2):260","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"1","key":"3200_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02534-y","volume":"24","author":"O Usmani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Usmani O, Li G, Backer JD, Sadafi H, Wu L, Marshall J (2023) Modeled small airways lung deposition of two fixed-dose triple therapy combinations assessed with in silico functional respiratory imaging. Respir Res 24(1):226","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3200_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15909","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15909","volume":"12","author":"QH Nguyen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nguyen QH, Kim SR, Chae KJ, Jin GY, Choi S (2024) Structural and functional features of asthma participants with fixed airway obstruction using CT imaging and 1D computational fluid dynamics: a feasibility study. Physiol Rep 12(1):e15909","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"3200_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106430","volume":"152","author":"T Lerios","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lerios T, Knopp JL, Holder-Pearson L, Guy EFS, Chase JG (2023) An identifiable model of lung mechanics to diagnose and monitor COPD. Comput Biol Med 152:106430","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"3200_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2012.01.042","volume":"300","author":"AJ Swan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swan AJ, Clark AR, Tawhai MH (2012) A computational model of the topographic distribution of ventilation in healthy human lungs. J Theor Biol 300:222\u2013231","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"3200_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2577","volume":"29","author":"M Ismail","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ismail M, Comerford A, Wall WA (2013) Coupled and reduced dimensional modeling of respiratory mechanics during spontaneous breathing. Int J Numer Methods Biomed Eng 29:1285\u20131305","journal-title":"Int J Numer Methods Biomed Eng"},{"key":"3200_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2019.03.014","volume":"388","author":"BH Foy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Foy BH, Kay D (2019) A computationally tractable scheme for simulation of the human pulmonary system. J Comput Phys 388:371\u2013393","journal-title":"J Comput Phys"},{"issue":"6","key":"3200_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007079","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007079","volume":"15","author":"D Hasler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hasler D, Anagnostopoulou P, Nyilas S, Latzin P, Schittny J, Obrist D (2019) A multi-scale model of gas transport in the lung to study heterogeneous lung ventilation during the multiple-breath washout test. PLoS Comput Biol 15(6):e1007079","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3200_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-022-02608-x","volume":"60","author":"C Schmidt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schmidt C, Joppek C, Trinkmann F, Takors R, Cattaneo G, Port J (2022) Investigation of tracer gas transport in a new numerical model of lung acini. Med Biol Eng Comput 60(9):2619\u20132637","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"3200_CR42","unstructured":"Yehia AT (2017) A reduced-order electrical model for airflow and gas transport in pulmonary airways. Master Thesis. American University of Beirut. Department of Mechanical Engineering"},{"key":"3200_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-87553-3","volume-title":"Morphometry of the human lung","author":"ER Weibel","year":"1963","unstructured":"Weibel ER (1963) Morphometry of the human lung. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg"},{"issue":"6","key":"3200_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"061001","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4006809","volume":"134","author":"FS Henry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Henry FS, Llapur CJ, Tsuda A, Tepper RS (2012) Numerical modelling and analysis of peripheral airway asymmetry and ventilation in the human adult lung. J Biomech Eng 134(6):061001","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"issue":"9","key":"3200_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/fld.4497","volume":"87","author":"A Allwright","year":"2018","unstructured":"Allwright A, Atangana A (2018) Augmented upwind numerical schemes for the groundwater transport advection-dispersion equation with local operators. Int J Numer Methods Fluids 87(9):437\u2013462","journal-title":"Int J Numer Methods Fluids"},{"issue":"3","key":"3200_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(81)90027-X","volume":"44","author":"M Paiva","year":"1981","unstructured":"Paiva M, Engel LA (1981) The anatomical basis for the sloping N2 plateau. Respir Physiol 44(3):325\u2013337","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"3200_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1159\/000225373","volume":"78","author":"PD Robinson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robinson PD, Goldman MD, Gustafsson PM (2009) Inert gas washout: theoretical background and clinical utility in respiratory disease. Respiration 78:339\u2013355","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"3200_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.009","volume":"235","author":"BH Foy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foy BH, Kay D, Bordas R (2017) Modelling responses of the inert-gas washout and MRI to bronchoconstriction. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 235:8\u201317","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3200_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13709","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13709","volume":"6","author":"BH Foy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Foy BH, Gonem S, Brightling C, Siddiqui S, Kay D (2018) Modelling the effect of gravity on inert-gas washout outputs. Physiol Rep 6(10):e13709","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"3200_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0208049","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208049","volume":"13","author":"CA Whitfield","year":"2018","unstructured":"Whitfield CA, Horsley A, Jensen OE (2018) Modelling structural determinants of ventilation heterogeneity: a perturbative approach. Plos one 13(11):e0208049","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"key":"3200_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00069712","volume":"41","author":"PD Robinson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Robinson PD, Latzin P, Verbanck S, Hall GL, Horsley A, Gappa M, Thamrin C, Arets HGM, Aurora P, Fuchs SI, King GG, Lum S, Macleod K, Paiva M, Pillow JJ, Ranganathan S, Ratjen F, Singer F, Sonnappa S, Stocks J, Subbarao P, Thompson BR, Gustafsson PM (2013) Consensus statement for inert gas washout measurement using multiple- and single-breath tests. Eur Respir J 41:507\u2013522","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"}],"container-title":["Medical &amp; Biological Engineering &amp; Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-024-03200-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11517-024-03200-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-024-03200-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T06:55:50Z","timestamp":1737442550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11517-024-03200-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["3200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-024-03200-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-0118","1741-0444"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0140-0118"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1741-0444"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}