{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:58:15Z","timestamp":1776441495207,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Agreement No. 871547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013000","name":"Politecnico di Torino","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Biol Eng Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Arterial stiffness, a key cardiovascular risk marker, is typically assessed via carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), the gold-standard method. In this study, we introduce CAPE (Continuous Automatic PWV Estimation), an innovative framework for near real-time cf-PWV estimation based on beat-to-beat analysis of laser-Doppler vibrometry (LDV) signals. CAPE integrates automatic fiducial point detection, systematic signal quality control, and a cross-channel strategy to provide a highly reliable assessment of cf-PWV. The framework was evaluated using LDV signals acquired from 100 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension, using a multichannel laser vibrometry system. CAPE calculates cf-PWV as the ratio of carotid-femoral distance to pulse transit time (PTT), which is the delay between carotid and femoral fiducial points. These points are detected using template-matching on the second derivative of LDV displacement signals. Signal quality in CAPE is ensured through an integrated quality assessment based on the number of automatically detected carotid-femoral peaks, which assigns confidence scores (acceptable or excellent) to the PWV measurements. When validated against the gold-standard applanation tonometry, CAPE achieved a mean bias of 0.25\u2009\u00b1\u20090.77\u00a0m\/s, demonstrating high reliability and precision. The optimized framework estimates cf-PWV in 3\u00a0s, making CAPE ideal for clinical applications requiring real-time cardiovascular assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-025-03417-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T08:12:49Z","timestamp":1753863169000},"page":"3709-3724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Real-time beat-to-beat pulse wave velocity estimation: a quality-driven approach using laser Doppler vibrometry"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5372-2654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Seoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Segers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simeon","family":"Beeckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Salvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Romanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Smriti","family":"Badhwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa Maria","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanlu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soren","family":"Aasmul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nilesh","family":"Madhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Molinari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Morbiducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.20.1.99","volume":"20","author":"H Wolinsky","year":"1967","unstructured":"Wolinsky H, Glagov S (1967) A lamellar unit of aortic medial structure and function in mammals. Circ Res 20(1):99\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.RES.20.1.99","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3417_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/S11517-008-0359-2","volume":"47","author":"N Westerhof","year":"2009","unstructured":"Westerhof N, Lankhaar JW, Westerhof BE (2009) The arterial Windkessel. Med Biol Eng Comput 47(2):131\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11517-008-0359-2","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"3417_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.313132","volume":"40","author":"P Segers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Segers P, Rietzschel ER, Chirinos JA (2020) How to measure arterial stiffness in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 40:1034\u20131043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.313132","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"13","key":"3417_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JACC.2009.10.061","volume":"55","author":"C Vlachopoulos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Stefanadis C (2010) Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness. a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 55(13):1318\u20131327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JACC.2009.10.061","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"21","key":"3417_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl254","volume":"27","author":"S Laurent","year":"2006","unstructured":"Laurent S et al (2006) Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J 27(21):2588\u20132605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl254","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"3417_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bramwell JC, Hill AV (1922) The velocity of pulse wave in man. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character 93(652):298\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/RSPB.1922.0022","DOI":"10.1098\/RSPB.1922.0022"},{"key":"3417_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00963.2012.-The","volume":"304","author":"O Vardoulis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vardoulis O, Papaioannou TG, Stergiopulos N (2013) Validation of a novel and existing algorithms for the estimation of pulse transit time: advancing the accuracy in pulse wave velocity measurement. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 304:1558\u20131567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.00963.2012.-The","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARTRES.2008.11.002","volume":"3","author":"P Boutouyrie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boutouyrie P, Briet M, Collin C, Vermeersch S, Pannier B (2009) Assessment of pulse wave velocity. Artery Res 3(1):3\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ARTRES.2008.11.002","journal-title":"Artery Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"3417_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2015.9","volume":"29","author":"FS Hu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hu FS et al (2015) A region-matching method for pulse transit time estimation: potential for improving the accuracy in determining carotid femoral pulse wave velocity. J Hum Hypertens 29(11):675\u2013682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jhh.2015.9","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"3417_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BSPC.2024.106161","volume":"93","author":"A Valerio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Valerio A et al (2024) A region-based cross-correlation approach for tonometric carotid\u2013femoral pulse wave velocity assessment. Biomed Signal Process Control 93:106161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BSPC.2024.106161","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"issue":"11","key":"3417_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328363c789","volume":"31","author":"M Butlin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Butlin M et al (2013) Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity assessment using novel cuff-based techniques: comparison with tonometric measurement. J Hypertens 31(11):2237\u20132243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328363c789","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"3417_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Milan A et al (2019) Current assessment of pulse wave velocity: comprehensive review of validation studies, Aug. 01, 2019, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002081","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002081"},{"issue":"5","key":"3417_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/S11517-023-03008-5\/FIGURES\/14","volume":"62","author":"O Gu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gu O, He B, Xiong L, Zhang Y, Li Z, Lang X (2024) Reconstructive interpolation for pulse wave estimation to improve local PWV measurement of carotid artery. Med Biol Eng Comput 62(5):1459\u20131473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11517-023-03008-5\/FIGURES\/14","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"issue":"5","key":"3417_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/S11517-018-01948-X\/TABLES\/7","volume":"57","author":"L Soukup","year":"2019","unstructured":"Soukup L et al (2019) Comparison of noninvasive pulse transit time determined from Doppler aortic flow and multichannel bioimpedance plethysmography. Med Biol Eng Comput 57(5):1151\u20131158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11517-018-01948-X\/TABLES\/7","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"issue":"7","key":"3417_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000582","volume":"33","author":"M Kozakova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kozakova M et al (2015) The impact of age and risk factors on carotid and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. J Hypertens 33(7):1446\u20131451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000582","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"3417_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ULTRAS.2020.106064","volume":"102","author":"CJ Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang CJ, Lee PY, Chuang YH, Huang CC (2020) Measurement of local pulse wave velocity for carotid artery by using an ultrasound-based method. Ultrasonics 102:106064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ULTRAS.2020.106064","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"issue":"2","key":"3417_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3978\/J.ISSN.2223-3652.2014.03.04","volume":"4","author":"AL Wentland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wentland AL, Grist TM, Wieben O (2014) Review of MRI-based measurements of pulse wave velocity: a biomarker of arterial stiffness. