{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T07:30:51Z","timestamp":1769585451282,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["854174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["854174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J CARS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-018-1818-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T13:17:44Z","timestamp":1532006264000},"page":"1591-1603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Fully automatic cross-modality localization and labeling of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs in 3D spinal images"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2599-2395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Wimmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Major","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0513-9488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey A.","family":"Novikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0362-7998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"B\u00fchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1818_CR1","volume-title":"Grant\u2019s atlas of anatomy","author":"AMR Agur","year":"2012","unstructured":"Agur AMR, Dalley AF (2012) Grant\u2019s atlas of anatomy, 13th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia","edition":"13"},{"issue":"1","key":"1818_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2010.2047403","volume":"30","author":"R Alomari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alomari R, Corso J, Chaudhary V (2011) Labeling of lumbar discs using both pixel- and object-level features with a two-level probabilistic model. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 30(1):1\u201310","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"1818_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12508-4_7","volume":"18","author":"RS Alomari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alomari RS, Ghosh S, Koh J, Chaudhary V (2015) Vertebral column localization, labeling, and segmentation. Spinal Imaging Image Anal Springer 18:193\u2013229","journal-title":"Spinal Imaging Image Anal Springer"},{"issue":"8","key":"1818_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2015.2392054","volume":"34","author":"Y Cai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cai Y, Osman S, Sharma M, Landis M, Li S (2015) Multi-modality vertebra recognition in arbitrary views using 3D deformable hierarchical model. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 34(8):1676\u20131693","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"1818_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2016.02.002","volume":"51","author":"Y Cai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cai Y, Landis M, Laidley DT, Kornecki A, Lum A, Li S (2016) Multi-modal vertebrae recognition using transformed deep convolution network. Comput Med Imaging Graph 51:11\u201319","journal-title":"Comput Med Imaging Graph"},{"key":"1818_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen C, Belavy D, Zheng G (2014) 3D Intervertebral disc localization and segmentation from MR images by data-driven regression and classification. In: Machine learning in medical imaging, vol 8679, Springer, pp 50\u201358","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10581-9_7"},{"issue":"8","key":"1818_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2015.2403285","volume":"34","author":"C Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen C, Belavy D, Yu W, Chu C, Armbrecht G, Bansmann M, Felsenberg D, Zheng G (2015a) Localization and segmentation of 3D intervertebral discs in MR images by data driven estimation. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 34(8):1719\u20131729","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"1818_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen H, Shen C, Qin J, Ni D, Shi L, Cheng JC, Heng PA (2015b) Automatic localization and identification of vertebrae in spine CT via a joint learning model with deep neural networks. In: Proceedings of MICCAI, Springer, vol 9349, pp 515\u2013522","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24553-9_63"},{"key":"1818_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen H, Dou Q, Wang X, Qin J, Cheng JCY, Heng PA (2016) 3D Fully convolutional networks for intervertebral disc localization and segmentation. In: Proceedings of international conference on medical imaging and augmented reality, vol 9805, Springer, pp 375\u2013382","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-43775-0_34"},{"issue":"11","key":"1818_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0143,327","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143327","volume":"10","author":"C Chu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chu C, Belavy DL, Armbrecht G, Bansmann M, Felsenberg D, Zheng G (2015) Fully automatic localization and segmentation of 3D vertebral bodies from CT\/MR images via a learning-based method. PLoS ONE 10(11):e0143,327","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1818_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1995.1004","volume":"61","author":"TF Cootes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cootes TF, Taylor CJ, Cooper DH, Graham J (1995) Active shape models\u2014their training and application. Comput Vis Image Underst 61(1):38\u201359","journal-title":"Comput Vis Image Underst"},{"issue":"8","key":"1818_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"082,305","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4890587","volume":"41","author":"S Daenzer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Daenzer S, Freitag S, von Sachsen S, Steinke H, Groll M, Meixensberger J, Leimert M (2014) VolHOG: a volumetric object recognition approach based on bivariate histograms of oriented gradients for vertebra detection in cervical spine MRI. Med Phys 41(8):082,305","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1818_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dieleman S, Schl\u00fcter J, Raffel C, Olson E, S\u00f8nderby SK, Nouri D, Maturana D, Thoma M, Battenberg E, Kelly J, Fauw JD, Heilman M, de\u00a0Almeida DM, McFee B, Weideman H, Tak\u00e1cs G, de\u00a0Rivaz P, Crall J, Sanders G, Rasul K, Liu C, French G, Degrave J (2015) Lasagne: First release. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.27878","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.27878"},{"issue":"4","key":"1818_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-017-9945-x","volume":"30","author":"D Forsberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Forsberg D, Sj\u00f6blom E, Sunshine JL (2017) Detection and labeling of vertebrae in MR images using deep learning with clinical annotations as training data. J Dig Imaging 30(4):406\u2013412","journal-title":"J Dig Imaging"},{"key":"1818_CR15","first-page":"115","volume":"143","author":"I Gilad","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gilad I, Nissan M (1985) Sagittal evaluation of elemental geometrical dimensions of human vertebrae. J Anat 143:115\u2013120","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"1818_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glocker B, Feulner J, Criminisi A, Haynor DR, Konukoglu E (2012) Automatic localization and identification of vertebrae in arbitrary field-of-view CT scans. In: Proceedings of MICCAI, vol 7512, Springer, pp 590\u2013598","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33454-2_73"},{"key":"1818_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glocker B, Zikic D, Konukoglu E, Haynor DR, Criminisi A (2013) Vertebrae localization in pathological spine CT via dense classification from sparse annotations. In: Proceedings of MICCAI, vol 8150, Springer, pp 262\u2013270","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40763-5_33"},{"key":"1818_CR18","unstructured":"Goodfellow I, Bengio Y, Courville A (2016) Deep learning. MIT Press, http:\/\/www.deeplearningbook.org"},{"key":"1818_CR19","unstructured":"Heinrich MP, Oktay O (2016) Accurate intervertebral disc localisation and segmentation in MRI using vantage point hough forests and multi-atlas fusion. In: Computational methods and clinical applications for spine imaging, Springer, pp 77\u201384"},{"issue":"11","key":"1818_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-017-1651-0","volume":"12","author":"SP Hojjat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hojjat SP, Ayed I, Garvin GJ, Punithakumar K (2017) Spine labeling in MRI via regularized distribution matching. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 12(11):1911\u20131922","journal-title":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg"},{"key":"1818_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41827-8_9","volume":"9402","author":"A Jamaludin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jamaludin A, Lootus M, Kadir T, Zisserman A (2016) Automatic intervertebral discs localization and segmentation: a vertebral approach. Comput Methods Clin Appl Spine Imaging Springer 9402:97\u2013103","journal-title":"Comput Methods Clin Appl Spine Imaging Springer"},{"key":"1818_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55050-3_9","volume":"10182","author":"X Ji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ji X, Zheng G, Liu L, Ni D (2016) Fully automatic localization and segmentation of intervertebral disc from 3D multi-modality MR images by regression forest and CNN. Comput Methods Clin Appl Spine Imaging Springer 10182:92\u2013101","journal-title":"Comput Methods Clin Appl Spine Imaging Springer"},{"issue":"8","key":"1818_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2012.09.007","volume":"17","author":"B Kelm","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kelm B, Wels M, Zhou S, Seifert S, Suehling M, Zheng Y, Comaniciu D (2013) Spine detection in CT and MR using iterated marginal space learning. Med Image Anal 17(8):1283\u20131292","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"1818_CR24","unstructured":"Krizhevsky A (2009) Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images. Tech. rep, University of Toronto"},{"issue":"11","key":"1818_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791","volume":"86","author":"Y LeCun","year":"1998","unstructured":"LeCun Y, Bottou L, Bengio Y, Haffner P (1998) Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proc IEEE 86(11):2278\u20132324","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"1818_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55050-3_8","volume":"10182","author":"X Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li X, Dou Q, Chen H, Fu CW, Heng PA (2016) Multi-scale and modality dropout learning for intervertebral disc localization and segmentation. Comput Methods Clin Appl Spine Imaging Springer 10182:85\u201391","journal-title":"Comput Methods Clin Appl Spine Imaging Springer"},{"key":"1818_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2017.07.005","volume":"42","author":"G Litjens","year":"2017","unstructured":"Litjens G, Kooi T, Bejnordi BE, Setio AAA, Ciompi F, Ghafoorian M, van der Laak JA, van Ginneken B, S\u00e1nchez CI (2017) A survey on deep learning in medical image analysis. Med Image Anal 42:60\u201388","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"1818_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lootus M, Kadir T, Zisserman A (2014) Vertebrae detection and labelling in lumbar MR images. In: Computational Methods and clinical applications for spine imaging, vol\u00a017, Springer, pp 219\u2013230","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07269-2_19"},{"issue":"8","key":"1818_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2013.07.005","volume":"17","author":"D Major","year":"2013","unstructured":"Major D, Hlad\u016fvka J, Schulze F, B\u00fchler K (2013) Automated landmarking and labeling of fully and partially scanned spinal columns in CT images. Med Image Anal 17(8):1151\u20131163","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"issue":"9","key":"1818_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2256460","volume":"60","author":"AB Oktay","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oktay AB, Akgul YS (2013) Simultaneous localization of lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral discs with SVM-based MRF. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 60(9):2375\u20132383","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"8","key":"1818_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199108000-00006","volume":"16","author":"MM Panjabi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Panjabi MM, Takata K, Goel V, Federico D, Oxland T, Duranceau J, Krag M (1991) Thoracic human vertebrae: quantitative three-dimensional anatomy. Spine 16(8):888\u2013901","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"3","key":"1818_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199203000-00010","volume":"17","author":"MM Panjabi","year":"1992","unstructured":"Panjabi MM, Goel V, Oxland T, Takata K, Duranceau J, Krag M, Price M (1992) Human lumbar vertebrae: quantitative three-dimensional anatomy. Spine 17(3):299\u2013306","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"8","key":"1818_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-016-1350-2","volume":"11","author":"M Rak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rak M, T\u00f6nnies KD (2016) On computerized methods for spine analysis in MRI: a systematic review. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 11(8):1445\u20131465","journal-title":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg"},{"key":"1818_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt S, Kappes J, Bergtholdt M, Pekar V, Dries S, Bystrov D, Schn\u00f6rr C (2007) Spine detection and labeling using a parts-based graphical model. In: Proceedings of international conference on information processing in medical imaging, vol 4584, Springer, pp122\u2013133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73273-0_11"},{"issue":"1","key":"1818_CR35","first-page":"1929","volume":"15","author":"N Srivastava","year":"2014","unstructured":"Srivastava N, Hinton GE, Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Salakhutdinov R (2014) Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting. J Mach Learn Res 15(1):1929\u20131958","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1818_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/1\/015","volume":"55","author":"D \u0160tern","year":"2009","unstructured":"\u0160tern D, Likar B, Pernu\u0161 F, Vrtovec T (2009) Automated detection of spinal centrelines, vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs in CT and MR images of lumbar spine. Phys Med Biol 55(1):247\u2013264","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"1818_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzani A, Seitel A, Liu Y, Fels S, Rohling RN, Abolmaesumi P (2015) Fast automatic vertebrae detection and localization in pathological CT scans\u2014a deep learning approach. In: Proceedings of MICCAI vol 9351, Springer, pp 678\u2013686","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_81"},{"key":"1818_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vrtovec T, Yao J, Glocker B, Klinder T, Frangi A, Zheng G, Li S (eds) (2015) Computational methods and clinical applications for spine imaging, Springer, chap challenge (automatic intervertebral disc localization and segmentation from 3D T2 MRI data), pp 107\u2013158","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41827-8"},{"issue":"8","key":"1818_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2014.2365746","volume":"34","author":"Z Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang Z, Zhen X, Tay K, Osman S, Romano W, Li S (2015) Regression segmentation for M3 spinal images. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 34(8):1640\u20131648","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"1818_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimmer M, Major D, Novikov AA, B\u00fchler K (2016) Local entropy-optimized texture models for semi-automatic spine labeling in various MRI protocols. In: Proceedings of IEEE 13th international symposium on biomedical imaging, IEEE, pp 155\u2013159","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2016.7493233"},{"key":"1818_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zambal S, B\u00fchler K, Hlad\u016fvka J (2008) Entropy-optimized texture models. In: Proceedings of MICCAI, vol 5242, Springer, pp 213\u2013221","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-85990-1_26"},{"key":"1818_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan Y, Jian B, Maneesh D, Zhou XS (2015) Cross-modality vertebrae localization and labeling using learning-based approaches. In: Spinal imaging and image analysis, Springer, pp 301\u2013322","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12508-4_9"},{"key":"1818_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2016.08.005","volume":"35","author":"G Zheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zheng G, Chu C, Belav\u1ef3 DL, Ibragimov B, Korez R, Vrtovec T, Hutt H, Everson R, Meakin J, Andrade IL, Glocker B, Chen H, Dou Q, Heng PA, Wang C, Forsberg D, Neubert A, Fripp J, Urschler M, \u0160tern D, Wimmer M, Novikov AA, Cheng H, Armbrecht G, Felsenberg D, Li S (2017) Evaluation and comparison of 3D intervertebral disc localization and segmentation methods for 3D T2 MR data: a grand challenge. Med Image Anal 35:327\u2013344","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"issue":"6","key":"1818_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12343","volume":"33","author":"D Zuki\u0107","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zuki\u0107 D, Vlas\u00e1k A, Egger J, Ho\u0159\u00ednek D, Nimsky C, Kolb A (2014) Robust detection and segmentation for diagnosis of vertebral diseases using routine MR images. Comput Graph Forum 33(6):190\u2013204","journal-title":"Comput Graph Forum"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11548-018-1818-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-018-1818-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11548-018-1818-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]],"date-time":"2022-08-27T21:52:58Z","timestamp":1661637178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11548-018-1818-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-018-1818-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1861-6410","1861-6429"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1861-6410","type":"print"},{"value":"1861-6429","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 January 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"For this type of study, formal consent is not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"This article does not contain patient data.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}