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 4(2):193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3978\/J.ISSN.2223-3652.2014.03.04","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diagn Ther"},{"key":"3417_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BSPC.2021.103259","volume":"71","author":"J Mura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mura J et al (2022) Non-invasive local pulse wave velocity using 4D-flow MRI. Biomed Signal Process Control 71:103259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BSPC.2021.103259","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2007.05.008","volume":"30","author":"L Scalise","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scalise L, Morbiducci U (2008) Non-contact cardiac monitoring from carotid artery using optical vibrocardiography. Med Eng Phys 30(4):490\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2007.05.008","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"issue":"12","key":"3417_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2008.280","volume":"21","author":"M De Melis","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Melis M et al (2008) A noncontact approach for the evaluation of large artery stiffness: a preliminary study. Am J Hypertens 21(12):1280\u20131283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ajh.2008.280","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.5978\/islsm.13-OR-21","volume":"22","author":"L Scalise","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scalise L, Casaccia S, Marchionni P, Ercoli I, Tomasini EP (2013) Laser Doppler myography (LDMi): a novel non-contact measurement method for the muscle activity. Laser Ther 22(4):261\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5978\/islsm.13-OR-21","journal-title":"Laser Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2179297","volume":"59","author":"AD Kaplan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaplan AD, O\u2019Sullivan JA, Sirevaag EJ, Lai PH, Rohrbaugh JW (2012) Hidden state models for noncontact measurements of the carotid pulse using a laser Doppler vibrometer. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 59(3):744\u2013753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2011.2179297","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"3417_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y et al (2020) Silicon photonics-based laser Doppler vibrometer array for carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurement. Biomed Optics Express 11(7):3913\u20133926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/BOE.394921","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.394921"},{"key":"3417_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HJH.0000570292.62996.DD","volume":"37","author":"L Marais","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marais L et al 2019) Measurement of aortic stiffness by laser Doppler vibrometry. J Hypertens 37:e88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.HJH.0000570292.62996.DD","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"9","key":"3417_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.124.22729","volume":"81","author":"S Badhwar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Badhwar S et al (2024) Clinical validation of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity measurement using a multi-beam laser vibrometer: the CARDIS Study. Hypertension 81(9):1986\u20131995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.124.22729","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"3417_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seoni S et al. (2022) Template matching and matrix profile for signal quality assessment of carotid and femoral laser Doppler vibrometer signals. Front Physiol 12(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.775052","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.775052"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/08037050701461084","volume":"16","author":"G Mancia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mancia G et al (2007) 2007 ESH-ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Blood Press 16(3):135\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08037050701461084","journal-title":"Blood Press"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-006-9202-9","volume":"35","author":"U Morbiducci","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morbiducci U, Scalise L, De Melis M, Grigioni M (2007) Optical vibrocardiography: a novel tool for the optical monitoring of cardiac activity. Ann Biomed Eng 35(1):45\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-006-9202-9","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"3417_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Bortel LM et al (2012) Expert consensus document on the measurement of aortic stiffness in daily practice using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, in Journal of Hypertension, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp. 445\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32834fa8b0","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32834fa8b0"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2002.806551","volume":"51","author":"JH Chen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chen JH, Chen CS, Chen YS (2003) Fast algorithm for robust template matching with M-estimators. IEEE Trans Signal Process 51(1):230\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSP.2002.806551","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Signal Process"},{"key":"3417_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Du Chang W, Im CF (2014) Enhanced template matching using dynamic positional warping for identification of specific patterns in electroencephalogram. J Appl Math 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/528071","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/528071"},{"key":"3417_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21618","volume":"81","author":"B Spronck","year":"2024","unstructured":"Spronck B et al (2024) Hypertension 2024 recommendations for validation of noninvasive arterial pulse wave velocity measurement devices. Hypertension 81:183\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21618","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"3417_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mansournia MA, Waters R, Nazemipour M, Bland M and Altman DG (2021) Bland-Altman methods for comparing methods of measurement and response to criticisms. Glob Epidemiol 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gloepi.2020.100045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloepi.2020.100045"},{"key":"3417_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martin Bland J, Altman DG (1986) Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 327(8476):307\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CARDIORES.2005.11.008\/2\/M_70-1-12-FIG1.GIF","volume":"70","author":"C Julien","year":"2006","unstructured":"Julien C (2006) The enigma of Mayer waves: facts and models. Cardiovasc Res 70(1):12\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CARDIORES.2005.11.008\/2\/M_70-1-12-FIG1.GIF","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"3417_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3687","DOI":"10.1007\/S11517-024-03157-1\/TABLES\/10","volume":"62","author":"SMTU Raju","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raju SMTU et al (2024) DNN-BP: a novel framework for cuffless blood pressure measurement from optimal PPG features using deep learning model. Med Biol Eng Comput 62(12):3687\u20133708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11517-024-03157-1\/TABLES\/10","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"}],"container-title":["Medical &amp; Biological Engineering &amp; Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-025-03417-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11517-025-03417-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11517-025-03417-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T15:32:22Z","timestamp":1764775942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11517-025-03417-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3417"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-025-03417-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-0118","1741-0444"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-0118","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-0444","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}